lec (Exam #3) - HW & Quiz

What is the function of parietal cells?

Synthesize and secrete HCl and intrinsic factor

What is the function cheif cells?

Synthesize and secrete PEPSINOGEN

60% of the total volume of semen comes from the:

seminal gland

Which type of epithelium is found in the stomach?

simple columnar

The enteric nervous system is made of over 100 million neurons that form two nerve plexuses. The myenteric plexus regulates movement of smooth muscle and the submucosal plexus ______________.

stimulates mucous secretions to help with lubrication within the lumen and contraction of the muscularis mucosae.

Leiomyomas are considered to be the most common ___________________________________.

uterine tumors

The patient is not responding to your initial treatment, so a more aggressive plan is needed. As a good Anatomy student, you know that gastric secretion is regulated by mechanical and neural stimulation. What would you do next?

vagotomy to inhibit the neural stimulation

Which of the following is the major parasympathetic nerve of the digestive tract?

vagus nerve

The middle part of the rectum receives blood mainly from the:

internal iliac

Uterine endometrium is the thickest at the end of which stage?

luteal/ secretory

The Alimentary canal, like all tubes in the body (blood vessels, ureters connected to the kidney, fallopian tube, etc.) have walls made up of four layers/tunics, or some variation of them, which are:

mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, & serosa/ adventitia

The pancreas adds with digestion by:

neutralizing acid chyme (gastric secretion mixed with food) and secreting enzymes to breakdown macromolecules (proteins, fats, and carbohydrates)

________________________ accounts for 1/3 of all infertility in women.

endometriosis

In humans, ovulation occurs on day ___ of the menstrual cycle.

14

What is muscularis externa?

2 layers of smooth muscle: the circular layer squeezes the tube and the longitudinal layer shorts it.

Diverticula are small, bulging pouches commonly found in the esophagus and large intestine. If we were to pass an endoscope in either of these areas of the GI tract, we would see what appears to be holes. Under closer examination, we can see that these holes lead into pouches. If organic material gets trapped within the diverticula it can cause irritation and even an infection. Although it is extremely rare to see the formation of a diverticulum in the esophagus, within the colon _____ of all Americans over 50.

30-40%

Which of the following converts angiotensin-I to angiotensin -II?

ACE (angiotensin converting enzyme)

What is mucosa?

Always lined with epithelial cells; has a layer of connective tissue containing capillaries and a thin layer of smooth muscle.

What is submucosa?

Connective tissue containing blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerve fibers

What is serosa/ adventitia?

Connective tissue that binds the structure to surrounding structures

Incomplete testicular migration during embryonic development could lead to formation of:

Cryptorchidism

Which herniation occurs with hesselbach's triangle?

Direct

What would be the appropriate first line of defense for gastric ulcer treatment?

Drug therapy such as proton pump blockers, diet that is less irritating to the stomach, and a lifestyle change if the patient uses tobacco and alcohol

What is the function of G cells?

Enteroendocrine cells located in the gastric glands of the pylorus that synthesize and secrete GASTRIN

Which of the following is NOT correct regarding sexual stimulation in the male?

Erection, emission, and ejaculation are all exclusively regulated by parasympathetic innervation

Inguinal hernias are just as common in females as they are in males.

False

Which of the following represent the parasympathetic innervation of the GI tract?

From the lower esophagus to 2/3 of the transverse colon via the vagus nerve; from the last 1/3 of the transverse colon to the upper anal canal (above the pectinate line) pelvic splanchnic nerves S2, S3, and S4

A hemigastrectomy such as a pylorectomy may also be used in severe cases. Why would we remove the pylorus for treatment?

G cells found in the gastric pits in the pylorus secrete gastrin that stimulate HCl secretion and mitotic activity in the Parietal cells. By removing the pylorus, we remove the G cells, thereby controlling acid secretion.

What is the function of enteroendocrine cells?

HORMONE-SECRETINGcells scattered throughout the lining epithelium and glands of the alimentary canal

A surge in which of the following hormones triggers ovulation to occur?

LH (luteinizing hormone)

What is the function of undifferentiated stem cells?

Located at the junction of the gastric pit and gland, they divide continuously to replace the gastric epithelium every 3-7 days

Which of the following about the pancreas is NOT correct?

Produces cholecystokinin to stimulate gallbladder contractions

True or False: A single episode of pelvic inflammatory disease can cause infertility.

True

True or False: From the oral cavity to the stomach we observe nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium lining the GI tract. Once in the stomach, the epithelium changes to simple columnar and remains that type until the upper or internal anal canal (above the pectinate line). Once we cross the pectinate line, in the lower or external canal we once again see nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium.

True

The hormones that stimulate the OVARIAN cycle are secreted by the ______________________; the hormones that stimulate the UTERINE cycle are secreted by the ___________________________.

anterior pituitary gland, ovary

The biliary system (liver and gallbladder) and pancreas play a very important role in digestion. Bile, produced in the liver and stored in the gallbladder is important for:

fat emulsification

Which of the following is the main blood supply for the liver, spleen and stomach?

celiac trunk

Within the gastric gland, we see specialized cells, which include:

chief cells, parietal cells, enteroendocrine cells, undifferentiated stem cells, & G cells.

Which of the following structures are formed from the inferior portion of the internal abdominal oblique?

cremaster muscle (males only)