Lect 3: Health Belief Model

Perceived Benefits Minus Barriers provides

a preferred path of action

HBM Strategies Concept > application 1. perceived susceptibility (3) 2. Perceived severity 3. Perceived benefits

1. Define population(s) at risk, risk levels Personalize risk based on a person's characteristics or behavior Make perceived susceptibility more consistent with individual's actual risk 2. Specify consequences of risks and conditions 3. Define action to take: how, where, when; clarify the positive effects to be expected

Perceived Self-Efficacy 1. self efficacy defined as 2. was never 3. was added to the HBM as a 4. one of the most important factors in 5. needed in

1. "the conviction that one can successfully execute the behavior required to produce the outcomes" -faith in your ability to do something 2. explicitly incorporated into early formulations of the HBM 3. separate construct 4. an individual's ability to successfully carry out many actions 5. behaviors that are relatively difficult to accomplish

The Health Belief Model (HBM) 1. what is it 2. Value Expectancy Theory 3. HBM postulates that health-seeking behavior is influenced by

1. One of the first theories of health behavior that is widely used conceptual framework in health behavior research 2. HBM is guided by the belief that value and expectancy beliefs guide behavior. 3. a person's perception of a threat posed by a health problem and the value associated with actions aimed at reducing the threat.

Major HBM Concepts There are seven major concepts in HBM:

1. Perceived Susceptibility 2. Perceived severity 3. Perceived benefits 4. Perceived barriers/costs 5. Cues to action/Motivation 6. Perceived self-efficacy 7. Enabling or modifying factors

Summary 1. For behavior change to succeed: 2. Behavior change will succeed if 3. HBM has been found to be a useful framework for

1. a) people must feel threatened by their current behavioral patterns and b) believe that change of a specific kind will result in a valued outcome at an acceptable cost (perceived benefit minus cost). 2. people feel competent (self-efficacious) to overcome perceived barriers to take action. 3. understanding what may predispose people to prevent illness.

Limitations/Criticisms of HBM (cont.) 1. not ideal for 2. no 3. challenges involved in 4. little is known about

1. habitual behaviors 2. standardized measurement approaches as in other theories 3. analyzing perceived threat (perceived susceptibility and severity) 4. effectiveness of HBM- based interventions

Uses of the HBM 1. is a model for explaining 2. has been used to study

1. health preventive and screening behaviors 2. people's responses to symptoms and their behaviors in response to a diagnosed illness, particularly adherence to medical regimens

Limitations/Criticisms of HBM 1. focuses on the individual's health-related perceptions - HBM ignores 2. absence of 3. Alternative factors

1. important social, interpersonal and contextual issues 2. a role for emotional factors such as fear and denial 3. may predict health behavior, such as outcome expectancy - (whether the person feels they will be healthier as a result of their behavior).

Perceived barriers 1. are 2. may act as

1. potential negative aspects of a particular health action 2. impediments to undertaking recommended behaviors

Perceived threat 1. Is the combination of 2. provides 3. defines

1. susceptibility and severity has been labeled as perceived threat. 2. energy or force to act 3. one's readiness to take action

Perceived benefits 1. refers to 2. Examples of benefits that may influence behavioral decisions include: (2)

1. the person's beliefs regarding perceived benefits of the various available actions for reducing the disease threat. 2. 1) Health benefits 2) Non-health-related perceptions (e.g., financial savings related to quitting smoking or pleasing a family member by having a mammogram).

Health Belief Model The health belief model proposes that a person's health-related behavior depends on the person's perception of four critical areas:

1. the severity of a potential illness, 2. the person's susceptibility to that illness 3. the benefits of taking a preventive action 4. the barriers to taking that action.

HBM Strategies Concept > application 4. Perceived barriers (4) 5. Cues to action 6. Self-efficacy PUDGR

4. Identify and reduce perceived barriers through reassurance, correction of misinformation, incentives, assistance 5. Provide how-to information, promote awareness, use appropriate reminder systems 6. Provide training and guidance in performing recommended action Use progressive goal setting Demonstrate desired behaviors Give verbal reinforcement Reduce anxiety

Cues to Action Are cues that can trigger or instigate action such as (3)

A) bodily events (e.g., a cough, a sneeze); B) Symptoms (one of the few theories that include this aspect) C) environmental events, (e.g., media publicity, television advertisements, a poster)

Other Variables (Modifying Factors) Many other variables/factors may influence perceptions and, thus, indirectly influence health-related behavior. These include:-

A. Demographic characteristics (e.g., age, gender) B. Socio-economic factors (e.g., income), and C. Personality and knowledge

Key strengths of the HBM IPPE MIC

A. Its intuitive logic B. Clearly stated central tenets. C. Model is parsimonious (i.e., few constructs) D. Model has been proven and tested several times. E. HBM constructs can be measured in many different ways (e.g., clinical interviews to population based surveys). F. Explicitly include symptoms something that is central to patients' experiences of disease. G. Ideal for voluntary behaviors.

The underlying concept of the Health Belief Model explains that behavior results from: A. intention to engage in the behavior as a result of beliefs. B. the relationship between the environment, societal beliefs and the person. C. a series of stages and processes. D. individual beliefs and perceptions.

D. individual beliefs and perceptions.

History of HBM The Health Belief Model was first developed in response to:

The need to understand why people were not accessing free screenings.(tuberculosis)

According to the Health Belief Model, benefits have to outweigh barriers in order for behavior to change.

True

Perceived Susceptibility refers to

beliefs about the likelihood of getting a disease or condition.

HBM - HBM addresses the relationship between a person's beliefs and behaviors. - HBM provides a way to understand & predict how clients will behave in relation to their health. 1. modifying factors AGE PSK 2. individual beliefs 3. action

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Perceived Severity feelings about

the seriousness of contracting an illness or of leaving it untreated include evaluations of: - medical and clinical consequences (for example, death, disability, and pain) and - possible social consequences (such as effects of the conditions on work, family life, and social relations).