Lecture 11: Water and Salt Physiology EXAM 2

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in freshwater fish, chloride cells

(mitochondria-rich cells) pump ions in the blood across the gill epithelium and the kidneys excrete copious, dilute urine. this causes a metabolic waste product (CO2) and excess H+ are exchanged for much needed ions

seawater fish diagram

-NaCl is excreted through gills -NaCl foes in and H2O goes out -Mg, So4 excreted

counteracting solute effects

-effects of one osmolyte add to the effects of another -can offset damaging effects of one osmolyte acting alone

water and salt exchanges in freshwater

-hyperosmotic to ambient water -salt loss by diffusion -water uptake by osmosis -large amounts of urine -active uptake of Na+ and Cl- through gills

freshwater fish diagram

-intake of NaCl through gills -H2O goes in and NaCl goes out -H2O also excreted

how do animals regulate the composition and volume of their body fluids?

-ion regulation -volume regulation -osmotic regulation (U/P ratio)

water and salt exchange in seawater

-salt gain by diffusion -water loss by osmosis -salts and waters ingested -small amounts of urine

intake + metabolic production - output

= 0

in marine elasmobranch, ICF has high concentration of

K+, TMAO, glycine betaine, and urea

in marine invertebrates, ECF has

Na+, Cl-

in marine elasmobranch, ECF has a high concentration of

Na+, Cl-, TMAO, urea

organic osmolyte

any solute that exerts a sufficiently large effect on the osmotic pressure of body fluid

osmotic conformer

blood osmotic pressure will equal the osmotic pressure of the environmental water

how are kidneys organs of blood regulation

by removing salts, water, and other solutes from the plasma in controlled ways

xeric animals

can live in dry, water-poor environment (mammals, reptiles, insects, arachnids) -low integumentary H2O permeability due to integumentary lipids

metabolic water gain

food, drink, metabolsim

in marine invertebrates, ICF has

free amino acids, some glycine betaine, TMAO, K+, Cl-, Na+

isosmotic

having the same osmotic pressure

all freshwater animals are classified as

hyper osmotic regulators (blood is more concentrated than freshwater)

bony fishes are _____ to freshwater

hyperosmotic

freshwater animals are ______ to their environment

hyperosmotic

bony fishes are ______ to seawater

hyposmotic

in land animals, there is low integumentary water loss due to

integumentary lipids

elasmobranchs and invertebrates are approximately _____ with seawarer

isosmotic

most marine animals are nearly _____ with seawater

isosmotic

U/P = 1

isosmotic urine

properties of enzymes are usually less or more affected by organic osmolytes than by inorganic ions?

less affected

integument has

low water and ion permeability

osmotic regulation

maintenance of a constant or near constant osmotic pressure in the blood plasma

what' does TMAO do in sharks?

offsets damaging effects of urea

intracellular osmotic concentration is raised with

organic osmolytes

salt glands in birds and non-avian reptiles

provide external ion and osmoregulation

humidic animals

restricted to humid, water rich environments (slugs, amphibians, crabs earth worms) - have high integumentary H2O permability

water loss

skin, lungs, urine, feces

osmolarity of urine compared to ECF

urine has much lower osmolarity


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