Lecture 2: Digestion

If digestion of a carbohydrate results in equal amounts of glucose and galactose, this carbohydrate is probably

lactose

The carbon dioxide of respiration is formed during

more than one of the above

An intestinal hormone that leads to the release of bicarbonate ions from the pancreas and decreases production of HCl and pepsinogen in the stomach is

secretin

During glycolysis (also look at number 41 for same question w/ different answer options)

A and B only

Enzymes secreted by the pancreas include

A and B only

In the electron transport chain

A and C only

Increased activity of the parietal cells will result in

A higher pH in the blood

Absorption of glucose from the gut lumen depends on

A, B, and C

Functions of the stomach include all of the following, except

Absorption of dipeptides.

Tony is a chronic alcoholic with cirrhosis of the liver, a condition in which liver cells die and are replaced by connective tissue. Which of the following signs would you expect to observe in Tony?

All of the above

Which of the following is NOT a protective feature of the gastric mucosa

All of the above are protective features of the gastric mucosa.

Which vitamin requires intrinsic factor in order to be absorbed?

B12

The Kreb's cycle

Begins with the formation of a molecule of citric acid.

The presence of fatty chyme in the small intestine stimulates it to release ______, which causes the ______.

CCK; gallbladder to release bile

Due to a lack of carbonic anhydrase in her parietal cells, Renee produces very little HCl in the stomach, this would most effect the absorption of _____ in the small intestine.

Dipeptides

Lactose intolerant individuals cannot digest the ____ lactose because they lack the enzyme ____.

Disaccharide; lactase

Which of the following is not a function of gastric hydrochloric acid (HCl)?

Emulsify lipids

The acid secretions from an ulcer in the stomach damaging the underlying connective tissue will lead to increased ______?

Hydrochloric acid

Identify the salivary gland that secretes primarily a watery mixture rich in salivary amylase, lysozymes, and IgA antibodies.

Parotid

Which of the following enzymes functions at the lowest pH?

Pepsin

Most amino acids are absorbed via

Secondary Active Symport.

The absorption of dipeptides in the small intestine involves

Secondary active symport with H+

The absorption of amino acids in the small intestine involves

Secondary active symport with Na+

A sodium bicarbonate solution is secreted in response to a hormone called ____.

Secretin

The lining of the gastrointestinal tract that allows for absorption and secretion is

Simple columnar epithelium.

Amino acids and monosaccharides are absorbed in the _____, and fatty acids are absorbed in the ______.

Small intestine; small intestine

Amylase from saliva digests

Starch

Protein digestion begins in the

Stomach

Protein digestion is initiated in the

Stomach

If digestion of a carbohydrate results in equal amounts of glucose and fructose, this carbohydrate is probably

Sucrose.

The muscle tone of the ____ along the colon contracts it lengthwise, causing its walls to bulge and form pounces called ____.

Taeniae coli; haustra

The presence of fatty acids in the small intestine stimulate enteroendocrine cells to release

More than one of the above.

____ are pointed teeth that are adapted for tearing and slashing.

Canines

Lacteals

Carry absorbed fats to the lymphatic system.

Of the five types of secretory cells in the gastric glands, which ones secrete pepsinogen?

Chief cells

Pepsinogen is produced by _____ and is activated by _____, which is secreted by ______.

Chief cells; hydrochloric acid (HCl); parietal cells

Pancreatic enzymes are secreted in response to a hormone called _____.

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

Transport of lipid soluble nutrients throughout the body rely on

Chylomicrons moving into the lacteals

Most of the NADH is produced in

Citric acid cycle

Glycolysis is best defined as the:

Conversion of glucose into two molecules of pyruvic acid.

The three most abundant classes of nutrients are ____.

Fats, proteins, and carbohydrates

Assume an individual has no sodium in their intestinal tract. If this were the case the absorption of ____ would be most affected

Galactose

Bile is stored in the

Gallbladder.

The presence of food in the stomach increases the pH and triggers the release of a hormone that stimulates contraction of the gastric smooth muscle and relaxation of the pyloric sphincter. Specifically, these events involve release of

Gastrin in the gastric phase of digestion.

Glucose is stored as the carbohydrate _____ in the liver and skeletal muscle.

Glycogen

Argentiffin cells of the stomach release

Histamine

Necessary for Vitamin B12 absorption, ___ is/are secreted by ____ cells.

Intrinsic factor; parietal

Liver damage would most affect the digestion of

Lipids

Which organ is not part of the gastrointestinal tract?

Liver

Soluble fiber is a part of a healthy diet because

Lowers blood cholesterol levels

"Segmentation" is

More than one of the above

Parietal cells secrete

More than one of the above.

Carbohydrate digestion begins in the _________, whereas protein digestion being ins the ______

Mouth; stomach

During glycolysis (also look at number 54 for same question w/ different answer options)

NAD+ is reduced

Food is prevented from entering the nasal cavity by

None of the above

Mass movements are

None of the above

Late one night while studying for your A&P class, you open a box of crackers to snack on. After chewing for a while you notice a sweet taste in your mouth. What accounts for this?

None of the above.

The organ that produces enzymes capable of digesting all the macromolecule classes is the

Pancreas

Adult humans have the dental formula 2 1 2 3 over 2 1 2 3, the second 2 in both sets of numbers represents the

Premolars

Which of the following is not a function of the liver?

Produce bicarbonate

Which of the following is not normally found in saliva?

Protease

Which of the following nutrients must be digested in order to be absorbed?

Proteins

Acetyl CoA is formed during

Pyruvate oxidation

Gastrin secretion leads to all of the following except

Relaxation of the cardiac sphincter.

The vitamin that is part of the coenzymes FAD and FMN is

Riboflavin

In response to the hormone cholecystokinin, the pancreas secretes a fluid

Rich in enzymes.

Several digestive enzymes are secreted as zymogens because ____.

They act only in the lumen and do not digest intracellular proteins.

Lipase digests

Triglycerides

Which of the following nutrients is absorbed by the lacteals of the small intestine?

Triglycerides

Ketosis results from

Utilizing fatty acids as a primary energy source.

Each of the following is a function of the liver, except

bicarbonate production

Digestion of carbohydrates within the small intestine involves enzymes that come from the a: mouth. b: stomach. c: pancreas. d: lining of the small intestine.

c, d

Which of the following is not a function of saliva

digestion of maltose