Lecture 2: Digestion
If digestion of a carbohydrate results in equal amounts of glucose and galactose, this carbohydrate is probably
lactose
The carbon dioxide of respiration is formed during
more than one of the above
An intestinal hormone that leads to the release of bicarbonate ions from the pancreas and decreases production of HCl and pepsinogen in the stomach is
secretin
During glycolysis (also look at number 41 for same question w/ different answer options)
A and B only
Enzymes secreted by the pancreas include
A and B only
In the electron transport chain
A and C only
Increased activity of the parietal cells will result in
A higher pH in the blood
Absorption of glucose from the gut lumen depends on
A, B, and C
Functions of the stomach include all of the following, except
Absorption of dipeptides.
Tony is a chronic alcoholic with cirrhosis of the liver, a condition in which liver cells die and are replaced by connective tissue. Which of the following signs would you expect to observe in Tony?
All of the above
Which of the following is NOT a protective feature of the gastric mucosa
All of the above are protective features of the gastric mucosa.
Which vitamin requires intrinsic factor in order to be absorbed?
B12
The Kreb's cycle
Begins with the formation of a molecule of citric acid.
The presence of fatty chyme in the small intestine stimulates it to release ______, which causes the ______.
CCK; gallbladder to release bile
Due to a lack of carbonic anhydrase in her parietal cells, Renee produces very little HCl in the stomach, this would most effect the absorption of _____ in the small intestine.
Dipeptides
Lactose intolerant individuals cannot digest the ____ lactose because they lack the enzyme ____.
Disaccharide; lactase
Which of the following is not a function of gastric hydrochloric acid (HCl)?
Emulsify lipids
The acid secretions from an ulcer in the stomach damaging the underlying connective tissue will lead to increased ______?
Hydrochloric acid
Identify the salivary gland that secretes primarily a watery mixture rich in salivary amylase, lysozymes, and IgA antibodies.
Parotid
Which of the following enzymes functions at the lowest pH?
Pepsin
Most amino acids are absorbed via
Secondary Active Symport.
The absorption of dipeptides in the small intestine involves
Secondary active symport with H+
The absorption of amino acids in the small intestine involves
Secondary active symport with Na+
A sodium bicarbonate solution is secreted in response to a hormone called ____.
Secretin
The lining of the gastrointestinal tract that allows for absorption and secretion is
Simple columnar epithelium.
Amino acids and monosaccharides are absorbed in the _____, and fatty acids are absorbed in the ______.
Small intestine; small intestine
Amylase from saliva digests
Starch
Protein digestion begins in the
Stomach
Protein digestion is initiated in the
Stomach
If digestion of a carbohydrate results in equal amounts of glucose and fructose, this carbohydrate is probably
Sucrose.
The muscle tone of the ____ along the colon contracts it lengthwise, causing its walls to bulge and form pounces called ____.
Taeniae coli; haustra
The presence of fatty acids in the small intestine stimulate enteroendocrine cells to release
More than one of the above.
____ are pointed teeth that are adapted for tearing and slashing.
Canines
Lacteals
Carry absorbed fats to the lymphatic system.
Of the five types of secretory cells in the gastric glands, which ones secrete pepsinogen?
Chief cells
Pepsinogen is produced by _____ and is activated by _____, which is secreted by ______.
Chief cells; hydrochloric acid (HCl); parietal cells
Pancreatic enzymes are secreted in response to a hormone called _____.
Cholecystokinin (CCK)
Transport of lipid soluble nutrients throughout the body rely on
Chylomicrons moving into the lacteals
Most of the NADH is produced in
Citric acid cycle
Glycolysis is best defined as the:
Conversion of glucose into two molecules of pyruvic acid.
The three most abundant classes of nutrients are ____.
Fats, proteins, and carbohydrates
Assume an individual has no sodium in their intestinal tract. If this were the case the absorption of ____ would be most affected
Galactose
Bile is stored in the
Gallbladder.
The presence of food in the stomach increases the pH and triggers the release of a hormone that stimulates contraction of the gastric smooth muscle and relaxation of the pyloric sphincter. Specifically, these events involve release of
Gastrin in the gastric phase of digestion.
Glucose is stored as the carbohydrate _____ in the liver and skeletal muscle.
Glycogen
Argentiffin cells of the stomach release
Histamine
Necessary for Vitamin B12 absorption, ___ is/are secreted by ____ cells.
Intrinsic factor; parietal
Liver damage would most affect the digestion of
Lipids
Which organ is not part of the gastrointestinal tract?
Liver
Soluble fiber is a part of a healthy diet because
Lowers blood cholesterol levels
"Segmentation" is
More than one of the above
Parietal cells secrete
More than one of the above.
Carbohydrate digestion begins in the _________, whereas protein digestion being ins the ______
Mouth; stomach
During glycolysis (also look at number 54 for same question w/ different answer options)
NAD+ is reduced
Food is prevented from entering the nasal cavity by
None of the above
Mass movements are
None of the above
Late one night while studying for your A&P class, you open a box of crackers to snack on. After chewing for a while you notice a sweet taste in your mouth. What accounts for this?
None of the above.
The organ that produces enzymes capable of digesting all the macromolecule classes is the
Pancreas
Adult humans have the dental formula 2 1 2 3 over 2 1 2 3, the second 2 in both sets of numbers represents the
Premolars
Which of the following is not a function of the liver?
Produce bicarbonate
Which of the following is not normally found in saliva?
Protease
Which of the following nutrients must be digested in order to be absorbed?
Proteins
Acetyl CoA is formed during
Pyruvate oxidation
Gastrin secretion leads to all of the following except
Relaxation of the cardiac sphincter.
The vitamin that is part of the coenzymes FAD and FMN is
Riboflavin
In response to the hormone cholecystokinin, the pancreas secretes a fluid
Rich in enzymes.
Several digestive enzymes are secreted as zymogens because ____.
They act only in the lumen and do not digest intracellular proteins.
Lipase digests
Triglycerides
Which of the following nutrients is absorbed by the lacteals of the small intestine?
Triglycerides
Ketosis results from
Utilizing fatty acids as a primary energy source.
Each of the following is a function of the liver, except
bicarbonate production
Digestion of carbohydrates within the small intestine involves enzymes that come from the a: mouth. b: stomach. c: pancreas. d: lining of the small intestine.
c, d
Which of the following is not a function of saliva
digestion of maltose