LEJA

According to the life course delinquency perspective, offending behavior tends to peak around age ________.

17 to 18

Which of the following amendments protects anyone from being tried twice for the same offense?

5th

The Supreme Court has allowed juries as small as ________ members.

6

The ________ Amendment entitles criminal defendants to the help of an attorney at trial.

6th

Some groups have suggested that an inmate's time in solitary confinement should be limited to ________ days.

90

Which of the following offenses can be punished by probation, fines, and/or up to a year in a local jail?

A misdemeanor

While walking down the street, John is robbed and beaten. He is traumatized by the incident along with the court proceedings that follow. Who would you recommend as the best and most-qualified person for John to speak with about his trauma?

A victim advocate

When a rape or sexual assault victim comes into a hospital to be examined, a ________ will usually be conducted to preserve evidence.

rape kit

A Terry stop is permitted when police have ________ to believe that a person is engaged in criminal activity.

reasonable suspicion

What is the most common form of victimization in the United States?

Larceny

Which jurisdiction was the first to pass an ordinance giving women the title and pay of "patrolman"?

Chicago

________ is considered the central nervous system of policing that coordinates the performance of law enforcement activities.

Communication

A judges' responsibility is to ensure that the trial proceeds according to the rules of:

due process.

Which of the following is a part of elder abuse?

Abandonment Emotional abuse Physical abuse

Why would police choose to obtain an arrest warrant?

All of these answers are correct. The arrest is less likely to be declared invalid later. The warrant protects the police because a neutral party has ensured that probable cause exists. This allows them to enter a home to make an arrest.

Which of the following is NOT one of the duties of a judge?

Arresting individuals when probable cause exists

Which of the following emphasizes crime prevention and the development of positive relationships between the police and the public?

Community policing

The ________ is an officially compiled statistical measure of the incidence of crime in the United States.

Crime Index

Public defenders are:

employed and paid by the government.

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of due process?

It processes offenders through the system as quickly as possible.

Which of the following is a true statement about juries?

Juries have been around for thousands of years.

How is there a disparity in granting bail?

Defendants who are poor will have to stay in jail prior to their trial.

Suppose you were housed in a prison where you spent all of your time working in a small cell and were not permitted to communicate with other inmates or family members on the outside. You were most likely housed in the:

Eastern State Penitentiary.

From the following, pick the list that follows the chronological order of the development of law from the oldest to the most recent.

Hammurabi's Code, Mosaic Law, development of common law, U.S. Constitution ratified

________ occurs when someone unjustifiably causes the death of another human being.

Homicide

Cocaine powder is classified under schedule ________ of the controlled substance schedules.

II

Which of the following is a negative ramification of police discretion?

Increased discrimination

________ handle real and reported police misconduct.

Internal affairs units

Which of the following is an example of double jeopardy?

Michael kidnaps Sally in Florida and takes her to Georgia. Michael is tried in Florida and acquitted. The state prosecutor takes the case to trial again with new evidence from Georgia police.

When Michelle and her husband Dan went on a camping trip to a jungle in Florida, Dan was kidnapped by some tribal folks. A search party was launched, but Dan was never found. Believing her husband to be dead, Michelle married Hank. Dan suddenly reappeared two days after Michelle's second wedding. Which of the following defenses can Michelle use if Dan accuses her of bigamy?

Mistake

Which state police department developed CompStat?

New York

Who is responsible for preserving the integrity of a crime scene?

Patrol officers

Who performs the bulk of police work?

Patrol officers

________ is a policing strategy based on conducting specific and detailed research on a community's challenges to discover the underlying dynamics of crime.

Problem-oriented policing

Which of the following is a difference between Schedule I and Schedule II drugs?

Schedule I drugs do not have an accepted medical use, whereas Schedule II drugs have a medical use.

The ________ abolished parole for offenders sentenced for federal crimes.

Sentencing Reform Act of 1984

Which of the following is a difference between sheriffs' offices and police departments in the United States?

Sheriffs' offices typically function in rural areas, whereas police departments typically function in urban areas.

In 2006, which of the following rules did the Supreme Court pass concerning suspected terrorists?

Special military courts could not try suspected terrorists being held at Guantanamo Bay.

According to Freud, which of the following is NOT a part of the human brain?

Superid

Justice Sonia Sotomayor was nominated by President Barack Obama. Who was responsible for confirming her nomination?

The Senate

What is currently the biggest problem involving DNA evidence?

The backlog of evidence to be analyzed

Why is a no contest plea beneficial to a defendant?

The defendant could be found guilty in a criminal court but can avoid civil liability for the acts of which he is accused.

Why were a large number of institutions for the mentally ill closed?

There were cuts made to federal health care funding.

________ is an ethical philosophy of social control that focused on imposing punishments that were believed best for the majority of people in society.

Utilitarianism

Which tool offers indications that there are more than twice as many victims as reported by the Uniform Crime Reports?

Victimization surveys

Which of the following statements is true about youth and drug use?

White youth use more drugs than Black youth.

What affects the solvability of a crime?

all of the above Quality of the preliminary investigation Presence of evidence Availability of witnesses

In the SARA model of problem-oriented policing, the ________ step identifies anything that may be causing or influencing the problem.

analysis

From the mid-1960s to the early 1980s, crime rates increased, mostly due to:

baby boomers reaching their mid-teen years.

According to Travis Hirschi's social bond theory, ________ is holding society's values and opinions as true for oneself.

belief

The ________ school of criminology viewed the criminal as having free will, the freedom of individual choice to choose a criminal path deliberately.

classical

A situation in which law enforcement officers or agents trick a person into committing a crime that the person would not otherwise have committed is called ________.

entrapment

Evidence that might exculpate a defendant is evidence that could:

clear the defendant of blame.

According to Travis Hirschi's social bond theory, ________ is the act of pledging and promising to people and institutions.

commitment

The vast majority of people living in our society want to be protected from violence and theft. Because of this desire to be safe, our society has laws to prohibit members of our society from harming others and from taking possessions that belong to others. The laws described in the above scenario indicate evidence of a society that is heavily based on the ________.

consensus perspective

The most traditional form of early punishment was:

corporal punishment.

The dark figure of crime refers to the:

crimes that we do not know about because they are not reported.

The rate of murders committed by women has ________ since 1980.

declined

Most inmates are serving sentences for ________ crimes.

drug

Of all the crimes committed by parolees, the highest proportion is of:

drug offenses.

According to the rule of law in the United States, the ________.

government can punish people only when there are written laws

John Jones is on trial for murder. Because his potential punishment is the death penalty, his case has to proceed in two separate phases. The first phase is the:

guilt phase

Police arrest in only about ________ the cases in which evidence of a crime is present.

half

The Supreme Court has ruled that judges must recuse themselves from deciding cases involving parties who(m):

have given them significant campaign contributions.

One of the early forms of punishment in England was to hold convicts in abandoned ships, which are called:

hulks

Wearing your pajamas to work would be a violation of a(n):

informal social norm.

A young boy who has never committed a crime is often called "criminal" because of his looks, attitude, and lack of interpersonal skills. His classmates and teachers consider him to be a bad seed who is more likely to commit serious crimes. As a result of this societal condemnation, the boy begins to commit minor offenses and slowly moves toward committing serious crimes. The boy has experienced a process called:

labeling

According to the life course perspective, offenders who start committing crimes during adolescence and continue to commit crimes for the rest of their lives are called:

life course persistent offenders.

The idea that we come to define ourselves by the way we perceive that others see us is called the:

looking-glass self.

The greatest percentage of victim compensation funds pays for:

medical expenses.

John Smith has been convicted of a nonviolent drug crime and has been sentenced to 18 to 24 months in prison. He does not have a prior record and is considered a low security risk. John will most likely be held in a ________ prison.

minimum-security

Only about ________ of agencies have early warning systems in the United States.

one-third

Private prisons have gained popularity in the United States because of:

overcrowded prisons.

One of the most significant reasons that reformatories fell out of popularity was because:

overcrowding made effective rehabilitation programs impractical.

Drug regulation in the United States began in 1791, when Congress ________ that led to the so-called Whiskey Rebellion.

passed a tax on whiskey

An early American judge who wished for an offender to repent for his or her sins or wrongdoings would most likely be inclined to sentence an offender to (a):

penitentiary

Ninety-five percent of criminal cases are settled by:

plea bargaining.

Officer Lewis and Officer Thomas both received very little training when they were hired as police officers. Also, they noticed that their colleagues used force excessively and their department practiced "street justice" and physically punished suspects on the spot. Officer Lewis and Officer Thomas were hired during the ________.

political policing era

Martha accidently breaks a plate while doing the dishes. The last time this happened, her husband, Ryan, had abused her and thrown a plate on her face. Martha gets scared that Ryan might kill her this time even though he is actually sleeping in the other room and is unaware of the incident. Martha is most likely suffering from:

posttraumatic stress disorder.

Federal prosecutors are appointed by the:

president.

If you have been convicted of a serious violent crime and have been sentenced to eight years of incarceration, you are most likely residing in a:

prison

A group of thieves breaks into an empty house with an intention to steal a TV. On entering the house, they realize that there is no TV in the house and leave without taking anything else. Which of the following crimes did the thieves commit?

property

In a capital case, only the ________ can decide whether to seek the death penalty.

prosecutor

In the 1980s, there was an ideological shift in the criminal justice system to be more focused on:

punitive punishment.

Jack and his cellmate, Vlad, get into an argument one day. Jack assaults Vlad and is put into solitary confinement. Because he was the aggressor and assaulted Vlad, it is likely that Jack is placed into:

punitive segregation.

Rewards for good behavior and punishments for bad behavior are:

sanctions

Prison gangs are also referred to as:

security threat groups.

Prosecutors have all of the following duties EXCEPT:

sentencing offenders.

When victims leave their homes, they are often forced to go to a ________, where they can find temporary housing.

shelter

The first publicly funded city police departments in the United States were ________.

slave patrols created to keep slaves from rebelling or running away

All of the following are types of judges EXCEPT:

solicitors

Glynn was driving home from work one evening when he was struck and killed by a drunk driver. Glynn's wife and immediate family members are called:

survivors

The word victimology can be traced back to:

the 1940s.

Officer Blanc has seen her partner mistreat suspects and falsify police reports. Officer Blanc is unlikely to report the misbehavior of her partner because of:

the blue code of silence.

Criminologists recognize two major schools of thought or belief systems as among the first attempts to organize a view of crime causation: ________ schools of criminology.

the classical and the positivist

Femicide is:

the killing of a woman.

Wilson and Kelling's broken windows theory argues that there is a relationship between higher crime rates and:

the level of deterioration of a neighborhood.

The ________ test established by the Supreme Court means that confessions are inadmissible unless made willingly.

voluntariness

One of the most important reasons that the Auburn system was favored over the Pennsylvania system was because the Auburn system:

was able to turn a profit through convict labor.

Early forms of confinement in England and other European countries were very different from our contemporary prisons and jails. One of the first methods of confinement was a facility where a wide range of people were sent to work; most of these people were not hardened criminals, but were guilty of not paying their debts. Another form of confinement was exporting criminals to other lands, such as the American colonies and Australia. As the American Revolution began, however, England had to find something else to do with their criminals. As a result, they reconfigured abandoned ships to hold criminals on the riverbanks. The facility where people were confined and forced to work is called a:

workhouse