Lesson 6 Practice Quiz

which of the following is NOT true regarding the case of Isabelle, the child raised in isolation and studied by the sociologist Kingsley Davis? a. Isabelle was delighted by the presence of strangers and warmly greeted the social workers who had come to rescue her b. Isabelle made rapid progress through the developmental stages once she began interacting with others c. Isabelle was an illegitimate child born in the 1930s to a deaf-mute mother d. Isabelle's behavior was primitive and bizarre at the time she was rescued by social workers e. Isabelle was kept secluded from the rest of the world in a dark room of her house

a. Isabelle was delighted by the presence of strangers and warmly greeted the social workers who had come to rescue her

Kenneth Gergen coined the term "the saturated self" to describe: a. The type of self produced through exposure to more and more points of view in sources of information b. The type of self that results from having multiple responsibilities and serious role strain c. The type of self that results from repeated incidents of role conflict d. The type of self that results from being an active agent, not just a passive receiver of influence e. all of the above

a. The type of self produced through exposure to more and more points of view and sources of information

what sort of leadership style is typically expected of woman in contemporary society? a. expressive leadership b. Family leadership c. rational leadership d. proscriptive leadership e. coercive leadership

a. expressive leadership

which of the following agents of socialization has the most enduring, lifelong impact on the individual? a. family b. peers c. media d. school e. none of the above

a. family

what do sociologists call patterns of interaction between groups and individuals? a. group dynamics b. anomie c. Mcdonaldization d. in-group solidarity e. rationalization

a. group dynamics

the Solomon Asch experiment, in which a group of subjects were asked to compare the lengths of lines, demonstrated that: a. groups have great power to induce conformity b. Peer pressure emerges when a groups task is relatively difficult or demanding c. The larger the group is, the less each member has a sense of individual responsibility d. an authoritarian leader can strongly influence group members e. when people are given a relatively simple task, they're unlikely to conform to a larger group

a. groups have great power to induce conformity

the looking-glass self explains: a. how we develop a self-concept based on our perceptions of others' judgements of us b. why it is so difficult to see ourselves as other do c. why we respond to the generalized order d. how young children come to realize that they have a separate identity e. the process of a self-fulfilling prophecy

a. how we develop a self-concept based on our perceptions of others' judgements of us

according to Robert Putnam, what does the decline in bowling leagues indicate? a. increasing anomie and a decline in collective bonds b. a shift from secondary groups to primary groups c. the decline in exercise in favor of electronic media d. the strength of weak ties e. the increasing irrelevance of reference groups

a. increasing anomie and a decline in collective bonds

several cases of children growing up in extreme social isolation, documented by Kingsley Davis, suggest that: a. most mental capacities, and perhaps even the ability to think, are learned through social interaction b. the effects of isolation at an early age are easily reversible if caught in time c. the effects of extreme isolation in children are irreversible if the situation isn't corrected by the time the child is five years old d. human intelligence is almost entirely determined by heredity e. Mead's view of the development of the self is flawed

a. most mental capacities, and perhaps even the ability to think, are learned through social interaction

the social rules that govern a specific part of the internet are called: a. netiquette b. compliance c. etiquette d. internet standards and practices e. web rules

a. netiquette

in 1978 Jim Jones, the leader of the People's Temple, forced more than 900 of his followers to commit suicide at gun point by drinking poisoned Flavor Aid. in the run-up to this event, Jones had strictly enforced discipline, mocking and ridiculing anyone who expressed doubts, at times even having doubters sedated. this extreme effort to enforce conformity is an example of: a. peer pressure b. bureaucracy c. an out-group d. the expressive self e. the Twenty Statements Test

a. peer pressure

what do sociologists call a group that provides standards by which an individual can judge his own accomplishments? a. reference group b. team c. secondary group d. social network e. primary group

a. reference group

which part of the minds of feral children would Sigmund Freud expect to be most fully developed? a. the id b. the ego c. the psychosexual side d. the superego e. the conscience

a. the id

in the psychoanalytic theory developed by Sigmund Freud, which component of our personalities is responsible for representing culture within us and serving as the moral component of our personalities? a. the superego b. the ego c. the unconscious d. the id e. the libido

a. the superego

John graduates from college with a degree in business administration and gets a job with a large firm that audits small businesses that have contracts with the city. While working there, he becomes friends with Dave, who invites him to attend a weekly poker game, which becomes a meaningful part of John's social life. Some weeks the game is the only thing that he has to look forward to. What does this illustrate? a. The way secondary group ties can lead to the close personal ties of primary groups b. The way secondary groups produce nearly anonymous relationships c. The goal-orientated nature of primary groups d. The way primary groups can lead to membership in secondary groups e. The absolute distinction between primary and secondary groups

a. the way secondary group ties can lead to the close personal ties of primary groups

why are adults not considered to be completely socialized? a. there will always be new situations and new roles to learn b. people are spending more and more time in school c. the family and school do a poor job of socializing children d. adults tend to watch more television than adolescents e. most people eventually enter a total institution, which requires them to learn a whole new set of norms

a. there will always be new situations and new roles to learn

what happens to individuals who are not socialized? a. they are devoid of many of the qualities we associate with being human b. they have a much harder time with reading and math c. they are likely to produce their own words and therefore have a much larger vocabulary than the average person d. they tend to live with wold animals e. they are more likely to divorce

a. they are devoid of many of the qualities we associate with being human

what does social identity theory suggest about teamwork? a. teamwork is most efficient when there is little or no recognition of individual effort b. The most efficient teams have members with strong social identities c. teamwork and efficiency are at their best when tasks are repetitive and boring d. teamwork can only reach its full potential when the individual team members have weak social identities e. The most efficient teams are made up of primary group members

b. The most efficient teams have members with strong social identities

the nature vs. nurture debate helps us understand: a. how to perfect survey research b. the complex interaction between hereditary traits and social learning c. why biology has nothing to do with human potential d. how biology determines physical characteristics, while social learning alone determines a person's personality and habits e. the contradictions between primary and secondary group socialization

b. the complex interaction between hereditary traits and social learning

in his book, The Interpretation of Dreams, Sigmund Freud suggested that: a. behavior could best be explained through the looking-glass self b. the conscious level of awareness is but the tip of the iceberg and that just below the surface is a far greater area of the mind, the subconscious and the unconscious c. people are in control of their own dreams and can consciously choose to steer them in one direction or another d. dreams result from inconsequential superstitions and have to be "worked through" in order for analysis to succeed e. thoughts must originate in the superego

b. the conscious level of awareness is but the tip of the iceberg and that just below the surface is a far greater area of the mind, the subconscious and the unconscious

here is a quote from freud, describing a part of the mind as he theorized it: it is the dark, inaccessible part of our personality, what little we know of it have learnt from our study of the dream-work and of the construction of neurotic symptoms... we all approach [it] with analogies: we call it chaos, a cauldron full of seething excitations. which part is he talking about? a. the generalized other b. the id c. the superego d. the ego e. the frontstage

b. the id

what must happen before an individual experiences role-taking emotions? a. The individual must have a job that requires managing his emotions b. The individual must be able to see things from another persons point of view c. The individual must understand the role of the particular other d. The individual must avoid role strain and role conflict e. The individual must be resocialized into a new role with new norms and values

b. the individual must be able to see things from another person's point of view

the indie rock band the Halo Benders once sang: "part environment and part heredity what we're born with and what's been fed to me" what issue is being referenced in this song? a. how food affects our understanding of self b. the nature vs. nurture debate c. role conflict d. dramaturgy e. impression management

b. the nature vs. nurture debate

why does actual group productivity never equal potential productivity? a. the tasks groups usually work on are not very interesting, which decreases motivation b. time is lost to coordinating and organizing group members c. there is no way to recognize group members for their efforts d. group members never identify with the group throughly enough to give it their full attention e. people are too lazy

b. time is lost to coordinating and organizing group members

which of the following is NOT one of the goals of socialization? a. to teach norms, values, and beliefs b. to help physically heal traumatic brain injuries c. to teach the skills necessary to satisfy basic human needs d. to teach individuals how to avoid danger and defend themselves e. to ensure that society continues to exist

b. to help physically heal traumatic brain injuries

if a professor were to trip over his own feet and fall down while trying to write something on the blackboard, very few students would point and laugh. and if the professor then loudly insisted, "i meant to do that!" chances are no one would contradict him, at least not verbally, but instead would assist their instructor in regaining his dignity. what would goffman call this process? a. autoethnography b. the social construction of reality c. cooling the mark out d. dramaturgy e. the ghost in the machine

c. cooling the mark out

which of the following could be used as a way to minimize social loafing? a. ensuring that all group members are well educated and have the proper training b. only adding group members who are not heavily invested in a group identity c. finding ways to recognize individual effort d. adding more members to the group e. ensuring that no one has a particularly interesting or rewarding job

c. finding ways to recognize individual effort

what sort of group dynamic may have led officials at NASA to ignore warnings and launch the space shuttle Challenger, which exploded shortly after takeoff? a. peer pressure b. group discussion c. groupthink d. social influence e. reliance on reference groups

c. groupthink

many people are afraid of hitchhikers. imagine that, to get a ride, a hitchhiker makes a suitcase out of a gasoline can, so it looks like he's a stranded motorist rather than a hitchhiker. a sociologist would say that he was working on: a. emotion work b. role strain c. impression management d. meta-analysis e. socialization

c. impression management

which of the following statements is NOT true about in-groups? a. in-group members are biased in favor of their fellow members b. in-groups have a feeling of superiority over out-groups c. in-group membership is often temporary d. in-group members have a sense of belonging e. in-group members feel loyalty to the group

c. in-group membership is often temporary

which of the following is true of expressions given off, as defined by Erving Goffman? a. they are always misleading b. they are always under the control of the person giving them off c. they are typically nonverbal, but observable in various ways d. they are usually verbal e. they often happen so quickly that the naked eye cannot process them

c. they are typically nonverbal, but observable in various ways

sociologists would not consider fans of the rock musician Bruce Springsteen to be a group. why not? a. they don't find themselves in the same physical location b. they have many other interests and values that prelude them from ever becoming a group c. they won't form any lasting relationships with one another d. they share no meaningful features e. they don't interact in any meaningful way

c. they won't form any lasting relationships with one another

which one of the following is NOT one of the steps in Charles Cooley's model of the looking glass self? a. we try to interpret others' reactions to our presence and our presentation of ourselves b. we imagine others' judgments of ourselves c. we attempt to achieve pleasure and avoid pain d. we experience ourselves based on our perception of others' opinions e. we imagine how we look to others

c. we attempt to achieve pleasure and avoid pain

sister pauline quinn's dog-training program benefits everyone involved: the dogs, the prisoners, the prisons, and the disabled. with this in mind, quinn called the program: a. "A start, but only a start, at reshaping the way that animals are treated in this country" b. "The best way to reduce crime without spending more money" c. "The easiest way to help the disabled available to our government today" d. "part of a chain reaction of good" e. "part of a larger social movement directed at shutting down penal establishments"

d. "part of a chain reaction of good"

a student sitting through a boring class glances over at a friend and rolls her eyes, what would erving goffman call this? a. disrespectful b. backstage c. annoyance d. an expression of behavior e. dramatic

d. an expression of behavior

what is the name of the social research method that involves an individual observing her own behavior? a. symbolic interactionism b. participant observation c. copresence d. autoethnography e. dramaturgy

d. autoethnography

imagine that one of your professors has a large collection of offensive t-shirts, including one that reads, "i scream, you scream, we all scream for heroin" the professor makes sure to never wear this shirt to class, though, because she hopes to gain the rewards of continued employment and avoid being yelled at by her boss. what is this kind of conformity called? a. groupthink b. identification c. peer pressure d. compliance e. internalization

d. compliance

individuals today or more likely to identify themselves through personal characteristics than group membership or affiliation. Why is this cause for concern to some sociologists? a. individuals who identify themselves through personal characteristics are less likely to try to achieve their goals and advance themselves b. individuals who identify themselves through personal characteristics are more likely to blindly follow orders and bow to peer pressure c. individuals who identify themselves through personal characteristics are more likely to have large social networks and maintain connections to their communities d. individuals who identify themselves through personal characteristics might care less about the common good e. individuals who identify themselves through personal characteristics are less likely to contribute to society economically

d. individuals who identify themselves through personal characteristics might care less about the common good

a producer for a cable news show is feeling insecure and complains to her boss that she isn't very smart and that she only does well because she's scared of being yelled at. her boss tells her to stop whining and not worry about it. he says "i'm a results-based guy, so i don't care why it works as long as it works!" what leadership style do you think her boss has? a. traditional b. expressive c. charismatic d. instrumental e. rational-legal

d. instrumental

"each to each a looking glass / reflects the other doth pass" this phrase, associated with Charles Cooley, indicates that our sense of self originates in: a. the first stage of sexual development b. genetics c. psychic energies toward creation and destruction d. interactions with other people e. basic biological drives

d. interactions with other people

what is the strongest type of conformity that can occur as a result of social influence or peer pressure? a. abnegation b. compliance c. identification d. internalization e. coercion

d. internalization

what is the danger of too much group cohesion? a. it makes group members more susceptible to anomie, normlessness b. it reduces the degree to which members are attracted to the group c. it makes it much harder for the group to achieve goals d. it can lead to groupthink, in which dissenting opinions are strongly discouraged e. it leads to endless rounds of discussion that tend to prelude any real action

d. it can lead to groupthink, in which dissenting opinions are strongly discouraged

the Twenty Statements Test asks respondents to make twenty true statements about themselves that begin with the phrase "i am" why is this test discussed in a chapter about social groups? a. it was developed to measure the extent to which individuals follow the norms of their primary groups b. it helps sociologists understand the extent to which group norms constrain individuals c. it measures anomie d. it was developed to measure the extent to which we base our identity on membership in groups e. it helps to map social networks by establishing what social ties exist between people

d. it was developed to measure the extent to which we base our identity on membership in groups

George was getting ready to do his student teaching in a school district where he hopes to be employed after graduation. Over the weekend, some friends tagged George in several wild party pictures that they posted on the social networking site Facebook. On Monday the principal of the school called George, saying that they would not be able to work George into their schedule. What grounds would the principal have for making that decision? a. The principal violated George's first amendment right of free association b. there is no telling. Facebook privacy settings should have protected him c. as long as the activities depicted in the photos were legal, the principal should have no grounds to deny George the job d. pictures of actions such as drinking and smoking are considered "red flags" by potential employers e. potential employers can deny employment for any reason, or for no reason

d. pictures of actions such as drinking and smoking are considered "red flags" by potential employers

which of the following would NOT be considered an aggregate? a. a queue, or line b. a collection of sightseers at a tourist attraction c. a crowd d. a primary group e. an audience

d. primary group

Chris Spielman was forced to choose between staying with his sick wife and playing professional football. What sort of sociological phenomenon was he experiencing? a. a dual self b. role strain c. the unconscious d. role conflict e. an embodied status

d. role conflict

a traffic cop has pulled over a speeder, only to discover that she has stopped a close friend. the police officer is torn, because her professional obligations demand that she punish the speeder, but her personal obligations suggest that she should give a friend a break. what is this called? a. ego strain b. role strain c. an expression of behavior d. role conflict e. dramaturgy

d. role conflict

in a Peruvian campaign to improve public health in rural areas, one key challenge was to convince isolated villagers to boil their drinking water in order to kill parasites. in a pilot study, this effort largely failed. government caseworkers lectured the villagers about germ theory, but villagers associated hot foods with illness and didn't like the taste of boiled water. the only families who adopted the practice were not well integrated into the village and had few connections to their neighbors. what does this demonstrate? a. the Mcdonaldization of society b. that the need for more virtual communities is declining c. that modernization attempts largely fail without modern technology d. that social ties don't just connect us to others, they influence our behavior e. that reference groups play an important role in building primary group ties

d. that social ties don't just connect us to others, they influence our behavior

how do sociologists define the self? a. the part of an individual that is displayed to other members of a society b. the parts of the human mind that are created through interactions with parents or guardians c. only the private innermost parts of the mind, those that are not usually shown to others d. the experience of a real identity, distinct from other people e. the unconscious parts of the mind, especially the id

d. the experience of a real identity, distinct from other people

how have social networking websites affected social groups? a. they minimize the importance of secondary groups, especially those associated with shared interests or education b. they reinforce the importance of bureaucracies c. they make primary groups expand to include many more members than before d. they help make the most of both their primary and secondary groups e. they diminish the importance of primary groups, but not secondary groups

d. they help make the most of both their primary and secondary groups

which one of the following is NOT an element of the looking-glass self? a. we modify our own behavior based on what we believe others think of us b. we develop a self-concept based on what we think others think of us c. we imagine how we appear to those around us d. we determine whether or not our parents' evaluations of us are similar to our grandparents' e. we imagine others' evaluations of us

d. we determine whether or not our parents' evaluations of us are similar to our grandparents'

although individuals always feel loyalty toward their in-group, under what circumstances would this loyalty be particularly strong? a. when the out-group is from another city than the in-group b. when the out-group has a great deal of interaction with the in-group c. when the individual has belonged to the in-group for a short time d. when the differences between the in-group and the out-group are sharply defined e. when the in-group is particularly large

d. when the differences between the in-group and the out-group are sharply defined

which of the following authority figures still derives legitimacy from traditional sources? a. your landlord b. the mayor c. a traffic cop d. your parents e. your teacher

d. your parents

how is the term "master status" defined? a. A perspective that allows an individual to understand the points of view of many other people b. A set of behaviors associated with a particular position c. A set of expectations that are attached to a specific role d. A specific role that involves power and authority over others e. A status that seems to override all other statuses an individual may possess

e. A status that seems to override all other statuses an individual may possess

sociologist are interested in how social groups have changed over time. Of particular note is the degree to which individuals base their identities on group membership. How has this changed in recent American history? a. it is impossible to measure change in how Americans use group membership to form identities b. Americans today are more likely to base their identity on secondary groups c. there has been very little change in the past few decades d. Americans today are more likely to base their self concept on group membership e. americans are less likely to identify themselves as group members today than in the past

e. Americans are less likely to identify themselves as group members today than in the past

what factors can lead to increased group cohesion? a. shared values b. common traits c. an attraction to the group as a whole d. shared goals e. all of the above

e. all of the above

Sigmund Freud once said that the id was like a wild horse, and the __________ was like a rider astride the horse, struggling to keep it under control. a. neurosis b. superego c. ego-ideal d. libido e. ego

e. ego

The University of California, Santa Barbara, is located near the Pacific Ocean, and many students live within waling distance of the beach. although it feels perfectly normal to wear a bathing suit while at the beach, most students put on a cover-up or wrap themselves in a towel to make the short wall back to their apartments. the beach, unlike the street, is a(n) __________ that makes it seem normal and acceptable to be wearing nothing but a bathing suit a. looking-glass self b. superego c. agent of socialization d. generalized other e. front

e. front

according to the symbolic interactionist George Herbert Mead, why is playing organized games an important part of a older child's development of the self? a. game playing involves learning emotional self-control b. game playing reinforces the primary group ties essential to emotional well-being c. game playing teaches strict obedience to rules and norms d. game playing is a microcosm of the business world children will eventually enter as adults e. game playing involves taking on multiple roles and learning to anticipate and coordinate with other players' actions

e. game playing involves taking on multiple roles and learning to anticipate and coordinate with other players' actions

when group members withhold their reservations and criticisms for the sake of consensus, they are engaging in: a. group dynamics b. laissez-faire decision making c. group solidarity d. expressive leadership e. groupthink

e. groupthink

all over Los Angeles cars can be seen sporting a bumper sticker that says, "my favorite teams are UCLA and whoever is playing USC" what is this an example of? a. bureaucratic rationalization b. group dynamics c. the use of a reference group d. the role gender plays in social networks e. hostility toward an out-group

e. hostility toward an out-group

what are leaders called whose personal style makes them more task- or goal-oriented and less concerned with peoples feelings? a. traditional leaders b. democratic leaders c. expressive leaders d. charismatic leaders e. instrumental leaders

e. instrumental leaders

members of a table tennis club in Upstate New York seem to have come together as much for connections with others as for the love of the game. this club can be viewed as a counterpart to the message of Robert Putnam's Bowling Alone because: a. it is an example of groupthink and shows how inflexible thought patterns are reproduced b. it is an example of the strength of weak ties c. it is an example of the way we continue to be socialized by the media into adulthood d. it is an example of the importance of primary groups in our social lives e. it is an example of a type of civic engagement that brings neighbors together

e. it is an example of a type of civic engagement that brings neighbors together

given that we try to understand how others have defined situations, why might expressions given off seem like more trustworthy guides than expressions given? a. expressions given off are easy to use in deceptive ways b. expressions given are meant to communicate something, whereas expressions given off are sometimes accidental c. expressions given off are almost always verbal and intentional d. expressions given are almost never intentional e. it is harder to manipulate expressions given off

e. it is harder to manipulate expressions given off

in 2003 the US Army discovered Saddam Hussein hiding in a "spider hole" under a small building in his hometown, Tikrit. the army had tracked him to that exact location not by looking for him directly, but rather by creating a large "map" that displayed all the members of his family and tribe, showing their links to other people. starting with just four names, the map allowed army intelligence to zero in on a small number of people whose relationships with Hussein made it more likely that they would know where he was. the search for Suddam Hussein demonstrated the practical applications of: a. out-groups b. in-groups c. group cohesion d. groupthink e. network analysis

e. network analysis

which of the following are characterized by long-term, intimate, face-to-face relationships? a. secondary groups b. institutional groups c. reference groups d. in-groups e. primary groups

e. primary groups

which of the following is NOT a true statement about primary groups? a. primary groups are essential to an individual's well-being b. primary groups values become fused into one's identity c. primary groups involved intimate, face-to-face interaction d. primary groups are usually small and long-lasting e. primary groups never try to sanction numbers or otherwise affect their behavior

e. primary groups never try to sanction members or otherwise affect their behavior

a high school decides that its band needs to wear uniforms. in order to be more efficient, the school only buys uniforms in three sizes and forces students to pick the size that comes closest to fitting. what process described in Chapter 5 is this an example of? a. decriminalization b. virtual communities c. network theory d. group dynamics e. rationalization

e. rationalization

when people attend high school reunions, they often compare their own personal and professional successes and failures to those of their former classmates. this means that classmates are a(n): a. identity group b. professional group c. secondary group d. out-group e. reference group

e. reference group

a high school football coach is worried about how she should handle her roster. on one hand, it's her job to try and win as many games as possible, which means playing the best players; on the other, her contract also requires that she try to allow every member of the team to meaningfully participate. the tension she feels is called: a. emotion work b. the Thomas theorem c. the definition of the situation d. role conflict e. role strain

e. role strain

which of the following is NOT a group in the sociological sense? a. the chess club at a high school b. a bird-watching club c. a little league baseball team d. an extended family with members living in three different states e. the audience at a broadway show

e. the audience at a broadway show

why would sociologists who study social networks and employment pay attention to the frequency with which an individual has been in contact with each member of his social network? a. because sociologists don't care about frequency of contact b. to measure the homogeneity of the network c. to see just how extensive a network is d. to determine if groupthink is an issue in a particular social network e. to see if a particular tie is strong or weak

e. to see if a particular tie is strong or weak

according to Max Weber's typology of power, what type of authority is wielded by a king? a. charismatic authority b. influential power c. secularly-derived power d. rational-legal authority e. traditional authority

e. traditional authority

the definition of what constitutes a group is being transformed as a result of new technology and the information revolution. which of the following is NOT evidence of this? a. chat rooms b. electronic communities c. "virtual" relationships d. online "self-help" groups e. websites

e. websites

according to sociologists, an individual's genetic makeup will determine what kind of personality and character traits he develops in life

false

agents of socialization are mutually exclusive and do not overlap

false

if two people worked together to make the test you are now taking, it would have been produced twice as fast than if it were written by one person

false

there are many members of social groups who are not influenced by peer pressure

false

Bicycle races like the Tour de France have individual heroes but are actually team events

true

The individual sense of self is largely created through social processes

true

according to Charles Cooley, there can be no sense of self without society

true

according to Emile Durkheim, all of the social groups to which an individual is connected impose norms, which place limits on the individuals actions

true

emotions are not fully determined by society, but they are social

true

sociologists have shown that even the likelihood that an individual will commit rape can be related to social influence

true

when people move from one place, job, or life situation to another, they often undergo resocialization

true