Lesson 8: Emotions
In Kluver-Bucy Syndrome, patients are known to express hyperorality, hypersexuality and disinhibited behavior( no understanding of cosnequences; do dangerous and reckless things). Which part of the brain, normally associated with fear and anxiety, is usually affected by Kluver-Bucy Syndrome? (A) Amygdala (B) Thalamus (C) Hypothalamus (D) Hippocampus
(A) Amygdala The amygdala is known for controlling anger/violence and fear/anxiety. Kluver-Bucy Syndrome is a bilateral destruction of the amygdala, causing the aforementioned symptoms. But if you stimulate the amygdala, then fear, anxiety, rage anger , etc. will happen
In the case of Phineas Gage, a metal rod penetrated Gage's skull. Afterwards, he showed less inhibition, along with increased crudity, temper, and an inability to plan. Which two areas were most likely injured? (A) Amygdala and Pre-Frontal Cortex (B) Amygdala and Hypothalamus (C) Cerebellum and Hypothalamus (D) Cerebellum and Pre-Frontal Cortex
(A) Amygdala and Pre-Frontal Cortex The metal rod injured mainly the pre-frontal cortex (planning and inhibition) and the amygdala (crudity and temper).
Match each emotional state with the brain hemisphere that it is usually associated with: (A) Left Hemisphere (B) Right Hemisphere -Positive emotions -Negative emotions -Isolative interactions -Social interactions
(A) Excitation of Left Hemisphere: positive emotions, social interactions (B) Excitation of Right Hemisphere: negative emotions, isolative interactions
What is an example of a behavioral response that occurs when we experience emotion?
Body language or facial expression
What did Darwin hypothesize about emotion?
He said that it is an innate ability and helped individuals act in ways that gave them higher chance of survival So emotion has some adaptive value
What are some effects of stress on the heart?
High blood pressure Vascular disease Coronary Artery Disease
True or False? Depression is biologically-supported, and there is evidence that patients suffering from Depression stop making and have reduced responses to serotonin in the frontal cortex.
True. Depression is biologically-supported, and there is evidence that patients suffering from Depression stop making and have reduced responses to serotonin in the frontal cortex.
Which of the following is not one of Lazarus' three categories/responses of primary appraisal? (A) Fearful (B) Irrelevant (C) Benign/positive (D) Stressful
(A) Fearful Lazarus' three categories/responses of primary appraisal include irrelevant, benign/positive, and stressful (negative response).
Which of the following are not one of the three components of emotion? (A) Logical (B) Physiological (C) Cognitive (D) Behavioral
(A) Logical The three components of emotion are physiological, cognitive, and behavioral.
Which of the following is the best description of bloodflow during the Fight or Flight Response? (A) Vasoconstriction near digestive organs and Vasodilation near muscles will increase net bloodflow and blood pressure to the extremities, allowing them to increase performance and escape the stressor while still protecting vital organs. (B) Peripheral Vasoconstriction will decrease bloodflow to the lower extremities, increasing blood pressure and saving blood for the core area and vital organs. (C) Vasodilation near digestive organs and Vasoconstriction near muscles will increase bloodflow and blood pressure to the extremities, allowing them to increase performance and escape the stressor. (D) Peripheral Vasodilation will decrease bloodflow to the core area and vital organs, and decrease blood pressure.
(A) Vasoconstriction near digestive organs and Vasodilation near muscles will increase net bloodflow and blood pressure to the extremities, allowing them to increase performance and escape the stressor while still protecting vital organs.
Where is adrenaline produced? (A) The Kidney (B) A gland on top of the kidney (C) The Liver (D) A gland on top of the liver
(B) A gland on top of the kidney Adrenaline is produced by the Adrenal Gland, which is located on top of the kidneys. Remember the two glands are adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla
Which of the following is not a part of the General Adaptation Syndrome (G.A.S.)? (A) Alarm (B) Action (C) Exhaustion (D) Resistance
(B) Action The order of the three steps are: Alarm, Resistance and Exhaustion. GAS is the three-stage process that describes the physiological changes the body goes through when under stress The alarm reaction stage refers to the initial symptoms the body experiences when under stress. You may be familiar with the "fight-or-flight" response, which is a physiological response to stress. This natural reaction prepares you to either flee or protect yourself in dangerous situations. After the initial shock of a stressful event and having a fight-or-flight response, the body begins to repair itself. It releases a lower amount of cortisol, and your heart rate and blood pressure begin to normalize. If the resistance stage continues for too long of a period without pauses to offset the effects of stress, this can lead to the exhaustion stage. This stage is the result of prolonged or chronic stress. Struggling with stress for long periods can drain your physical, emotional, and mental resources to the point where your body no longer has strength to fight stress
After sleeping through her alarm on her Biology test day, Kourtney's body releases a hormone to redistribute glucose in her body. This same hormone suppresses her immune system, and she develops a cold later that week. Which hormone most likely caused these changes? (A) Epinephrine (B) Cortisol (C) Oxytocin (D) Norepinephrine
(B) Cortisol Cortisol is a glucocorticoid that redistributes glucose and suppresses the immune system as part of the "fight or flight" response.
After falling behind on MCAT preparation, Janelle has worked under intense stress the last three weeks. Which of the following is not a symptom she could experience from chronic stress? (A) Suppressed immune system (B) Decreased blood sugar (C) Hypertension (D) Reproductive issues
(B) Decreased blood sugar A symptom of chronic stress would be INCREASED blood sugar, along with a suppressed immune system, Hypertension, and reproductive issues.
Which of the following primary appraisal(s) will trigger the start of a secondary appraisal? I. Irrelevant II. Benign/ Positive III. Stressful (A) I only (B) III only (C) II and III (D) I, II and III
(B) III only Only a first appraisal of "stressful" will trigger a secondary appraisal.
In the final month before her PhD dissertation, Rebecca has been working long hours and feels her stress levels rising. Which of the following is not a suitable coping or management technique to reduce the effects of stress? (A) Exercise and meditation after work (B) Increasing her daily eating habits to account for her increased workload and energy usage (C) Having "perceived control" over her dissertation (D) Cognitive flexibility which allows her to change her perspective on the situation
(B) Increasing her daily eating habits to account for her increased workload and energy usage Increasing her eating does nothing to combat the real stressor or manage the stress that comes with it. Cognitive flexibility, perceived control, exercise and meditation are all appropriate coping and management techniques.
Which of the following is not one of the major categories of stressors? (A) Significant life change (B) Relationships (C) Catastrophe (D) Daily Hassle
(B) Relationships The four major categories of stressors include significant life change, catastrophe, daily hassles, and ambient (global and happening in background).
After working in a neurobiology research lab for a semester and learning the basics, your PI tells you she has something for you that will "engage your prefrontal cortex" more. Which of the following interpretations is most likely? (A) She wants to coordinate your left and right hemispheres better. (B) She wants to give you a larger project where you will solve problems and make decisions. (C) She wants to elicit a fear response out of you before she awards you a greater role in the lab. (D) She wants you to recall all of the relevant literature you have read during the previous semester.
(B) She wants to give you a larger project where you will solve problems and make decisions The Prefrontal Cortex is in charge of problem solving, decision making and managing behavior in social situations. Congratulations on the new project! Remember it slows down signals from other parts of the brain and rationally integrates them
*CRB* Which of the following is a scale based on stress, and is measured using "life change units"? (A) Life Changing Stress Scale (B) Social Readjustment Rating Scale (C) Stressor-Based Stress Scale (D) Resistance Rating Scale
(B) Social Readjustment Rating Scale The Social Readjustment Rating Scale measures stress using "Life change units" as a scoring system.
Which of the following is not a cognitive reaction ( mental assessment) used to interpret surroundings? (A) Appraisal (B) Surveying (C) Expectations (D) General Thoughts
(B) Surveying Appraisal of what is happening, expectations about the situation, and general thoughts about the experience, will combine to produce an emotional reaction.
Ever since Becca became concussed, she has noticed her senses are all impaired except for smell. Which structure did she most likely injure? (A) Amygdala (B) Thalamus (C) Hypothalamus (D) Hippocampus
(B) Thalamus The thalamus acts as a relay station for all senses except smell, sending the information to various parts of the cortex.
*CRB* Based on the previous descriptions of Emotion Theories, which of them would be best described as a Two-Factor theory, where two processes must occur before an emotion is experienced? (A) The James-Lange Theory (B) The Schachter-Singer theory (C) The Lazarus Theory of Emotion (D) The Cannon-Bard theory
(B) The Schachter-Singer theory The Schachter-Singer theory states both arousal and the labeling of arousal (assigning a reason for the arousal) need to occur before an emotion is felt.
Which of the following structures is not a recognized part of the Limbic System? (A) Amygdala (B) Thalamus (C) Cerebellum (D) Hippocampus
(C) Cerebellum The Limbic System is recognized to include the Hypothalamus, Amygdala, Thalamus, and Hippocampus (HATH). and Fornix
Which of the following scenarios would most follow the James-Lange theory of emotion? (A) Ashley is crying because she is already sad from not getting a rose. (B) Seeing a ghost, Scooby simultaneously started to feel fearful and started to scream (C) Holding your puppy can make you happy by increasing heart rate, which changes certain neurotransmitter levels in the brain (D) Jadeveon screamed in anger before the football play, because he thought the other team would score.
(C) Holding your puppy can make you happy by increasing heart rate, which changes certain neurotransmitter levels in the brain. The James-Lange theory of emotion hypothesizes that one's interpretations of physiological changes cause emotions. A physiological change precedes the emotion!!! So its not holding the dog per say that is making you happy, it is what holding the dog is doing to your body that you interpret then experience emotion Or another example is that you are sad because you cry
Clayton was in the woods hunting deer when he drew the attention of a black bear. Which area of the limbic system will regulate his fight-or-flight response to this scare? (A) Amygdala (B) Thalamus (C) Hypothalamus (D) Hippocampus
(C) Hypothalamus The hypothalamus regulates the autonomic nervous system, including the fight-or-flight and the rest-and-digest principles. Dos this by controlling endocrine system by triggering the release of hormones into the blood stream
To trigger the Fight or Flight response, the adrenal glands release catecholamines. Which of the following are catecholamines? I. Epinephrine II. Cortisol III. Norepinephrine (A) I only (B) II only (C) I and III only (D) I, II and III
(C) I and III only Epeniphrine and Norepinephrine (also called adrenaline and noradrenaline) are catecholamines.
*CRB* Which of the following are reasons some emotions are argued to be Universally expressed? I. Humans have evolved the same sets of facial muscles to express emotions, regardless of society/culture. II. Life events will be reacted to with similar emotions, regardless of society/culture. III. Regardless of society/culture, people will use the same expressions to communicate their emotions. (A) I only (B) I and II only (C) I and III only (D) I, II and III
(C) I and III only Two of the main reasons that Darwin argued emotions are Universally expressed are: 1. Humans have evolved the same sets of facial muscles to express emotions, regardless of society/culture. 2. Regardless of society/culture, people will use the same expressions to communicate their emotions.
*CRB* Yerkes-Dodson Principle could also best be applied to which of the following ideas learned from extreme distress in animal experiments? (A) Classical Conditioning (B) Operant Conditioning (C) Learned Helplessness (D) Schrodinger's Box
(C) Learned Helplessness In Learned Helplessness experiments, an animal has been so distressed that their performance has dropped, believing that they have no control over their stressors. Classical and Operant conditioning may have increases in arousal, but it could be either Eustress or Distress. Learned Helplessness is almost certainly extreme distress, making it a better answer.
Instead of feeling a "fight or flight" response before the championship game, Moriah experiences a response closer to ""Tend and Befriend," where she feels a closer bond to her team and a need to work together to overcome it. Which hormone most likely is causing this response? (A) Epinephrine (B) Cortisol (C) Oxytocin (D) Norepinephrine
(C) Oxytocin Tend and befriend is a stress response to come together and create support systems Oxytocin is known to contribute to a "Tend-and-Befriend" response, especially in women, in response to stress.
When a healthy amygdala is stimulated, which of the following feelings is not evoked? (A) Anger/Violence (B) Fear (C) Sexual Drive (D) Anxiety
(C) Sexual Drive When a healthy amygdala is stimulated, feelings of anger, violence, fear and anxiety are evoked. Hypersexuality is one of the symptoms of a damaged amygdala.
Tomi loves debating her ideas and gets excited when an argument starts, but Megyn will back away from arguments and feel anxious. Which emotion theory allows for varying appraisals to cause different physiological reactions and emotions? (A) The James-Lange Theory (B) The Schachter-Singer theory (C) The Lazarus Theory of Emotion (D) The Cannon-Bard theory
(C) The Lazarus Theory of Emotion Only the Lazarus theory has appraisal occurring before a physiological response.
Which of the following examples best exhibit Darwin's theory that emotions have an adaptive or inherent value? (A) A child sees their parent bargaining with a sales clerk for a discount, and will attempt bargaining with their teacher. (B) A toddler is told to use their words to explain what is wrong, but the toddler only cries. (C) A child throws a tantrum after watching their younger sibling complain and get a toy. (D) A blind man will use similar facial expressions as the general public, even though he's never seen them.
(D) A blind man will use similar facial expressions as the general public, even though he's never seen them. The blind man could not have "learned" these expressions without seeing them, but he still expresses them as others do. So further supports idea that expression of emotion is innate A and C both are learned from watching others (not innate). B has no adaptive value, since using words would improve the situation.
A small chihuahua is laying in the shade and sees a coyote approaching. Not realizing that the coyote presents a dangerous situation, the chihuahua does not react. Which term best describes the step in which the chihuahua interpreted the threat level of the coyote? (A) Evaluation (B) Stressor (C) Stress reaction (D) Appraisal
(D) Appraisal Stress arises less from the event itself but instead, our interpretation of the event Appraisal is the step where the situation is interpreted and Lazarus claims it can be much more impactful than the individual stressor.
According to many psychologists, which of the following categories of stressors is the most significant form of stress due to its recurring nature? (A) Significant life change (B) Ambient (C) Catastrophe (D) Daily Hassle
(D) Daily Hassle
*CRB* Fill in the blanks: The ________ prefrontal cortex is associated with cognition and attention, whereas the __________ prefrontal cortex connects with areas that experience and control emotions. (A) Dorsal, Ventromedial (B) Ventromedial, Ventral (C) Ventral, Dorsal (D) Dorsal, Ventral
(D) Dorsal, Ventral The Dorsal prefrontal cortex is associated with cognition and attention, whereas the Ventral prefrontal cortex connects with areas that experience and control emotions.
Which of the following are not two of Ekman's 6 sets of universal emotions? (A) Happiness and Surprise (B) Sadness and Anger (C) Fear and Disgust (D) Excitement and Anticipation
(D) Excitement and Anticipation Ekman's six universal emotions are happiness, sadness, fear, disgust, anger and surprise.
After a severe biking accident, Lamelo suffers from anterograde amnesia (unable to form new memories). Lamelo can still access old memories. What area has Lamelo likely damaged? (A) Amygdala (B) Thalamus (C) Hypothalamus (D) Hippocampus
(D) Hippocampus The Hippocampus is in charge of converting short-term memories into long-term memories. Damaged hippocampus causes you to not be able to form new memories, but old memory is intact
*CRB* The adaptive value of Emotion can also be seen in the Yerkes-Dodson Law. Which of the following descriptions are true regarding Emotion, Arousal and the Yerkes-Dodson Principle? I. An emotional response will typically include physiological Arousal. II. Increasing arousal can increase performance on a task, to a certain point. III. Because over-arousal can harm performance, there is a "sweet spot" of optimal arousal for tasks. (A) I only (B) I and II only (C) I and III only (D) I, II and III
(D) I, II and III Each of the following are accurate descriptions based on Emotion, Arousal and the Yerkes-Dodson Principle: I. An emotional response will typically include physiological Arousal. II. Increasing arousal can increase performance on a task, to a certain point. III. Because over-arousal can harm performance, there is a "sweet spot" of optimal arousal for tasks.
Which of the following are categories of secondary appraisal? I. Harm II. Challenge III. Threat (A) II only (B) I and II only (C) I and III only (D) I, II and III
(D) I, II and III Harm (what damage has already happened), Challenge (how the threat can be conquered) and Threat ( what future damage can be caused) are the three categories considered in secondary appraisal.
Which of the following are examples of the negative effects of elevated levels of stress? I Frontal cortex and hippocampus atrophy II Anger III Addiction (A) II only (B) III only (C) I and II (D) I, II and III
(D) I, II and III Negative effects of stress include frontal cortex and hippocampus atrophy, anger, addiction, anxiety, and depression.
*CRB* Based on previous descriptions, which of the following Emotion theories would be supported by knowing sensory information is received by and sent to both the cortex and sympathetic nervous system simultaneously by the thalamus? (A) The James-Lange Theory (B) The Schachter-Singer theory (C) The Lazarus Theory of Emotion (D) The Cannon-Bard theory
(D) The Cannon-Bard theory The Cannon-Bard theory states that physiological arousal and feeling an emotion occur at the same time. Seeing that singaling is simultaneous with the thalamus and both the cortex and sympathetic nervous system, this is the best answer.
*CRB* The hippocampus is also involved in storing Emotional Memory, alongside the amygdala. Which of the following is the best description of Emotional Memory? (A) A memory of an event that always triggers the same, strong emotion in you. (B) A memory of an event that always triggers the same emotional response. (C) Any memory that can trigger an emotional response. (D) The actual feelings of emotion associated with some remembered event.
(D) The actual feelings of emotion associated with some remembered event. Emotional memory is the implicit part of memory, which stores the actual feelings of emotion associated with some remembered event.
What is the function of an Electroencephalogram (EEG) in brain studies?
An Electroencephalogram (EEG) will detect and measure electrical activity in your brain using electrodes attached to your scalp.
*CRB* Stressors can be divided by if they cause distress or eustress. If you scored above your goal on the MCAT, would this trigger distress or eustress? And what is the difference between the two?
Distress results from negative stressors, whereas Eustres results from positive stressors. In this case, scoring above your goal on the MCAT would be a positive stressor, so you would be in Eustress!
What is the difference between emotions and moods?
Emotions are very temporary and have clear start and end. Moods last much longer and are not necessarily discrete
What is secondary appraisal?
Evaluation of one's ability to cope with the situation
Describe the James-Lange theory of emotion.
Experience of emotion is due to perception of physiological responses.
True or False? Catecholamines are produced in the cortex of the adrenal glands.
False. Catecholamines are produced in the MEDULLA of the adrenal glands. The cortex synthesizes glucocorticoids, like Cortisol.
True or False? Emotions are generally considered a voluntary response.
False. Emotions are generally considered an INVOLUNTARY response.
*CRB* True or false? The Ventromedial Prefrontal cortex is a part of the Ventral Prefrontal cortex, and is specifically involved in decision making and stimulating emotional responses.
False. The Ventromedial Prefrontal cortex is a part of the Ventral Prefrontal cortex, and is specifically involved in decision making and CONTROLLING emotional responses.
True or False? The main male reproductive issue regarding chronic stress is decreased levels of testosterone to the point of infertility.
False. The main male reproductive issue regarding chronic stress is impotency, or Erectile Dysfunction (ED), due to peripheral vasoconstriciton. For women, hormones like FSH, estrogen, progesterone, etc. get inhibited
Contrast the order in which an event, emotion, physiological response, and appraisal/label is applied in the Schachter-Singer and Lazarus Theories of Emotion.
In the Schachter-Singer theory, first an event occurs, then a physiological response, then the labeling of the event/response, and then an emotion. In the Lazarus Theory of emotion, first an event occurs, then it is appraised, and that appraisal simultaneously determines the emotion and physiological response. Lazarus EXAMPLE: You are walking down a dark alley late at night. You hear footsteps behind you and you think it may be a mugger so you begin to tremble, your heart beats faster, and your breathing deepens and at the same time experience fear.
Compare the effects of inhibiting versus destroying the Amygdala.
Inhibiting the amygdala will simply result in someone entering a mellow state. Destroying the amygdala will cause hyperorality, hypersexuality and disinhibited behavior, as seen in Kluver-Bucy Syndrome.
What is primary appraisal?
Primary: initial evaluation that focuses on the threat in the situation
Compare the two main branches of the Autonomic Nervous System, the Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Nervous Systems, in terms of the following: - Fight-or-flight/Rest-and-digest - Heart Rate - Breathing - Digestion - Glucose storage/release
Sympathetic Nervous System: "Fight or flight", will increase heart rate and breathing, decrease digestion and increase release of glucose (for energy) via the release of adrenaline/epinephrine. pupils dilate. Parasympathetic: "Rest and Digest", digestion and glucose storage increase, while respiratory and heart rate will decrease. pupils constrict
Contrast the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion with the James-Lange theory of emotion.
The Cannon-Bard theory claims an event can cause a physiological response and an emotion simultaneously. The James-Lange theory claims a physiological response will occur, and then its perception will cause an emotion.
Clearly differentiate the terms stressor, stress reaction, and stress.
The stressor is the event that is causing the animal to have that stress reaction. The stress reaction is how the animal with the stressor physiologically responds. Stress reaction is how we cope with stressor. Stress is the combination of the stressor and stress reaction.
*CRB* True or false? Different from situations that trigger secondary appraisal, there are other situations that can require Reappraisal, or an ongoing monitoring that may lead to secondary appraisal at a later time.
True. Different from situations that trigger secondary appraisal, there are other situations that can require Reappraisal, or an ongoing monitoring that may lead to secondary appraisal at a later time.
True or False? Ekman's 6 universal emotions are considered universal because they are expressed by consistent facial expressions, regardless of cultural background.
True. Ekman's 6 universal emotions are considered universal because they are expressed by consistent facial expressions, regardless of cultural background.
True or False? the Schachter-Singer theory of emotion claims that you must identify the reason behind the physiological response and/or event before registering an emotion.
True. The Schachter-Singer claims you must identify the reason behind the physiological response and/or event before registering an emotion. So we don't experience emotion until we are able to identify a reason fro those physiological response EXAMPLE: You are walking down a dark alley late at night. You hear footsteps behind you and you begin to tremble, your heart beats faster, and your breathing deepens. Upon noticing this arousal you realize that is comes from the fact that you are walking down a dark alley by yourself.. This behavior is dangerous and therefore you feel the emotion of fear.
What is an example of a physiological change in emotion?
When you get surprised, your heart rate may increase for example
Limbic system plays a large role in:
emotion
What is emotion?
subjective experiences accompanied by physiological, cognitive, and behavioral changes in reaction
