Life-Span Ch. 1 - Life Span Perspective

Melody and Harmony are identical twins. This means that they developed from:

a single egg that was fertilized by a single sperm

Behavior geneticist Robert Plomin has found that shared environment:

accounts for little of the variation in children's personality or interests

Brad is an athletic boy who is on every sport team in school. Stephen loves math and is part of his school's math club. These instances reflect _____ correlations that occur when children seek out environments that they find compatible and stimulating.

active genotype-environment

If a baboon learns to eat many different kinds of fruit instead of relying on only one kind for its nutritive needs, we would argue that this behavior promotes its survival. Thus, the behavior is ______

adaptive

In the nature-nurture issue, nature refers to an organism's _______, nurture to its ________

biological inheritance; environmental experiences

Paul suffers from hemophilia. Suggest an appropriate treatment option for Paul's condition

blood transfusions/injections

Which of the following statements regarding chorionic villus sampling and amniocentesis is true?

both CVS and amniocentesis provide valuable information about the presence of birth defects

A recessive gene exerts its influence only if:

both genes in a pair are recessive

Clark's genotype contains a dominant gene for brown eye color and a recessive gene for blue eye color. According to the dominant-recessive gene principle, which of the following phenotypes is most likely to be observed in Clark?

brown eyes

Going by current trends, 86-year-old Matilda is likely to be living:

by herself

Females who have one abnormal copy of a mutated gene on the X chromosome are known as ______

carriers

Which of the following statements is true regarding the differences between outcomes for adopted and nonadopted children?

children who are adopted very early in their lives are more likely to have positive outcomes than children adopted later in life

Esperanza is having a prenatal test to remove a small sample of the placenta for genetic testing. Identify the test that her doctor is performing.

chorionic villus sampling (CVS)

The nucleus of each human cell contains _____, which are threadlike structures made up of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA).

chromosomes

Vygotsky's theory emphasizes how _____ guides cognitive development

culture and social interaction

Samantha has been diagnosed with _____, which is a glandular dysfunction that interferes with mucus production.

cystic fibrosis

According to Paul Baltes, the benefits conferred with evolutionary selection ______ with age

decrease

The _____ view states that development is the result of an ongoing, bidirectional interchange between heredity and the environment.

epigenetic

When researchers use surface labels such as "blacks", "hispanics", and "caucasians", they underrepresent the differences that exist among people within the same racial group. This practice is referred to as:

ethnic gloss

A recent television documentary concluded that, from birth, girls are more nurturing than are boys. You agree with this because you believe nurturing is an evolutionary trait passed on through the generations, because females needed to be more nurturing to aid the survival of the species. Your view reflects the ____ perspective of development.

ethological

Fernando believes that as individuals adapt to their environment, development, or phylogeny occurs. He further believes that there are critical periods that have also been selected for. He is most likely taking a(n) _____ approach.

ethological

Which of the following statements about the activity of genes is true?

events that occur inside of the cell can excite or inhibit genetic expression

______ correlations occur because a child's genetically influenced characteristics elicit certain types of environments

evocative genotype-environment

_______, the units of heredity information, are short segments of DNA. They direct cells to reproduce themselves and to assemble proteins

genes

A fertilized human egg cannot grow into a crocodile, duck, or fish specifically because of:

genetic code

Vivanta has been diagnosed with Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome, a growth disorder, which the doctor has indicated could be a result of ______ going awry

genetic imprinting

_____ occurs when the expression of a gene has different effects depending on whether the mother or the father passed on the gene

genetic imprinting

Konrad Lorenz performed research with goslings and found that many, upon hatching, identified him as their mother. He coined this form of attachment:

imprinting

Sharon is a 30-year-old stay-at-home mother to a toddler. Life-span developmentalists would consider her to be:

in the second age of prime adulthood

By far the most common high-tech assisted reproduction technique used is

in vitro fertilization

David and Kelly are seeking help for infertility. Under their physician's guidance, they decide to undergo a procedure in which Kelly's eggs are combined in a laboratory dish with her husband's sperms. What is this procedure called?

in vitro fertilization

As the benefits of evolutionary selection decrease with age, Baltes argues, the need for all of the following increases, EXCEPT:

job training

Identify a risk related to the use of chorionic villus sampling (CVS) as a prenatal diagnostic test

limb deformity

A mistake by the cellular machinery, or damage from an environmental agent such as radiation, may produce a _____, which is a permanently altered segment of DNA.

mutated gene

Red-feathered and blue-feathered birds occupy the same environment. The birds with the red feathers are better able to survive and avoid predators. This means that the population of red-feathered birds should increase in future generations. This illustrates the process of _____.

natural selection

According to life-span developmentalist Paul Baltes, the benefits conferred by evolutionary selection decrease with age. Natural selection has not weeded out many harmful conditions and nonadaptive characteristics that appear among older adults. Why?

natural selection operates primarily on characteristics that are tied to reproductive fitness

______ mainly focuses on the isolation and examination of fetal cells circulating in the mother's blood and analysis of cell-free fetal DNA in maternal plasma

noninvasive prenatal diagnosis (NIPD)

evolution takes place:

over the course of many generations

Rachel loves to read books and also encourages her daughter to read by regularly taking her to the local library and buying her lots of books. Rachel's daughter is now an avid reader. This reflects a(n) _____ correlation.

passive genotype-environment

The _______ issue involves the degree to which early traits and characteristics persist through life or alter

stability-change

Flevy, a marketing researcher, is conducting an extensive market study and has hired a big group of college students to hand out a standard set of questions to shoppers at malls and supermarkets and to seek their responses. Which of the following methods of data collection is Flevy using?

survey

_______ genes are those that make the individual more vulnerable to specific diseases or acceleration of aging

susceptibility

Ethel is 50 years old but appears much more aged in appearance. Most of Ethel's relatives don't live past the age of 60. Which of the following genes are responsible for the accelerated aging that is observed in Ethel and her family members?

susceptibility genes

A researcher is interested in the effect of exercise on stamina in elderly patients. The patients are randomly assigned to be in a high-exercise or low-exercise training program for eight weeks. At the end of the program, their stamina is measured by seeing how long they can walk comfortably on a treadmill. In this study, the dependent variable is:

the number of minutes on the treadmill

The longitudinal method of research consists of studying

the same individuals over a long period of time

Klinefelter syndrome affects:

only males

Which of the following correlations is the strongest?

-.77

In human beings, by the end of meiosis, each egg or sperm has _____ chromosomes

23 unpaired

Approximately, _______ African Americans is a carrier for sickle-cell anemia

1 in 10

phenylketonuria (PKU) occurs in approximately ______ live births

1 of every 10,000 to 20,000

Turner syndrome occurs in approximately _____ live female births

1 of every 2,500

A genotype is _____% of a person's genetic material

100

Don and Ellie are trying to conceive a baby. How long should they wait before they suspect infertility?

12 months

Scientists had thought that humans had as many as 100,000 or more genes, but recent research indicates a figure of approximately:

20,500

A cell which contains 12 pairs of chromosomes, divides by mitosis to form two new cells. How many pairs of chromosomes does each new cell contain?

23

Except for the sperm and the egg, all cells in the human body have _____ chromosomes

46

______ introduced the theory of evolution by natural selection in 1859

Charles Darwin

_____ is a complex molecule with a double helix shape, like a spiral staircase, and contains genetic information

DNA

_______ is a gene-linked abnormality in which the central nervous system deteriorates, producing problems in muscle coordination and mental deterioration

Huntington's disease

Which of the following women has the highest probability of giving birth to a child with down syndrome?

Jane, a 41 year old Euro-American woman

Tom is a tall man with undeveloped testes and enlarged breasts. His doctor has determined that he has an extra X chromosome leading to the diagnosis of:

Klinefelter syndrome

________ uses a powerful magnet and radio images to generate detailed images of the body's organs and structures

MRI

Which of the following is an example of a passive genotype-environment correlation?

Parents who have a genetic predisposition to be musically inclined encourage their children to learn how to play a music instrument

Penny has been diagnosed with cystic fibrosis. Which of the following would be an appropriate course of treatment for her?

Physical and oxygen therapy, synthetic enzymes, antibiotics

Benny has been diagnosed with a gene-linked abnormality characterized by deceleration of mental and physical development caused by an accumulation of lipids in the nervous system. He has been put on mediation and a special diet, but his family has been told that he will probably not live beyond the age of five. Benny is suffering from:

Tay-Sachs disease

Sandra excels in reading and spelling but struggles with mathematics. She is shorter than her peers and was born without ovaries. She has one X chromosome missing. Sandra most likely has:

Turner syndrome

Which of the following statements about Turner syndrome is true?

Turner syndrome occurs exclusively in females

_____ is the social and legal process by which a parent-child relationship is established between persons unrelated at birth

adoption

Early interest in the XYY syndrome focused on the belief that the extra Y chromosome found in some males contributed to _______. However, subsequent research has proved this to be ________.

aggression and violence; false

phenylketonuria (PKU) is a genetic disorder in which the individual cannot properly metabolize phenylalanine, which is an

amino acid

Summer and Clark are considering undergoing fertility treatments. What is one of the main risk factors that the couple must be aware of while weighing their options?

an increase in the possibility of multiple births when such treatments are used

human embryos must possess _____ to be viable

at least one X chromosome

_______ is the field that seeks to discover the influence of heredity and environment on individual differences in human traits and development

behavior genetics

Which of Urie Bronfenbrenner's environmental systems consists of the patterning of environmental events and transitions over the life course, as well as sociohistorical circumstances?

chronosystem

In an experimental study, the _____ group serves as a baseline against which the effects of the manipulated condition can be compared

control

Ariel wants to describe the strength of the relationship between the number of airplane companies in the world and global warming. Which of the following kinds of research is Ariel most likely to perform?

correlational

In Lorenz's view, imprinting needs to take place at a certain, very early time in the life of the animal, or else it will not take place. This period of time is called the:

critical period

Dr. McLean has designed a study to test the cognitive skills of people in their 30s, 50s, and 70s, where data is collected over the course of a day through a series of tests. What type of research approach is Dr. McLean using?

cross-sectional

Most characteristics are:

determined polygenically

Lindsay's body does not produce enough insulin, causing an abnormal metabolism of sugar. She is receiving insulin treatment. Lindsay has:

diabetes

According to evolutionary developmental psychologists, many evolved psychological mechanisms are ______. That is, the mechanisms apply only to a specific aspect of a person's makeup

domain-specific

A _______ gene overrides the potential influence of a recessive gene

dominant

Mary's mother has blonde hair and her father has brown hair. Mary has a gene for brown hair and a gene for blonde hair. She has brown hair. This indicates that the gene for brown hair is a(n) _____.

dominant gene

in some cases, one gene of a pair always exerts its effects overriding the potential influence of the other gene. This is the _______ principle

dominant-recessive genes

Which of the following is an example of chromosomal abnormality that occurs when whole chromosomes do not separate properly during meiosis

down syndrome

Jason was born with _____. The doctor tells his parents that this genetic disorder occurred because he has an extra copy of chromosome 21.

down's syndrome

What are gametes?

eggs and sperm

Which of the following is NOT a possible explanation for infertility in a woman?

eggs lack motility

Charlie is a cooperative, attentive child and is a favorite at home and school; and he receives positive, instructive responses from adults. This is indicative of a:

evocative genotype-environment correlation

Timothy is a quiet 6-year-old who is usually withdrawn in class. As a result, he does not receive much attention from his peers and mostly plays by himself. According to Sandra Scarr, this is an example of a(n) _____.

evocative genotype-environment correlation

Psychology's newest approach, ________, emphasizes the importance of adaptation, reproduction, and "survival of the fittest" in shaping behavior.

evolutionary psychology

The food-scarce environment of our ancestors likely led to humans' propensity to gorge when food is available and to crave high-caloric foods—a trait that might lead to an epidemic of obesity when food is plentiful. This illustrates how:

evolved mechanisms are not always adaptive in contemporary society

The ______ consists of links between a social setting in which an individual does not have an active role and the individual's immediate context

exosystem

A(n) _____ is a carefully regulated procedure in which one or more factors believed to influence the behavior being studied are manipulated while all other factors are held constant

experiment

______ is a stage in reproduction whereby an egg and a sperm fuse to create a single cell

fertilization

Paul Baltes says that natural selection among humans operates mainly during the ______of life

first half

Emma and Anna are identical twins who were adopted by different families a few weeks after birth. Although genetically identical, they grew up with different physical and psychological characteristics. For example, though both inherited a tendency to grow large, Anna was slim and athletic due to the active lifestyle practiced in her adoptive family. This variability can be explained by how:

for each genotype, a range of phenotypes can be expressed

Harry has been suffering from mental retardation and a learning disability since infancy. Subsequent tests revealed an abnormality in his X chromosome, which becomes constricted and often breaks. Identify the syndrome that Harry suffers from

fragile X syndrome

Tristan has a genetic disorder that results from an abnormality in the X chromosome, which becomes constricted and often breaks. His doctor told Tristan's mother that he has:

fragile X syndrome

______ is the interaction of a specific measured variation in the DNA and a specific measured aspect of the environment

gene x environment (G x E) interaction

Combining the genes of two parents in offspring increases ______ in the population, which is valuable for a species because it provides more characteristics for natural selection to operate on

genetic variability

Vanda's genetic makeup is composed of thousands of genes in which some are expressed and directly observable, while some are not. When we talk about all of her genetic material we are talking about her _____.

genotype

Patrick suffers from _______, a genetic abnormality in which delayed blood clotting causes internal and external bleeding

hemophilia

Victor has an X-linked inheritance disease. Which of the following conditions is Victor most likely to have?

hemophilia

________ develop from a single zygote that splits into two genetically matching replicas, each of which becomes a person

identical twins

the cross-sectional approach to developmental research compares:

individuals of different ages

According to Sandra Scarr, passive genotype-environment correlations are relatively more common in the lives of:

infants and young children

According to APA's guidelines, all participants must know what their research participation will involve and what risks might develop. This guideline addresses which of the following issues?

informed consent

Sasha's 23rd chromosome pair contains two X chromosomes. This indicates that Sasha:

is a female

Jule's 23rd chromosome pair consists of an X chromosome and a Y chromosome. This indicates that Jule:

is a male

The current maternal blood-screening test is called the triple screen because:

it measures three substances in the mother's blood

Which of the following is true of phenylketonuria?

it results from a recessive gene

Which of the following is true of down syndrome?

its symptoms include retardation of motor and mental abilities

______ genes are those that make an individual less vulnerable to certain diseases and make it more likely for him/her to live until an older age

longevity

Erin is 90 years old. She has relatively good health and is fully mobile. Most of Erin's blood relatives lived to a ripe, old age. Which of the following genes might be responsible for this?

longevity genes

The ______ involves the culture in which individuals live

macrosystem

most individuals who have X-linked diseases are ______

males

Which of the following statements is true about evolutionary developmental psychology?

many evolved psychological mechanisms apply only to a specific aspect of a person's makeup

During _____, a cell of the testes in men or ovaries in women duplicates its chromosomes and then divides twice, thus forming four cells, each of which has only half the genetic material of the parent cell

meiosis

The ______ involves relations between microsystems or connections between contexts

mesosystem

______ refers to a form of mental retardation involving an abnormally small brain

microencephaly

According to Urie Bronfenbrenner's ecological theory, a person's family, peers, school, and neighborhood constitute his/her:

microsystem

amniocentesis brings a small risk of:

miscarriage

A cell which contains 46 chromosomes arranged in 23 pairs undergoes the process of _____ to produce two new cells, each containing the same DNA as the original cell, arranged in the same 23 pairs of chromosomes.

mitosis

During the process of ______, the cell's nucleus duplicates itself and the cell divides resulting in the formation of two cells

mitosis

Which of the following is true of mitosis?

mitosis results in the formation of new cells with 23 pairs of chromosomes

Fragile X syndrome occurs:

more often in males than in females

Parents often interact differently with each sibling, and siblings interact differently with parents. Even these experiences occurring within the family can be part of the _____ of siblings.

nonshared environment

Leila and Alexander are siblings. Every Saturday morning, Leila and her grandmother cook breakfast together and then do some errands and shopping together. During that time, Alexander and his grandfather spend some quality "male bonding" time. They like to play miniature golf or do yard work. The interactions that each child has with the grandparent would be known as what type of environmental experience?

nonshared environmental experiences

Danny's mother is even-tempered, fair, and tactful. Seeing this, Danny is growing up to be a polite, good-natured boy too. This imitation or modeling of behavior mirrors the concept of _____ in Bandura's social cognitive theory.

observational learning

Klinefelter syndrome occurs approximately ______ live male births

once in every 600

As an alternative to "______ evolutionism" presented in evolutionary psychology, Albert Bandura proposed a ______ view

one-sided; bidirectional

Tracy's parents are avid sports fans. Since she was a child, they took her to numerous baseball and football games, and Tracy regularly watched the sports channel with her dad. When she was old enough, her parents made her join the little league team at her school and she performed well. This is an example of a(n):

passive genotype-environment correlation

Bandura's most recent model of learning and development includes three elements: behavior, environment, and:

person/cognition

Marly describes her friend, Gina, as having blonde hair, green eyes, and fair skin with freckles. Marly has described Gina's:

phenotype

_____ is the way an individual's genotype is expressed in observable and measurable characteristics

phenotype

For each genotype, a range of ______ can be expressed, thus providing a source of variability

phenotypes

Mateo is on a special diet because his parents are aware that he cannot metabolize phenylalanine, an amino acid. Buildup of this amino acid in his system could result in mental retardation. Mateo has:

phenylketonuria (PKU)

Which of the following is a gene-linked abnormality?

phenylketonuria (PKU)

A phenotype can consist of ________ as well as ________ characteristics.

physical; psychological

which of the following is the vascular organ that links the fetus to the mother's uterus?

placenta

______ are the building blocks of cells as well as the regulators that direct the body's processes

proteins

Carrie's parents have brown hair. However, Carrie gets genes for blond hair from both of her parents, and as a result she has blonde hair. This indicates that the gene for blonde hair is a:

recessive gene

Parents' personalities or intellectual orientation, the family's socioeconomic status, and the neighborhood in which they live are all instances of the _____ of siblings.

shared environmental experiences

Shakena is a 38-year-old single woman who works as a pharmaceutical representative. Although she would like to be married, there is no special person in her life right now. She would like to adopt a child. Recent changes in adoption regulations would mean that:

she would be considered as a candidate for adopting a child

Joshua, a 2-year-old, has been diagnosed with _______, a blood disorder that limits the body's oxygen supply and can cause joint swelling and heart and kidney failure. This disorder can be treated through penicillin, pain medication, antibiotics

sickle-cell anemia

Tamera has a genetic disorder where her red blood cells take on a hook shape instead of the normal disk shape. The doctors tell Tamera's parents that she has _____, and that this condition also provides her with a resistance to malaria.

sickle-cell anemia

Cynthia is conducting a survey on the prevalence and patterns of substance abuse in her city. What could be a problem that Cynthia could encounter while using this method of data collection?

some participants may not tell the truth and instead give socially acceptable answers

Mary and Jim are expecting a child, and prenatal diagnostic procedures have confirmed that the fetus has _____, a neural tube disorder that causes brain and spine abnormalities. Can be treated with corrective surgery, orthopedic devices, and physical or medical therapy

spina bifida

Dr. Jackson's research has found that the correlation between IQ and head circumference is +.10. From this information, we can conclude that:

there is a weak relationship between head size and IQ

Which of the following is a criticism of standardized tests?

they assume a person's behavior is consistent and stable

Angelique has a chromosomal disorder characterized by a missing X chromosome, making her XO instead of XX. Angelique's doctors have diagnosed her with:

turner syndrome

Jerome and Tyrone are fraternal twins. This means that they developed from:

two eggs that were fertilized by two different sperm

Gwendolyn is having a prenatal test where her doctor uses high-frequency sound waves directed into her abdomen to check on her fetus. She is most likely having a(n):

ultrasound sonography

During fertilization, an egg and sperm fuse to create single cell called a

zygote

McKenzie, age 2, wants to do everything on her own. Her mother punishes her when she attempts to pour her own milk or tries to answer the phone. Erikson would say that McKenzie is likely to develop a sense of:

shame and doubt

In predicting an adult woman's behavior, it may be more important to know that she is the mother of a 3-year-old child than to know whether she is 20 or 30 years old. This reflects the concept of:

social age

______ is(are) a national government's course of action designed to promote the welfare of its citizens

social policy

_______ processes involve changes in the individual's relationships with other people, changes in emotions, and changes in personality

socioemotional

Gina's therapist attributes her delinquent behavior to heredity and to the gross neglect she suffered as a baby at the hands of her alcoholic mother. Gina's therapist appears to be emphasizing the _____ aspect of her development.

stability

Nellie, 3, bangs her head against the wall repeatedly throughout the day. How could Skinner's concept of operant conditioning be applied to address this behavior?

Reward Nellie when she does not bang her head and punish the head-banging behavior

The idea that no age period dominates development highlights the life-span perspective that development is:

lifelong

Agatha is 83 years old. According to Baltes and his colleagues, _____ and _____ in her capacities will take center stage.

maintenance; regulation of loss

Piaget's four stages of cognitive development

start at birth and continue through adulthood

Life expectancy in the United States has increased by _______ years during the 20th century

30

The life expectancy in the United States is currently

78 years

Dr. Drew is a scientist interested in the effects of music on cognitive development. Which of the following describes the sequence he should go through?

Conceptualize a process or problem to be studied, collect data, analyze data, and draw conclusions

One of the differences between Sigmund Freud and Erik Erikson is that:

Erikson emphasized the importance of both early and later experiences

Which of the following statements about the "young-old" is true?

They can develop strategies to cope with the gains and losses of aging

Socioeconomic status refers to:

a person's position within society based on occupational, educational, and economic characteristics

The developmental period, when one is an infant, adolescent, or middle-aged person, refers to:

a time frame in a person's life that is characterized by certain features

Brittany is preoccupied with the pursuit of independence and identity and is spending more time with friends and less with family. Her thoughts are more logical, abstract, and idealistic. She is also experiencing rapid physical changes such as gains in height and weight. Which of the following periods of development is Brittany most likely in?

adolescence

Joey has shot up in height over the past year, has developed a deeper voice, and is starting to grow facial hair. He is preoccupied with the pursuit of independence and identity and is spending more time with friends and less with family. Which of the following periods of development is Joey in?

adolescence

Life-span developmentalists who focus on adult development and aging describe life-span development in terms of four "ages". The "third age" in this conceptualization spans from:

approximately 60 to 79 years of age

When taking his psychology class, Professor Sharma emphasizes that developmental change occurs throughout adulthood as well as childhood. Professor Sharma is taking a _______ approach to developmental change

life-span

Two-year-old Julia is learning to talk, and her parents would say that her favorite word is "no". This would be considered normal for a child in Erik Erikson's life-span stage of:

autonomy vs shame and doubt

Development can be defined as the pattern of movement or change that:

begins at conception and continues through the human life span

Changes in motor skills, nutrition, exercise, the hormonal changes of puberty, and cardiovascular decline are all examples of _____ processes that affect development.

biological

Determining ______ age involves knowing the functional capacities of a person's vital organs

biological

Ramada, 69, an avid golfer and fitness enthusiast, recently got a comprehensive health exam done, and her physician remarked that her vital organs were in such good shape that her _____ age was about 10 years less than her chronological age.

biological

______ processes refer to changes in the individual's thought, intelligence, and language

cognitive

Hidalgo, 8, is very good at addition and subtraction, but he has a hard time understanding the complex algebraic problems that his 14-year-old sister does. Hidalgo is currently in which of Jean Piaget's stages of development?

concrete operational

Dr. Wong is a cognitive developmental theorist, so we know that he will stress the importance of _____ in understanding development.

conscious thoughts

Behavioral and social cognitive theories emphasize:

continuity in development

Dr. Wilman is researching the place women occupy in families in Japan and the U.S. Dr. Wilman is conducting a(n) _____ study.

cross-cultural

_____ encompasses the behavior patterns, beliefs, and all other products of a particular group of people that are passed on from generation to generation

culture

Roger looks back on his life and feels that he failed to reach his potential, squandered opportunities, and hurt a lot of people. At 82 years of age, he knows it is too late to make amends. Roger is slipping into:

despair

"Individuals are changing beings in a changing world". Which characteristic of development is reflected in this statement?

development is contextual

If you subscribe to Paul Baltes' perspective of life-span development, which of the following statements would you NOT agree with?

development is unidirectional

The connection across biological, cognitive, and socioemotional processes is most obvious in the two rapidly emerging fields of:

developmental cognitive neuroscience and developmental social neuroscience

Two concepts that help provide a framework for describing and understanding an individual's development are:

developmental processes and periods

Nonnormative life events:

do not happen to all people

Travis spends a great deal of time working and trying to establish his career. He is also wondering if he should move in with his girlfriend and about their long-term prospects. Travis is most likely in the _____ period of development.

early adulthood

_____ is a time of establishing personal and economic independence, career development, and, for many, selecting a mate, learning to live with someone in an intimate way, starting a family, and rearing children

early adulthood

Mary is three years-old, and in preschool. Identify the development period that Mary is currently in.

early childhood

Erik Erikson's developmental theory consists of ______ stages that last from the first year of life to _______

eight; late adulthood

A characteristic feature of information-processing psychologists are that they are most likely to:

emphasize that individuals manipulate information, monitor it, and strategize about it

On your first day of class, Professor Red-Elk claims that for too long we have focused on the development of young children, especially infants. She argues that the development of adults and elderly people is just as important. This professor is articulating a ________ approach

life-span

Sandrine is now able to use abstract thought as well as logic; Piaget would argue that she is in the _____ stage of development.

formal operational

In the continuity-discontinuity issue in development, continuity refers to ______, while discontinuity implies _________

gradual change; distinct stages

The maximum life span of humans:

has not changed since the beginning of recorded history

The term "generativity" as described in Erikson's seventh stage of development primarily reflects a concern for:

helping the younger generation to develop and lead useful lives

Dr. Perkins predicts that children who spend years playing a musical instrument are smarter than children that do not play music. This testable prediction is known as a ______

hypothesis

Jessica, 16, is in the process of deciding what she wants to study in college. She wants to be an engineer one day and a painter the next day. Erik Erikson would say Jessica is in the _____ stage of development.

identity vs identity confusion

The elementary school years where children need to direct their energy toward mastering knowledge and intellectual skills is when Erikson's stage of _____ takes place

industry vs inferiority

Jonathan is almost completely dependent on his parents for his wants and needs and is only just beginning to acquire language skills and sensorimotor coordination. Which of the following development periods is Jonathan in?

infancy

The final stage of Erik Erikson's developmental theory is:

integrity vs despair

During early adulthood, Erik Erikson's developmental stage of _____ occurs.

intimacy vs isolation

As defined by Erik Erikson, a crisis:

is not a catastrophe but a turning point of increased vulnerability and enhanced potential

Caitlin, age 25, has a good job as a financial analyst but she has few friends and has had no success in dating. She admits that being close to others is a problem for her. According to Erikson's psychosocial theory, Caitlin is at a risk of reaching the state of:

isolation

Jessica spends a lot of time thinking about the choices she has made in her life and the events she has witnessed. She is adjusting to decreasing strength and health, and she has made several lifestyle changes as a result. Jessica is most likely in the _____ period of development.

late adulthood

______ has the longest span of any period of development and the number of people in this age group has been increasing dramatically

late adulthood

late adulthood is a time of:

life review, adjustment to new social roles, and diminishing strength and health.

Palma and her husband Frankie are in their mid-forties. Which of the following developmental periods are they currently in?

middle adulthood

Peter is a senior partner at his law firm and is an important member of his church and community. Both his children are in college. Peter's situation is most representative of which period of development?

middle adulthood

Compared with earlier decades, U.S. adults today are:

more likely to be childless

Dr. Tepper-Harmon believes that life-span development cannot be studied without considering biological, socioemotional, and cognitive dimensions. Dr. Tepper-Harmon believes that development is:

multidimensional

Many individuals become wiser as they age, but their performance on tasks that require speed in processing information starts to decline. This illustrates how throughout life, some dimensions or components of a dimension expand and others shrink, or how development is:

multidirectional

Psychologists, sociologists, anthropologists, neuroscientists, and medical researchers all share an interest in unlocking the mysteries of development through the life span. This indicates how development is:

multidisciplinary

When she was a child, Anna's home was wrecked by a tornado and her neighbor was killed. More than 30 years later, she is still terrified of storms. This is an example of how a ____ event can influence a person's development.

non-normative life

Keith has won the lottery and now has more money than he ever dreamed of having. This incident will likely affect Keith's development and is an example of a:

nonnormative life event

By age 51, most women enter menopause. This is an example of how a biological process can exert a _____ influence on development.

normative age-graded

_________ include biological processes such as puberty and menopause. They also include sociocultural, environmental processes such as beginning formal education and retirement

normative age-graded influences

The cultural makeup of the U.S. population has changed over the past few years due to immigration and other factors. Such long-term changes in the genetic and cultural makeup of a population are part of:

normative historical change

Influences that generally affect a generation (for example, the effect of the Vietnam war on the baby boomers) are considered _____ influences.

normative history-graded

The 35-year-old grandmother, the 65-year-old father of a preschooler, the 15-year old surgeon, and the 70-year-old student, all serve to illustrate that:

old assumptions about the proper timing of life events no longer govern our lives

Katie-Lou is 88 years old. Katie would most likely be characterized as:

oldest-old

Dr. Nasrin believes that associating behavior with consequence can shape the probability of a behavior occurring. He is arguing that _____ conditioning is important for behavioral modification.

operant

Identify the correct sequence of the five stages of psychosexual development described in Freud's theory of development

oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital

According to Piaget's theory, two processes underlie children's cognitive construction of the world:

organization and adaptation

Most contemporary psychoanalytic theorists believe that Sigmund Freud:

overemphasized sexual instincts

"You can't teach an old dog new tricks". This old saying refutes Paul Baltes' life-span perspective that views development as being:

plastic

Tzu-Chiang is 55 years old and is currently enrolled in a college algebra course. He is pleasantly surprised that he is performing well in the course despite not taking a formal math class for over 30 years. Researchers would consider this an instance that illustrates how development is:

plastic

_________ means the capacity for change

plasticity

The _______ period is the time from conception to birth

prenatal

Lynne, 5, loves to draw and color. She represents the world with words and her drawings. According to Piaget's cognitive development theory, Lynne is in the _____ stage of cognitive development.

preoperational

Johnny is attempting to resolve the crisis of initiative vs. guilt. According to Erik Erikson, he is most likely in___.

preschool

______ theories describe development as primarily unconscious and heavily colored by emotion

psychoanalytic

Dr. Berenstein holds the view that behavior is merely a surface characteristic and that a true understanding of development requires analyzing the symbolic meanings of behavior and the deep inner workings of the mind. Dr. Berenstein can be described as a(n):

psychoanalytic theorist

_____ age is an individual's adaptive capacities compared with those of other individuals of the same chronological age

psychological

The theory that was created by Erik Erikson is known as the __________ theory of development.

psychosocial

The concept of discontinuity is characterized by:

qualitative change

B.F. Skinner, a behaviorist, would argue that the most important things that shape development are _______

rewards and punishments

Amir is 18 months old. According to Piaget, he is in which of the following stages of cognitive development?

sensorimotor

According to Freud, our adult personality is determined by:

the way we resolve conflicts between sources of pleasure at each stage and the demands of reality

The _____ approach to the study of development emphasizes extensive change from birth to adolescence, especially during infancy, little or no change in adulthood, and decline in old age

traditional

Kelly responds to her infant's needs in a consistent and timely way. When he is tired she puts him down for a nap, and when he is hungry she feeds him. Erikson would say that Kelly is helping her son to develop a sense of:

trust

The first stage in Erikson's theory is:

trust vs mistrust

Edwin was a neglected child in his infancy. Now, at 31 years of age, he is highly cynical about the world and feels that no one can be relied upon. Whenever he is in a relationship with a woman, he has tremendous feelings of suspicion toward his partner, and these feelings eventually lead to the breakup of the relationship. According to Erikson's psychosocial theory, this is a good indication that Edwin did not successfully resolve the ________ stage of development, which in turn is causing him to experience ________ in his current developmental stage.

trust vs mistrust; isolation

Two developmental psychologists are having a conversation. One believes in the traditional approach of developmental change; the other believes in the life-span approach. Which of the following issues would they most likely differ on?

whether most developmental change occurs from birth to adolescence or throughout adulthood as well as childhood