Lifespan and Development test 3
Name two conceptions of intelligence/two components cognitive function:
"crystalized intelligence" and "fluid intelligence"
Levinsons Theory about early adulthood focus on what?
"life structure"
What is presbyopia?
"old eyes," ---> enlarging lenses causing far sightedness
What is prebycusis?
"old hearing"
A story that starts with, "back in my day we used to..." is probably an attempt to...
"pass the torch"
How does the triangular theory adjust over time?
"passion" becomes "compassion"
What social/emotional experience do unhealthy people experience in middle adulthood?
"stagnation"
Vaillant's theory give a major concern for the 20s and another for the 30s, what are they?
20s--> intimacy (find a partner) 30s--> career focused
There is an argument to extend the age range of late adolescence to what age?
25
If the physical declination on a genetic level in early adulthood, when do we begin to see the signs of it?
30s
Greater life expectancy is reported in in industrialized nations. Where does the US rank?
30th among industrialized nations
When is middle adulthood?
40-65 (approx)
What was the life expectancy in 1900?
49.4 years old.
What percentage of dementia cases are due to Alszheimer's desease associated features?
60-90%
What percentage of people over the age of 65 have Alzheimer's associated features? Over the age of 85?
65 --> 9% 85 --> 45%
Hearing loss is more common among men between the ages of...
65-74
What is the life expectancy now?
78.5 years old. (M = 76, F = 81)
Hearing loss evens out between the sexes around...
84 - and up
What percent of late-adults have difficulty with ADLs after age 75?
9%
Common physical disabilities of late-adults.
Arthritis (50% of 65-84 year olds), Type 2 Diabetes (20% of 65 - and up)
What is gererativity?
Erikson's idea: "everything generated that can outlive self and ensure society's improvement"
What is a buffer of the effects of stress?
Exercise, material resources may help reduce it as well
T or F: As married couples go through middle adulthood, they experience a slight increase in the frequency of sex.
F
T or F: Cognitive deficits are robust in middle adulthood.
False, they are not robust or debilitating.
True or False: As we age, we develop a crystalizes sense of religiosity/spiritual worldview.
False. As we age, we have greater ease with mystery/uncertainty, and an increased openness to others' spiritual worldviews
True or false: Older adults attach greater value to religious beliefs because they are nearing the unknown.
False. It's more generational than anything. Religiosity is fairly stable throughout lifespan.
T or F: Mid-life crises are common in middle aged adults.
False. They are not so common
What are the periods of vocational development?
Fantasy period (childhood) Tentative period (early adolescence) Realistic period (early adulthood)
what is the result of enlarging lenses in the eyes?
Far sightedness
Who put together the periods of vocational development?
Gottfredson
Where is elder abuse more common?
In cultures that do not have strong respect and traditions regarding the elderly
When does vocational development crystalize according to Gottredson?
In early adulthood we gradually choose a single occupation.
What are the theories of cognitive development in regards to early adulthood?
Perry's Epistemic Cognition Theory Labouvie-Vief's Theory
What type of growth is at its peak in early adulthood?
Physical growth
Why do men have a higher rate of fall related fractures/deaths in middle adulthood?
Possibly the increased prostate size leads to more late-night bathroom trips leading to more groggy falls
Why do US death rates exceed those of most other industrialized nations?
Poverty/lack of access to healthcare.
What causes farsightedness?
Presbyopia/enlarging lenses
Cognitive function (both crystalized and fluid intelligence) is at it's prime in middle adulthood according to whom?
Schaie
Who claims that advances in education technology, healthcare, environmental stimulation are reasons why current middle adults are showing increases in cognitive abilities?
Schaie
T or F. Vision and hearing perceptions decrease in middle adulthood.
T
T or F: late-adults experience increased rates of insomnia?
T
T or F: slight decrease in sex among married couples in middle adulthood is a sign of marital happiness.
T
T or F: Middle adulthood brings a significant decrease of sexual response INTENSITY.
T. (Takes longer to get aroused/achieve orgasm.)
What is Peck's theory regarding the psychological aspects of aging?
Tasks of Ego Integrity. 1. Ego differentiation (how can I help others?) 2. Body Transcendence (make peace w/declining body/mind) 3. Ego Transcendence (face death constructively/generativity)
What do Erikson, Levinson, and Vaillant all agree on about the early adulthood stage?
That our previous life experiences prepare us for this stage. And that intimacy is sought after during early adulthood.
From the fantasy period of vocational development, we move to what period?
The Tentative period of vocational development
Social/emotionally --> why does someone in middle adulthood feel the need to reassess and reexamine their lives?
They look at the remaining years they have as being "precious"
True or False: aging deficits and physical ailments increase frailty (increasing falls) and affect ADLs
True
True or False: in early adulthood, our coordination and energy are peak, and our thoughts are rapid.
True
True or false, middle adulthood is considered at time of self-evaluation/reflection?
True
True or false: in the current economic times, it is difficult for people to find and keep a career.
True
True or false: spirituality and faith advance to a higher, more personal level later in life.
True. Though it's often away from prescribed beliefs and lends itself more to a reflective approach that emphasizes links to others.
What social/emotional experience does Erikson think healthy people experience in middle adulthood?
generativity
What's the good/bad news about the physical experience of being in early adulthood?
good news: you're done growing bad news: it's the beginning of the end
What are some social/emotional changes through middle adulthood?
greater involvement in social commitments, extended family, community based organizations, and society ("generativity")
Life satisfaction issues, depressive symptoms, loneliness are all linked to...
hearing loss in late-adults
Combination of aspects result in illnesses in middle adulthood:
heredity, aging, stress, environmental factors
Type 2 Diabetes is...
high blood glucose levels (due to lack of or insensitivity to insulin) affecting balance, weight, and cognitive declines
Low income ethnic minorities have...
high mortality rates
A bachelors degree today carries the weight of a _____________ _______________ ___________ of yesteryears.
high school diploma
Well-adjusted nature in highly generative people equates to-->
high self esteem
Do people who cohabitate BEFORE marriage tend to have a higher, or lower, divorce rate?
higher
What are causes of erectile disfunction in middle adulthood?
hormone decreases, nervous/circulatory/endocrine disorders, pelvic injury, anxiety/mood disorders, loss of interest in partner
What is the reason marrying at too young an age can lead to divorce?
identity insecurities
Middle adulthood self-evaluation/reflection can result in:
mid-life crisis "turning point" (more common) preoccupation with "passing the torch"
When might vitreous and pupil deterioration start to present?
middle adulthood
What word is used to describe women's reproductive fertility in middle adulthood?
"climactic"
What will the population percentage of late-adults be by 2030?
20%
Middle adult aged people becoming grandparents... what does this affect social/emotionally?
-"Valued elder" -re-involvment w/personal past -reliving childhood WITH our grandchildren (not through our grandchildren)
Associated features due to Alzheimer's disease...
-Gradual impairment, decline in memory and learning and other cognitive domains. -steady progression of cognitive decline -not due to other degenerative neurocognitive or cerebrovascular diseases or conditions -structural and chemical brain deterioration
4 Types of spirituality...
-Religious -existential -connection with nature -Those things or phenomena that lend themselves to a sense of self-transcendence.
What are cognitive considerations of late-adults that are not disease related?
-Reminiscence (though young people do it too). -Spirituality and religious beliefs
What is different about intimate relationships in early adulthood vs late adolescence?
-The willingness to allow vulnerability/be yourself helps connect on a deeper level. -It isn't all about sex. -Generally, people are looking for a monogamous "life partner."
What starts to take place within our skeletal system in middle adulthood?
-bones lose density. -risk of osteoporosis increases -loss of height -lowered metabolism/increased fat
What are parent/child relationship complications for middle adulthood people?
-caring for their parents and their kids -empty nest realities with their own kids -increased appreciation for their parents -Grandparenthood
What are examples of the "social clock" expectations?
-college degree by early 20s. -career immediately after college -married by mid 20s -by home by mid-late 20s -kids by late 20s/early 30s
Arthritis is...
-deterioration of cartilage around joins/bones (osteo) due to wear and tear. -an autoimmune-based (rheumatoid) attacking the whole body
What are things that negatively affect career advancement among women and ethnic minorities?
-lack of mentoring -low self-efficacy -stereotypes
What are some aspects of why generationally, it's harder on early adults now than it was 40 years ago?
-now you need a doctorate where you used to need only a bachelors degree. -more people in career paths competing with you -the demands of expertise have increased
What is the current population percentage of late-adults?
13%
What percentage of late-adults cannot carry out IADLs after 75?
17%
What is the age range for early adulthood?
18-35 (approx.)
When did Levinson create the ideas of his theory?
1960s
The course of Alzheimer's Disease....
1. onset of SEVERE MEMORY PROBLEMS (forgetting names, appointments, familiar routes of travel, turning off the stove) 2. evaporated recall of distant events and basic facts 3. Anxiety with uncertainty, loss of spontaneity, aggressive outbursts, reduced initiative, social withdrawal 4. Skilled and purposeful movement disintegrate 5. Hallucinations ("sun-downer's syndrome"), disrupted sleep, loss of ability to process/comprehend speech 6. Decreased immune system, coma, death
How long do pre-menopausal and menopausal changes take to complete?
10 years
What is Lewy Bodies Disease?
A neurogenerative process associated with features such as hallucinations, sleep disorder, depression, delusions.
What are 4 intellectual abilities accrued by middle adulthood that help with problem solving?
Accumulated knowledge Verbal fluency Reasoning Rapid analytical skills
What type of lifestyle can increase life expectancy? Why?
Active lifestyle. It can increase your sensory and cognitive experiences.
What are ADLs?
Activities of Daily Living. (Basic self-care tasks to live alone (bathing, dressing, getting in/out of bed/chair)
How do we understand and measure physical declines in late-adults?
Actual competence/performance regardless of chronological age (a young 83-year-old. ADLs and IADLs.
Current middle adulthood cohorts are showing and increase in cognitive abilities where as past generations showed decreases, why?
Advances in education and technology, healthcare, environmental stimulation
What does Lacoucie-Vief call his theory regarding psychological aspects of aging?
Affect Optimization
Lacoucie-Vief's Theory regarding the psychological aspects of aging...
Affect Optimization. (maximizing positive emotion and decreasing negative emotion. This leads to longer survival.)
Who report less irritability/moodiness while going through menopause?
African-American, Mexican American, and highly educated white women
What is a "social clock?"
Age-graded expectations for major milestones
What is secondary aging?
Aggressive aging brought on by poor life choices, sedentary life, lifestyle choices like poor diet, smoking, drinking
What is acculturative stress?
Being from one culture but living in another culture, or worse, another culture that is not open to your culture (racism)
What is osteoporosis?
Bone density loss
What are the leading causes of death in middle adulthood?
Cancer and cardiovascular disease
What is the benefit of having mentors?
Career transitions are made smoother by mentors who take an interest in their mentees
Physical causes of lowered energy in late adults...
Central nervous system slows (neural network processing/brain deterioration.) Cardiovascular/respiratory system declines (hardened arteries, heart, lung capacity for oxygen decreases). Autonomic nervous system declines (temperature control fails, cortisol (adrenal) controls, immunity declines)
Seeing divorce as a solution is indicative of what?
Commitment issues
Which Social Theory of aging is most intrapersonal?
Continuity Theory
What does hormone replacement therapy do?
Counter acts hot-flashes, vaginal dryness, and some bone deterioration
As we go through middle adulthood, unintentional injuries increase or decrease?
DEcrease
Why is the US lifespan ranks so far behind other industrialized nations?
Delayed seeking of medical treatment by low socioeconomic status older adults for primary aging issues.
What are three social theories of aging?
Disengagement theory Activity theory Continuity theory
Erikson's Theory on the psychological aspects of aging:
Ego Integrity vs Despair. Coming to terms with one's life/feeling satisfied with achievements -- vs -- dreaded sense that time is too short and such integrity is not possible
What are Peck's three tasks of ego integrity?
Ego differentiation. Body Transcendence Ego Transcendence
Other social considerations of the late-adult.
Elder abuse, decline is number of social partners over time.
If step one of Perry's Epistemic Cognition Theory was comparing our beliefs to objective standards, what would step two be?
Entering into relativistic thinking in regards to our beliefs. (Synthesizing contrasting ideas/viewpoints to create personally satisfying perspectives.)
Who said a crystalized identity ensures close intimate relationships?
Erikson
Have decreased capability for selective focus creates what challenges?
Harder to tune out distractions, harder to multitask
According to Bolkan & Hooker, you can increase your life expectancy by 7.5 years by doing what?
Having a positive self-perception of aging (not a negative one)
What did Erikson mean when he said that loneliness and self-absorption were the negative outcome of intimacy vs isolation?
He meant being unable to connect on any level. He did not include those who were simply happy being single, for example.
Who claims that organized and informal religious practices predict longer survival?
Helm (2000) and Strawbridge (2001)
Highly generative people in middle adulthood with low anxiety/depression experience--->
High life satisfaction
What is Perry's Epistemic Cognition Theory?
How we arrive at facts, beliefs, and ideas from "dualistic thinking." (Comparing one's information, values, etc. to objective standards)
When could menopause increase your risk of mood disorders?
If you had a history of mood disorders when younger.
How does a social clock add stress?
If you're not living up to your own expectations. If you're not living up to the expectations of those around you.
Does practical problem solving increase or decrease with age?
Increase
What is attributed as being related to the rise in life expectancy increase of almost 30 years since 1900?
Increased education and income
What is an added risk when losing your sense of taste/olfaction?
Increased risk for eating spoiled food (sniff test doesn't work)
What are components of "fluid intelligence?"
Information processing speed, (though speed slows outside of areas of expertise), analytic speed, working memory/active memory, visual detection of relationships (especially reasoning/detection)
What are IADLs?
Instrumental Activities of Daily Living. (Tasks to conduct the business of daily life (telephoning, shopping, food prep, housekeeping, paying bills)
What role does economic disadvantage play in rates of cancer and cardiovascular disease?
It INCREASES these rates
How and when does prebycusis first present?
It begins with the loss of high frequencies in the 40s (and spreads from there)
How can progress along one's stress be positive? How can it be negative?
It can increase one's confidence. It can bring psychological stress.
What type of concept is the idea of "romantic love?"
It is a western concept
In middle adulthood, what happens with the rate of falls resulting in bone fractures/death?
It nearly doubles, though unintentional injuries overall decrease during this period
Who would say that idealism in early adulthood equates to naivety?
Labouvie-Vief
What does John Major think is the reason it takes people longer to connect these days?
Lack of intimacy these days is die to the internet and technology. (We gather a sense of intimacy via phones/internet, therefore the need to seek it in others is not there.
Who said that increasing positive emotion and decreasing negative emotion would lead to longer survival?
Lacoucie-Vief in his theory regarding psychological aspects of aging.
Men's decreases during middle adulthood?
Less testosterone, smaller quantities of semen/sperm, reduced blood to/and changes to connective penile tissue (achieving/maintaining erection requires more stimulation)
According to Labouvie-Vief, what must we do to grow?
Let of of dogmatic virtues and take a practical approach to resolving conflicts and processing information
Who's theoretical pathways of the early adulthood area were gender specific?
Levinson
What is the triangular theory of love?
Love is made up of intimacy, passion, and commitment. (They are the three requirements to have love.)
Is early adulthood development more or less varied today than it was in the 1960s/70s
MORE
What are cognitive declines associated with type 2 diatbetes?
Memory loss, increased risk for dementia
When were Erikson's, Levinson's, and Vaillant's theories created?
Mid-20th century
What demographic uses the social media more than any other?
Middle-adults
Are a sense of judgment and sensory deficits related?
Might be
How many factors affect cognitive abilities?
Mutliple factors including cognitive/perceptual causes
What is the social Disengagement Theory of aging?
Mutual withdrawal between older adults and society (Cumming and Henry)
What is primary aging?
Natural aging
Parkinson's disease...
Neurogenerative process. impaired motor (hand, face, etc) activities involving rigidity, slow movement, poor balance/coordination
What are cognitive functional decreases that may be related to middle adulthood?
Neurological degeneration (physical body is slowing, the brain is physical), cognitive processing slows as information gets lost through the physical cognitive system
Most people reminisce in avoidance of old age, wishing to be young again.
No. This is a negative stereotype. Most people reminisce to sustain a sense of personal continuity/meaning, and to problem solve.
How do noisy surroundings affect those losing their hearing?
Noisy settings challenge speech perception
What is vocational crystallization?
Once we've focused on a vocational category and gradually chosen a single occupation
What is sundowners syndrome.
Prevalent in Alzheimer's patients, and seemingly triggered by the fading light, patients begin to hallucinate and they process gets worse through the night, then improves by morning.
Which stress-coping style does psychology tend to prefer?
Problem-focused coping (because it is considered most adaptive) (Professor believes neither is better than the other)
What are the ways of approaching stress problems in middle adulthood?
Problem-focused coping, or emotion-focused coping
What are sleep issues in late-adults?
Problems: falling asleep staying asleep sleeping deeply
After the Tentative period of vocational development, what period comes next?
Realistic period
What are Levinson's 4 developmental tasks in middle adulthood?
Reconciling: 1. young - old transition (letting it go) 2. destruction - creation 3. masculine - femininity (opposing tendencies need reconciliation) 4. Engagement - separateness (separating from a sense of self/others/God/nature/etc.)
What are reasons taste/olfaction deteriorate in late-adults?
Smoking, medicine, dentures...
What is the social Activity Theory of aging?
Social barriers lead to declining rates of interaction. Remaining actively engaged in roles/relationships is key.
What may cause stress in middle adulthood?
Stamina issues may cause stress
Who came up with the Triangular Theory of Love?
Sternberg
What is the social Continuity Theory of aging?
Strive to maintain one's personal system (identity, interests, roles, skills); integrating changes into a coherent life path.
What are three common features of diseases?
They are progress/degenerative. Cannot be cured. If left alone/untreated - people die.
How are gender roles seen in early adulthood in regards to intimate relationships?
They are shifting. Women have more power now.
What happens in regard to responsibilities in middle adulthood?
They decrease
In a position of overseeing others, why do women have trouble asserting themselves?
They don't want to be perceived as being bossy
What is reminiscence?`When does it usually occur?
Usually occurs during transitions. It is drawing on prior experience for problem solving.
Who said self-evalution/reflection can manifest a pre-occupation with "passing the torch" to younger generations?
Vaillant
Whose early adulthood theory could be described as "adaptations to life?"
Vaillant
What was Labouvie-Vief's Theory of cognition in early adulthood?
Values and ideals shift to pragmatism.
Physical deterioration in late adulthood...?
Vision, hearing, taste/olfaction, touch, poor sleep, low energy.
What is the effect of synthesizing contrasting ideas and viewpoints (Perry's Epistemic Cognition Theory)
We become more tolerant to the views that don't correspond with our own.
What changes in our thought process in middle adulthood?
We go from "how many years have I been here?" to "how many years do I have left?"
How do we manage stress differently in middle adulthood than early adulthood?
We have experience and are more practiced with stress management.
What is the realistic period of the vocational development?
We've narrowed our options based on economics and practical realities/exploration
What are the stereotypes of aging?
Women: negative: they are ornamental and therefore lose value with age men: positive: considered distinguished/experienced/more instrumental
Does one have better or worse focus in middle adulthood than earlier in life?
Worse focus/selective attention
Are reactions to menopause culturally specific among women?
Yes
Are the affects of menopause hormonal?
Yes, but they are also affected by our practices and cultural beliefs. Not JUST hormones
Is elder abuse a social consideration in the aging process?
Yes.
Does skill improve in middle adulthood as opposed to early adulthood?
Yes. It gets better with practice (a master musician)
Are people staying single longer into early adulthood these days?
Yes. It takes people a longer time to connect these days.
What, according to Levinson, is developed at the onset of early adulthood?
a "dream"
What are neurocognitive disorders?
a SET of disorders, degenerative in nature among late-adults (yet not among young adults), that impair thought, working and long term memory (and behavior).
What is glaucoma?
a group of eye diseases which result in damage to the optic nerve and vision loss.
What are components of "crystalized intelligence?"
accumulated knowledge base, judgment, mastery of social conventions/picking up on social cues, vocab (extending connection of ideas), logical reasoning
What was Vaillant's theory focus on?
adaption to life
Late adulthood begins when?
approx 65, and continues through the rest of the life
Frontotemporal neurogenerative process...
associated with progressive behavioral, personality and language change
What is "stagnation" according to Erikson?
attaining life goals with a focus on what I can get for me, instead of what I can do for others
what is cognitive-affective complexity?
awareness of conflicting feelings/concerns and coordinating them into a meaningful frame
Why could a dual-income household present extra stressors on a relationship?
balancing work, personal, family and marital needs can lead to a couple drifting apart by putting their relationship last
What do women have a lack of mentorship?
because men have historically dominated the work force.
greater cognitive flexibility=
being more tolerant of complexity
What is maladaptive communication?
blaming or silence
What would Perry say we have over our eyes pre-adulthood in regards to beliefs
blinders. in adulthood we open them up and compare our beliefs to something more objective and external
What did Levinson mean by "dream" when he said it is developed at the onset of early adulthood?
by a dream, he meant a "self image in the adult world."
Why have extra marital affairs increased?
by design, or by poor chemestry
When does our skin begin to look aged?
by late 30s, into early adulthood and beyond
When do the precursors to menopause begin to take place?
by late 40s
What is emotion-focused coping?
caring for one's emotional state first, then attacking the problem
Vascular neurogenerative process...
cerebrovascular disease (stroke/infarction of blood supply, diabetes) accounts for symptoms
What is the primary core feature of neurocognitive disorders?
clinical deficits in COGNITIVE FUNCTION
Growing in early adulthood is cognitively apparent through increased _______________.
cognitive-affective complexity
What, in Erikson's theory, ensures close intimate relationships in early adulthood?
crystalized identity
In early adulthood, your physical levels begin to ______________ at the ______________ level.
decline, genetic
Effects of decreased estrogen?
decrease in bone density decreased stimulation sensation hot flashes mood fluctuation
In middle adulthood, as menopause nears, what starts happening in a woman's body?
decrease in estrogen, menstrual cycle shortens and becomes irregular, eventually menopause occurs
Why is osteoporosis more frequent among women in middle adulthood than men?
decrease of estrogen
Does information processing speed increase or decrease in middle adulthood?
decrease.
What are the signs of physical decline (on the genetic level)
decreased reproductive capacity, hearing, vision, hair, metabolic rate
what can cause loss of height in middle adulthood?
decreased skeletal density
What are examples of generativity?
donating after death, giving children positive values, building a hospital, etc.
Womens caner rate nearly ________________ that of cardiovascular rate...
double
The difference between relationships with sibling between early adulthood and middle adulthood...
early --> less contact middle ---> more contact
At what stage is our social clock prevalent?
early adulthood
In what developmental period are we most capable?
early adulthood
When is our immune system most effective?
early adulthood
What lifespan period is the physical "beginning of the end?"
early adulthood?
How does the skin begin to decline in middle adulthood?
epidermis and dermis tissues lose water/fat.
The US death rates _______________ those of most other industrialized nations.
exceed
What is the effect of the eye lens becoming cloudy?
foggy vision, cataracts, blindness
What could be a cause of insomnia for late-adult men?
frequent trips to the bathroom
According to Levinson, how do men shift their attentions after 30?
from career toward finding a partner/family
What do women see as working against them in the work place?
gender bias
What are the complexities of an intimate relationship?
gender, ethnicity, culture, sexual orientation
According to Erikson's theory, a shift toward what begins in early adulthood?
generativity
When do the rates of osteoporosis even out between men and women?
in our 70s
Why do low income ethnic minorities have high mortality rates?
inadequate healthcare and diet, acculturative stress
Middle adulthood friendships tend to...
increase! increased interest in social activities/events/social media
Have open relationships increased or decreased?
increased
In resent years, have extra-marital affairs increased or decreased?
increased
What are the implication of deviating from the social clock?
increased conflict with parents/older generations. "Parents may press the duration of time spent in college and working in a field"
How does middle adulthood affect relationships with your siblings?
increased contact with sibling
What is a danger created by the lack of sleep for late-adults?
increased risk of falls and cognitive impairments
Risk of HRT (Hormone Replacement Therapy)
increased risk of heart attack, stroke, blood clot, breast cancer, gallbladder disease, death from lung cancer
Women's career paths are usually what?
interrupted by family needs
What did Erikson call the period of early adulthood?
intimacy vs isolation
What may cause us to keep the "blinders" on in terms of our beliefs/values?
lack of social interactions/travelling
What might be the biggest challenge in regards to the void created when you're no longer taking care of children or working (or both)?
learning how to appreciate all the extra time.
Who tend to respond worse to menopause?
less educated white women
What is the effect of cornea issues?
light scattering, blurring images with glare
men's career paths are usually what?
linear
What are some psychological reactions women have to menopause?
loss of sexualy appeal, sense of relief, worry-free regarding birth control
What is an INDIRECT reason for wrinkles?
loss of skeletal density/height
Health issues along the lifespan are linked to ....
lower income factors
Vision problems in late adulthood include:
macular degeneration, loss of clarity in cornea, decreased dark adaptation/depth perception/visual acuity
What are causes of divorce?
maladaptive communication patterns, marrying too young, family history of divorce, self-absorption, changing gender roles that are contrary to expectation, adjusting to step-family, seeing divorce as a solution, dual-income relationship without making enough time for each other
who, generally, has more self-efficacy: men or women?
men
Gender biases with age:
men - more instrumental women - less ornamental and therefore less valuable
What were the general "dreams" people had in early adulthood, according to Levinson's theory?
men: emphasis on career achievement women: split. either a career OR a mom/housewife
Are deviations from the social clock becoming more or less common/normal?
more
What is the tentative period of vocational development?
more complex view of different vocations as our interests grow and we take personal and educations requirements into consideration
What starts to take place within our muscular system in middle adulthood?
muscles shrink, and there is a deterioration of our "fast twitch" fibers
What percentage of late-adults experience insomnia a few nights/week?
nearly half
Who has more sex in their early 20s, men or women?
neither, levels of sexual activity level out between/among the sexes
Huntington's disease...
neurogenerative process. impairs motor activities and psychiatric (depression) symptoms w/degeneration
Do all people have the same social clock?
no
What are some components that make early adulthood the most stressful period in lifespan development?
no money, trying to find direction, fierce career competition, responsibilities increase, professional requirements of advanced education and the costs involved, partner searching, family planning, learning the dynamics of a new career
Is expertise only developed in one's career path?
no, but it is usually related to one's career
When have we left the realm of the realistic period of vocational development?
once we are focusing on a single vocational category, and then a single occupation (crystallization)
What phenotypically arises due to loss of dermal and epidermal water and fat?
our skin begins to look dry and wrinkled. We shows signs of aging.
What are the many ways people experience generativity?
parenting, mentoring, teaching, volunteering, the arts, etc.
What are the reasons people are arguing to extend early adolescence to 25?
people are living longer financial times are harder (making it harder to get finances in order and move on to the next stage of development)
Types of elder abuse...
physical abuse, physical neglect, emotional abuse, sexual abuse, financial abuse
What is a cause of waning touch perception in late-adults?
poor circulation to finger tips
What can complicated the physical aging processes of a declining CNS, ANS, and Cario/respiratry system, and in turn, affect the amount of energy one has as a late-adult?
poor diet, sedentary lifestyle, smoking, alcohol/drugs
What is a hearing issue that could develop in middle adulthood?
prebycusis
What is the fantasy period of vocational development?
preferences developed by fantasizing on vocational interests
How does our vision start to decline in early adulthood?
presbyopia, vitreous and pupil deterioration, increased risk of glaucoma
What is macular degeneration?
progressive condition that leads to blindness. Break-down of light sensitive cells in retina (blindness)
Early adulthood is when we are most _________________ to stress on a _____________ level.
resilient, cognitive
What are examples of decreased responsibilities in middle adulthood?
retirement, children leave the nest/become autonomous.
What is problem-focused coping?
seeking solutions to the problem. (getting right to the nitty gritty)
Hallucinations are a....
sense
What is meant by "passing the torch?"
shift in focus from self toward human relations/society
What does decreased information processing speed affect?
shot-term/active/working memory, reasoning, problem solving performance
What are example of practical problem solving that increase with age?
sizing up real world situations, analyzing how best to achieve goals, coping with uncertainty
What are things that cause menopause to occur early in middle adulthood?
smoking, never bearing children
What may cause us to seek different perspectives?
social interactions traveling
Highly generative people, in middle adulthood, who are highly autonomous are --->
socially succesful
What is generativity in Erikson's theory?
sowing seeds of what will come later in life. (partnering, contributing to society/community, developing roots in a community)
The associated features supporting diagnosis of major/mild neurocognitive disorders are...
specific to etiologic (causative) subtype
Early adulthood is the most _______________ period in lifespan development.
stressful
What helps us with problem solving in middle adulthood?
the array of intellectual abilities experientially accrued
What is "life structure", according to Levinson?
the underlying design of one's life (based on relationships with significant others throughout development)
seeking different perspectives vs keeping the blinders on affect what?
the way we critically think and obtain knowledge
Why do late-adults find more dissatisfaction with food preferences?
they are losing their taste/olfactory senses
What are important qualitities required to sustain relationships?
trust, intimacy, & commitment
What is pragmatic thought?
using logic as a tool for solving real-world problems
Expertise -->
usually related to one's career --> increased speed and effective memory & reasoning; comprehensive approach to problems (long process to slow understanding)
What is the success rate of open relationships?
very poor. most cannot maintain this type of relationship
What could cause a lack of light intake, sensitivity to light, or night-vision problems?
vitreous and pupil deterioration
According to Levinson, how do women shift their attentions after 30?
women shift from either being career focus OR moms/housewives, to developing more individualistic goals
