Lifespan Chapter 9

Creativity emerges from a coming together of which 6 factors?

1. intellectual skills that include the trio of abilities comprising stern berg's triarchic theory 2. enough knowledge of a girl to have an understanding of the current state and what might be missing or needed in the field 3. thinking style that enjoys mentally toying with ideas 4. personality style that is open to some risk and is comfortable stepping outside the norm 5. motivation to stay focused on the task and not give up when faced with obstacles 6. an environment that supports and rewards creative output

What is the relationship between IQ and occupational status?

-Professional and technical workers score highest -White-collor workers middle -Blue-collar workers lowest

What do they think caused the Flynn effect?

-improved education -improved nutrition and living conditions -less infectious diseases

Parents of creative children tend to value...

-noncomformity -independence -accept their children as they are -encourage curiosity and playfulness -grant them freedom to explore new possibilities on their own -some have distant relationships with their kids

According to the HOME, what are the most important factors for predicting high IQs?

-parental involvement with the child -opportunities for stimulation (and responsiveness to the child)

What are the factors that often cause children to gain IQ points?

-parents who converse more with them

What are some possible reasons for the low correlation between the Bayley Scales of Infant Development and IQ tests taken later in life?

-test qualitatively different kinds of abilities -growth of intelligence during infancy is highly influenced by powerful and universal maturational processes

What are the correlations like between IQ and job performance?

0.30-0.50 But this could be due to SES, motivation, education, and opportunity

What is the correlation between children and adolescent's IQ scores and general intellectual ability?

0.50-0.86

What is the correlation between IQ and years of education?

0.55

In a class of 100 students, how many will likely have an intellectual disability caused by an organic condition?

1

What are Gardner's intelligences?

1) Musical- Rhythmic 2) Visual- Spatial 3) Linguistic 4) Logical- Mathematics 5) Bodily- Kinesthetic 6) Interpersonal 7) Intrapersonal 8) Naturalistic 9) Existential

Raymond Cattle and John Horn identified which 2 broad dimensions of intellect?

1. Fluid intelligence 2. Crystalized intelligence

According to SImonton (1999) creative activity involves which 2 processes?

1. Ideation 2. Elaboration

What were the 10 risk factors for low IQ scores?

1. minority 2. head of house-hold unemployed or low-skill worker 3. mother did not complete HS 4. family has 4 or more kids 5. father is absent 6. family experienced many stressful events 7. parents have rigid child-rearing values 8. mother is highly anxious or distressed 9. mother has poor mental health or diagnosed disorder 10. mothers show little positive affect toward child

What are the hypotheses for why there is racial difference among IQ scores?

1. bias in the test 2. motivational factors 3. genetic differences among groups 4. environmental differences among groups

What are the 3 parts of the Bayley Scales of Infant Development?

1. motor scale 2. cognitive scale 3. language scale

What are determining factors of whether or not a person will experience declines in intellectual performance in old age?

1. poor health 2. Unstimulating lifestyle

What were the longterm outcomes for the gifted children in the termite study?

1. fewer than 5% were maladjusted in adulthood 2. occupational achievements were far superior to average population 3. aged well

Intelligence is most often viewed as a hierarchy that includes which 3 factors?

1. general ability factor that influences how well people do on a range of cognitive tasks 2. a few broad dimensions of ability that are distinguishable in a factor analysis 3. specific abilities

What was Charles Spearman's two-factor theory of intelligence?

1. general mental ability (g) that contributes to performance on many different kinds of tasks *accounts for those who have consistent intellect levels across subjects 2. Special abilities (s) each of which is specific to a particular type of task

What are the 11 characteristics included on the Characteristics of Giftedness Scale?

1. rapid learning 2. extensive vocab 3. good memory 4. long attention span 5. perfectionism 6. preference for older companions 7. excellent sense of humor 8. early interest in reading 9. strong ability with puzzles and mazes 10. maturity 11. perseverance on tasks

What were Schaie's findings on IQ throughout the lifespan?

1. when a person was born has as much influence on intelligence as age does (cohort effects) 2. Patterns of aging differ for different abilities *fluid intelligence usually declines earlier and more steeply than crystallized 3. declines in intellectual abilities are not universal

Children who experience persistent poverty average between ____-______ points below their middle-class age mates on IQ tests

10-20

The strongest predictor of intelligence in old age was intelligence at age _____

11

What is the SD for the Weschler scales?

15

What is the SD for the Stanford-Binet?

16

In infancy genes account for ___% of differences in intelligence

20%

An adult with an IQ below 20-25 has a mental age of...

3

What is the triarchic theory of intelligence?

3 types of intelligences; - analytical - creative - practical

Starting at age ______ there is a fairly strong relationship between early and later IQ scores which grows even stronger by ...

4 middle childhood

In childhood genes account for __% of differences in intelligence

40%

In adolescence genes account for __% of differences in intelligence

50%

In adulthood genes account for __% of differences in intelligence

60%

What percent of people on a normal distribution intelligence scale with an average of 100 have scores between 85 and 115 (one SD)?

66.66%

What is the IQ cutoff commonly used to distinguish intellectual disability?

70

What is the change in IQ like in adulthood?

Remains relatively stable from adolescence until late adulthood

What is a common explanation for the connection between IQ and health?

SES Smart people may have better jobs, giving them resources to obtain better health care Can successfully monitor their health and properly apply treatment protocols

What was the first intelligence test?

Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale

What is crystallized intelligence?

Use of knowledge acquired through schooling and other life experiences

What are the stability of IQ scores during childhood like?

Vary in infancy Become more stable around 4 But each child still have its own ups and downs throughout their development that does not seem to be a consistent pattern

How can we assess creativity in infants?

We haven't found a way yet

What more modern IQ test would be appropriate to give to an adult?

Weschler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS-IV)

What more modern IQ test would be appropriate to give to a 10 year old?

Weschler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-V)

What more modern IQ test would be appropriate to give to a 12 year old?

Weschler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-V)

What more modern IQ test would be appropriate to give to a 15 year old?

Weschler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-V)

What more modern IQ test would be appropriate to give to a preschooler?

Weschler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence (WPPSI-IV)

What more modern IQ test would be appropriate to give to a first grader?

Weschler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence (WPPSI-IV) OR Weschler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-V)

At what point will a person develop an IQ that is usually predictive of what their score will be in middle adulthood?

adolescence

An adult with an IQ in the range of 52-70 is likely to have a mental age comparable to that of...

an 8-12 year old

Which of the following artists is receiving accolades and enjoying the peak of their career? a. Yoshi, a 24-year old painter b. Tanya, a 36-year-old sculptor c. Pavel, a 44-year-old potter d. Olivia, a 58-year-old weaver

c. Pavel, a 44-year-old potter

Which child's Bayley Scale score, calculated at the age shown, will be the best predictor of their IQ in fourth grade? a. Liam, who is 3 months old b. Stella, who is 9 months old c. Tam, who is 2 years old d. Raisa, who is 4 years old

c. Tam, who is 2 years old

What is fluid intelligence?

capacity to learn new ways of solving problems Skills involved include reasoning, seeing relationships among stimuli and drawing inferences Not taught shows a person's "raw info processing power"

What is divergent thinking?

coming up with a variety of ideas or solutions to a problem when there is no single correct answer Analyzed along 3 dimensions: originality, flexibility of thinking, fluency of the ideas

People with what type of cognitive style tend to demonstrate more wisdom?

comparing and evaluating relevant issues show tolerance of ambiguity

IQ tests measure _________ thinking, while creativity involves __________ thinking

convergent divergent

What is convergent thinking?

converging on the best answer to a problem Assumes there is one answer that is the most correct

Which of the intelligences mentioned in robert stern berg's triarchic theory reflects automatization?

creative component

Use of knowledge acquired through schooling and other life experiences is called ___________ intelligence

crystallized

Poverty (INCREASES/DECREASES) the influence of genes on IQ

decreases

___________ intelligence usually declines earlier and more steeply than ___________ intelligence

fluid crystallized

Explain the analytic component to stern berg's triarchic theory

focuses on information-processing skills that produce answers to questions in traditional intelligence tests People who are high in this can plan what to do, monitor progress, filter out irrelevant info etc.

The ____ _______ _________ summarizes how well or how poorly the infant performs in comparison with a large norm group of infants and toddlers at the same age

general adaptive composite

Which part of Charles Spearman's two-factor theory of intelligence accounts for those who have consistent intellect levels across subjects?

general mental ability (g)

Define giftedness

having a high IQ or showing special abilities in areas valued in society, such as math, performing or visual arts, or even leadership

What is the cumulative-deficit hypothesis?

impoverished environments inhibit intellectual growth and these negative effects accumulate over time

What is dysrationalia?

inability to think and behave rationally despite having adequate intelligence

What is the developmental course like for ideational fluency?

increase until about 3rd grade level off during 4th and 5th grade begin to decline rather significantly

What is the psychometric approach?

intelligent is a trait or traits that characterizes some people to a greater extent than others So we must identify these traits precisely and measure them so that differences among individuals can be described

What is mental age?

level of age-graded problems that the child is able to solve

Children whose IQ scores tend to fluctuate the most tend to...

live in unstable home environment

Why may motivational differences be a reason for the difference in IQ among races?

may not be motivated to do their best on the test because they are anxious or resist being judged by an examiner who is often of a different racial/ethnic background Minority kids may be less likely to see themselves perform well on a test Stereotype threat

How did you originally calculate IQ?

mental age/chronological age x 100

Hispanic children tend to excel on ________ tasks

nonverbal

What is ideational fluency?

number of different ideas that a person can generate Most often used to assess creativity because it is easy to score

What is the Flynn effect?

observation that each generation has a significantly higher IQ than the previous generation About +3 points per decade

On average children living in poverty end up how much lower on IQ scores than their age peers?

one whole SD

Divergent thinking is analyzed along which 3 dimensions?

originality, flexibility of thinking, fluency of the ideas (ideational fluency)

In the scholars and humanities field what is the developmental course like for their type of creativity?

peaks in the 60s and continues into old age because their work involves integrating knowledge that has crystallized over the years

What are factors that often cause children to lose IQ points?

poverty

Which approach is this part of: intelligent is a trait or traits that characterizes some people to a greater extent than others

psychometric approach

What is the developmental course like for originality?

sharp drop-off in 6th grade

Define intellectual disability

significantly below average intellectual functioning with limitations in areas of adaptive behavior such as self-care and social skills, originating before age 18 IQ score of 70-75 or lower

What are test norms?

standards of normal performance expressed as average scores and the range of scores around the age

What external factor influences the development of wisdom?

supportive social environment

What happens to a person's creativity while they are in high school?

takes a short break

What are the Bayley Scales of Infant Development (BSID)?

test designed for infants and toddlers ages 1-42 months collects info ons social-emotional skills and adaptive behavior from parents Has 3 parts: 1. motor scale 2. cognitive scale 3. language scale

T or F: IQ scores differ across racial and socioeconomic groups

true

Black children often do well on ______ tasks

verbal

The Weschler intelligence tests use which two broad components to measure intelligence?

verbal scores performance scores

Explain the practical component of stern berg's triarchic theory

what is defined as intelligent varies from one sociocultural context to another Can adapt well to different environments Street smarts Changes over time

Explain the creative component of stern berg's triarchic theory

what is intelligent when a person first encounters a new task is not the same as what is intelligent after extensive experience with that task Best evaluated when a person does a novel task Reflects automatization

Are there cohort effects in IQ?

yes

Gardner argued there were how many distinct intellectual abilities?

8 or 9

In old age genes may account for up to __% of differences in intelligence

80%

What percent of people on a normal distribution intelligence scale with an average of 100 have scores between 70 and 130 ?

95%

Robert Sternberg proposed ...

A triarchic theory of intelligence

Which component of creativity continues to increase throughout adolescence and does not drop until adulthood?

Ability to elaborate on ideas

What is the connection between age and wisdom

Age and wisdom don't seem to have a strong link, but age and knowledge base does

Which component of sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence is this: People who are high in this can plan what to do, monitor progress, filter out irrelevant info etc.

Analytic component

How is IQ evaluated today?

Based on how they do compared with others of the same age

What is successful intelligence?

Created by Sternberg Consists of being able to: -estblaish and achieve reasonable goals -optimize your strengths and minimize weaknesses -adapt to environment -use all three components of intelligence---analytic, creative, and practical

In most creative fields, what is the development of creativity like throughout the developmental course?

Creative production increases steeply from the 20s to the late 30s and early 40s, then gradually declines But does not decline all the way to the low levels they had in early adulthood But this varies from field to field

What is the developmental course like for average people throughout their lives in terms of divergent (creative) thinking?

Divergent thinking abilities decrease at least moderately after about age 40, Decrease more steeply around 70

T or F: Creativity test scores differ across racial and SES groups

False

Which theory is this an example of: person with IQ of 65 in a supportive environment that is structured in ways to help the individual flourish may not be considered disabled. But in an environment with different expectations and support, this same individual may be viewed as disabled.

Fischer's Dynamic Skill Theory

Which type of intelligence is said to show a person's "raw info processing power" ?

Fluid intelligence

What are prodigies?

Have one or more extraordinary abilities

What is a widely used assessment of the intellectual stimulation of the home environment?

Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment (HOME) inventory

Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment (HOME) inventory scores can predict...

IQ scores of African American and European American children at age 3 with correlations of 0.50 And up to age 6

Why may racial differences in IQ be due to bias in testing?

IQ tests may be more appropriate for children from white middle-class backgrounds than for those from other subcultural groups EG: hispanic kids who hear spanish at home may not understand instructions

What is child poverty?

Involves low parent income and low levels of meeting the child's basic needs

What is the correlation between the Bayley Scales of Infant Development and IQ tests taken later in life?

Low

What is an intelligence quotient?

Mental age divided by chronological age and then multiplied by 100

We see greater genetic influence on intelligence for people from which type of backgrounds?

More enriched SES backgrounds

What is the reason for the relationship between IQ and occupational success?

Takes more intellectual ability to complete law school and become a lawyer than it does to be a farmhand Greater intelligence is required to handle more complex work

Which test would be appropriate to give a 1 year old?

The Bayley Scales of Infant Development

What is savant syndrome?

The phenomenon in which extraordinary talent in a particular area is displayed by a person otherwise intellectually challenged

What is one biological reason that people in developing countries have lower IQs on average?

They have more diseases

Define wisdom:

a constellation of rich factual knowledge about life combined with procedural knowledge

What is stereotype threat?

a self-confirming concern that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype

What is the terminal drop?

a sharp decline in mental functioning that tends to occur in late adulthood, a few years or months before death

What is a factor analysis?

a stats technique in which test items are correlated to identify groups of items that correlate highly with each other but not with other groups of items

Which of the following best reflects the concept of child poverty? a. having no books at home b. wearing thrift shop clothes c. living in a mobile home park d. staying home all summer

a. having no books at home