Lifespan development exam 2

what are the 3 main parts of the brain?

cerebrum, cerebellum, brainstem

what is infant-caregiver attachment?

-Attachment to caregivers is a critical aspect of developing trust in ones' world (typically attached to one or two caregivers) -Attachment: Reciprocal, enduring tie between two people- especially between infants and caregiver- each of whom contributes to the quality of the relationship

What happens in the primary circular reactions stage?

-1 -4 months -learn to repeat a pleasant sensation -coordinate separate actions into single, integrated activities (sucking+ looking, grasping +sucking, looking +touching, etc.)

What was Ainsworth's strange situation?

-A sequence of 8 staged episodes in a laboratory setting -Observe the child's reactions during each phase, specifically at reunion -Classified four types of attachment: Three insecure types; one secure

how do newborns respond to light?

-Newborns: respond to light; eyes focus at about 1 ft away -By 1 month: see at 20 feet what adults see at 200-400 feet; track objects -4-5 months: binocular vision develops (using both eyes to put vision together and see distance and depth) -By 1 year: visual activity is the same as adults

what happens in the tertiary circular reactions stage?

- 12 -18 months - rather than just repeating enjoyable activities, infants carry out miniature experiments - show originality in problem solving use trial and error to attain a goal

what happens in the secondary circular reactions stage?

- 4-8 months -begin to act on the environment around them -learn to repeat an action to get results beyond her own body

What are the recommendations for breastfeeding?

- Only breast milk for the first 6 months -breastfeed for 1-2 years

When can a fetus begin to hear?

- a fetus can hear at 7-8 months - startle reactions suggest infants are very sensitive to sound - infants <6 months hear less well than adults - hear pitches best in the range of human speech (neither high nor low pitches)

What are the effects of malnutrition?

- can lead to disease and death - can lead to a lifetime of chronic medical problems - increase the risk of obesity, hypertension, diabetes -affects cognitive development - can cost an individual future academic achievement and job success

what happens in the mental combinations stage?

- capacity for mental representation (internal image of past event or object) - deferred imitation- without model, after time - can think through actions before taking them -can pretend

What is the Denver developmental screening test?

- charts progress between 1 month and 6 years to identify children not developing normally - measures gross and fine motor skills and also language development, personality, and social development

What is behaviorism and what are the 2 forms?

- describes observed behavior as a predictable response to experience - focuses on associative learning (a mental link is formed between two events) -two forms: classical conditioning and operant conditioning

What was Piaget's theory of cognitive development and what were the stages?

- importance of maturation -children learn from doing -infancy= sensoritmotor, early childhood= preoperational, middle childhood= concrete operations, and adolescence= formal operations

What happens in the simple reflexes stage?

- inborn reflexes are at the center of development and determine how the baby interacts with the world -some reflexes begin to accommodate to experiences

what are the challenges in malnutrition treatment?

- malnourished children may be listless, quiet, and inactive - may affect parents' interactions with them

What are some reflexes at birth?

- moro: if dropped or hears loud noise-extends limbs, arches back - Darwinian (grasping): if stroke palm, makes a tight fist - tonic neck: if laid on back and turn head-puts arms in fencing position -Babinski: if stroke foot, toes fan out -rooting: if stroke cheek or lower lip, head turns and mouth opens - sucking: when roof of mouth is touched - walking/stepping (1 month): when held under arms with bare feet touching flat surface-makes step-like motions

How do newborns handle taste?

- newborns can differentiate salty, sour, bitter, and sweet - most prefer sweet and salty; dislike bitter - infants are sensitive to changes in the taste of breast milk - early taste preferences may last into early childhood

how do newborns see color?

- newborns perceive few colors until their cones in eyes start to function - 3 to 4 month olds can perceive colors similarly to adults

what are the 4 lobes of the cerebrum and the functions of each?

- occipital lobe (vision) - parietal lobe (integrating sensory information) - temporal lobe (hearing, smells, memory) - frontal lobe (planning, abstract thought, inhibition)

In Erikson's psychosocial development theory, what is the crisis of trust vs mistrust

- occurs in infancy - trust in caregivers -learn caution and mistrust -with a proper balance of trust and mistrust, infants can acquire hope

When do newborns develop a sense of smell and how do they respond?

- sense of smell begins in the womb - new borns have a keen sense of smell - respond positively to pleasant smells; frown or turn away from unpleasant smells - newborns recognize smell of their own amniotic fluid, mother's breast milk, perfume

When do first sentences usually appear?

- usually appear at 18-24 months; consist of two words - focus on everyday events, things, people, activities

How do deaf infants communicate?

-Deaf babies use hand babbling! -Progression of words and sentences is similar to language of hearing babies -Infant directed sign language holds babies' attention *Larger movements *Repetition *Move away from body- closer to baby's visual field

What are the cultural influences on motor development?

-Even if the sequence of motor development is nearly universal, there are differences between individuals and across cultures in: -Age of onset -Pace of development -Endpoint -Specialized movements (use of chopsticks, weaving) -Some cultures encourage early development of motor skills -Others discourage early motor skills

what is the purpose of reflexes?

-From the beginning we are wired to get nutrients -to keep us safe, protective (coughing, sneezing, etc.)

How do infants acquire language according to learning theorists?

-Language is acquired as the result of operant conditioning (reinforcement) and imitation and shaping -But what about... Learning roles of language, since they make so many errors? -Reinforced for "why the dog won't eat" AND "why won't the eat" -Producing new phrases, sentences, and constructions ("I am mostly ruly!") -Applying linguistic rules to nonsense words "The horse is getting pilked by the bear"

How do infants acquire language according to interactionists?

-Neither position fully explains language acquisition -Language development depends on genetically determined predispositions and environmental circumstances -Genes shape the broad outlines of language developments -But the specifics are determined by the language to which children are exposed and the reinforcements they receive

Do early interventions work?

-Positive short-term outcomes- reading and math scores, IQ, school progress -Long-term outcomes- some effects fade a bit over time, but... less likely to need special education, more likely to graduate from high school, be employed, higher earnings, less incarceration

how do you promote infant's cognitive development?

-Provide them the opportunities to explore the world -Be responsive to infants verbally and non-verbally -Read to infants -Play cause-and-effect games -Applaud new skills, help them practice, scaffold, but don't hover! -Don't push and don't expect too much too soon

How did Mary Ainsworth contribute to theories on attachment?

-Provided attachment theory with the methods and data for validating Bowlby's hypotheses -Pioneered the concept of longitudinal, systematic, naturalistic observation in the home -Field studies of mother-infant dyads in Uganda and Baltimore -Developed the "strange situation"

What do early interventions do?

-Provides services to help families meet developmental needs of young children -What do they look like? -Full-day, year-round early -childhood education from infancy through preschool -Family social services -Medical care -Family education on child development

What is linguistic speech?

-Spoken at 10-14 months -Typically refer to people ("mama"), objects ("kitty"), or temporary states ("wet") -Are often holophrases (Single word that conveys a complete thought) -By 15 months, vocabulary of 10 words -At about 16-24 months, a vocabulary explosion (increases from 50-400 words) -> words are predominantly nouns

how do infants acquire language according to nativists?

-The human brain has an innate capacity for acquiring language -Language emerges automatically as a result of maturation -All the world's languages share a "universal grammar" -the human brain is wired with a language-acquisition device (LAD) that permits understanding of language structure and provides strategies for learning the characteristics of a language

How did John Bowlby contribute to theories on attachment?

-Theorized that there is more to the mother-infant bond than a fulfillment of basic physical needs -Attachment is "a lasting psychological connectedness between human beings" -Attachment behaviors were survival mechanisms for babies (hardwired)

How does language comprehension and perception work for infants?

-Throughout infancy, comprehension (receptive vocabulary) outpaces production (expressive vocabulary) -May produce first word at 10-14 months but understand many by this age -By about 18 months: May comprehend "Pick up your coat from the floor and put it on the chair by the fireplace" -Can production: 2-3 words

What is prelinguistic speech?

-Utterance of sounds that are not words; forerunner of linguistic speech -Crying is the newborn's first means of communication -6 weeks to 3 months- cooing- squealing, gurgling, laughing, vowel sounds (aaaahhhh!) -6-10 months- babbling begins (speechlike but meaningless sounds) -Universal -Initially produce all sounds (from all languages and cultures around the world) -By 9 months, reflects sounds of own language

when can infants distinguish sound?

-VERY early- can distinguish speech sounds; by 4 months, recognize their own names - for music, they prefer pleasant more than dissonant and can tell when rhythms change

How do babies handle depth perception?

-Visual cliff experiments -Experience of crawling influences how infants behave -The more experience with crawling, the more likely to refuse over "cliff" -The more experience they have, they better understand what they can and cannot do and their own body and space

What are the social contextual approaches to understanding cognitive development in infancy?

-Vygotsky -The social and cultural context affects children's cognitive development -Adults and older peers contribute to a child's cognitive development through ZPD -Zone of proximal development= gap between what a child can do alone vs. with help -Interactions between "teachers" and child= guided participation -"Teachers" (adults, peers, teachers) provide scaffolding to support learning -U.S. is more individualistic, scaffold from a distance with words

What is language perception?

-Young babies can distinguish a range of sounds -But with exposure to own language, they're less able to distinguish sounds in other languages -At 6-8 months, Japanese and American babies can distinguish r and l sounds -By 10-12 months, perception improves for Americans, declines for Japanese (brains paying attention to how often certain sounds are experienced, and these distributions make a difference)

what happens in the coordination of secondary circular reactions stage?

-behavior is more purposeful, goal directed, anticipate future events coordinate several schema to generate action object permanence

What are the learning theories for cognitive development in infancy?

-human development is the result of learning based on experiences in or adaptations to the environment -behaviorism -social learning theory

what is operant conditioning?

-learning is based on associating a behavior with its consequences -reinforcement-process by which a behavior is reinforced -punishment- process by which a behavior is weakened

How much do newborns sleep and how does that change with age?

-new borns sleep 16-19 hours a day and cycle through sleep-wake every 4 hours - by 3-4 months, may sleep for 5-6 hours straight - by 6 months, many for 12-14 hours a night

what are schemes?

-organized patterns of thoughts or action applied to persons, objects, or events -a mental picture of the world -for babies, schemes are often physical or sensorimotor activities

What are the US statistics on malnutrition?

1 in 4 toddlers don't receive enough iron 1 in 5 children are obese 1 in 6 households with children are "food insecure" over half of infants participate in the federal Women, infants, and children program for supplemental nutrition

What are the leading causes of death among children 1-4 years old in the U.S.?

1. accidents (unintentional injuries) 2. congenital malformations, deformations, and chromosomal abnormalities 3. assault (homicide)

What are the 3 different types of cries?

1. basic cry- starts soft and gradually becomes more intense (hungry or tired) 2. mad cry- more intense version of a basic cry 3. pain cry- begins with a sudden long burst followed by a long pause and gasping

What are the leading causes of infant mortality (<1) in the U.S.?

1. birth defects 2. preterm birth and low birth weight 3. Sudden Infant death syndrome (SIDS- peaks between 2 and 4 months, triple risk model: vulnerable infant+critical period+stressor) 4. Pregnancy complications 5. Accidents (unintentional injury- suffocation, motor vehicle accidents, drowning, burns/fire, falls)

What are the leading causes of infant mortality worldwide?

1. neonatal encephalopathy (problems with brain function after birth, usually results from birth trauma or a lack of oxygen to the baby during birth) 2. infections, especially blood infections 3. complications of preterm birth 4. low respiratory infections (such as flu and pneumonia) 5. diarrheal diseases

what are the substages of Piaget's sensorimotor stage of development?

1. simple reflexes 2. primary circular reactions 3. secondary circular reactions 4. coordination of secondary circular reactions 5. tertiary circular reactions 6. mental combinations

What are the influences on speech development?

1.Brain maturation- the developing brain structures help the infant learn language 2.Socially-contingent interaction- language development requires interaction with a live, communicative partner 3. Infant-directed speech- Short, simple sentences, higher pitch, greater range of frequencies, intonation varies, repetition of words Occurs worldwide with some variations Why do we do it?-> enhanaces language learning, brain is activated in different ways

What are the worldwide statistics on malnutrition?

23% children < 5 years stunted 6% overweight or obese 45% of deaths among children < 5 are linked to undernutrition

What is the infant mortality rate in the U.S.?

5.4 deaths per 1,000 live births

How many calories per pound do babies need?

50

What % of infants are breast fed at some point and how has this changed from 1971?

84% breastfed at some point today, in 1971 it was 25%

What race has the most infant mortalities?

Black (10.6) Native Am. (7.9) Hispanic (5.0) White (4.5) Asian (3.4)

what are the critiques of Piaget?

Children do learn about the world by acting on it... but... -Development is more gradual than Piaget describes. "Waves", not stages -Underestimated cognitive ability -Deferred imitation comes as early as 6 months -Object permanence may come as early as 3.5 months -WEIRD

Infants double _ by 5 months and triple _ by 1 year

their weight

What are the visual preferences of newborns?

Newborns are genetically preprogrammed to prefer certain stimuli... they prefer... -Curved vs. straight lines -Three-dimensional figures to two-dimensional -Human faces vs. nonfaces -Faces with normal features vs. scrambled features -Upright vs. inverted faces -Prefer mother's face to others (within a few hours) -Distinguish male vs female faces (3 months) -Prefer to look at faces of own race (3 months)

Where should babies sleep?

On their back, on their own (debatable by culture), with no loose objects

How does synapse formation and pruning work?

Synapses are places in the brain where neurons connect to each other, and they are created with experience. Neurons increase in size and the axons become coated with myelin, billions of new synapses are formed and unnecessary ones are pruned away overtime to promote good health. The baby's brain triples its weight in the first two years; Peak in synapses at 2-3 years. Between 2 and 10 years, 50% of synapses are pruned

How does the US compare to other high income countries in terms of infant mortality rates?

US has the highest rate of infant mortality compared with 11 other high income countries

How does synapse formation differ between well-nourished and under-nourished kids?

Well-nourished infant has typical brain cells and extensive branching; undernourished infant has impaired brain cells, limited branching, abnormal and shorter branches

What is language?

a communication system based on words and grammar

How much do infants grow by their first birthday?

a foot in length

What is depth perception?

ability to perceive the distance of an object from each other and ourselves

What is a reflex?

automatic, involuntary, innate responses to stimulation

Where do babies expend their energy?

bodily functions primarily and then daily activities

what is the independence of systems?

different body systems grow at very different rates

Areas of the cerebral cortex that govern vision, hearing, and other senses grow very _ in the first few months

fast

_ lobe grows very little in the first few years

frontal

What is the difference between gross and fine motor skills?

gross- physical skills that involve large muscles (rolling over, catching a ball, crawling, walking) fine- physical skills that involve the small muscles and hand-eye coordination (grasping a rattle, drawing a circle)

what is the proximodistal principle?

growth of parts near the center of the body occurs before those that are more distant

_ depends largely on heredity but there are gender and ethnic differences in _ and _

height depends largely on heredity gender and ethnic differences in weight and length

Growth is more rapid in _ than during any other period after birth

infancy

what is social learning theory?

infants (atleast by 6 months) learn appropriate (and inappropriate) behavior by observing and imitating the behavior of a model

How can plasticity help recovery?

infants who suffer middle to moderate brain injuries are less affected and recover more fully than adults

What is malnutrition?

lack of proper nutrition, caused by not having enough to eat, not eating enough of the right things, or being unable to use the food that one does eat

what is classical conditioning?

learning takes place in response to a neutral stimulus Ivan Pavlov and the dogs

what is stunting?

low height for age

what does it mean to be underweight?

low weight for age

what is wasting?

low weight for height

What are neurons?

nerve cells located in the brain and spinal cord that send and receive information

How did Konrad Lorenz contribute to theories on attachment?

newborn goslings have an innate tendency to follow their mother (first moving object they encounter)

What is the cerebral cortex?

outer surfaces of the cerebrum

What is plasticity and when is it the greatest?

plasticity is the degree to which a developing structure or behavior can be modified as a result of experience; the brain's plasticity is greatest in the first several years of life; the infant's normal brain development is susceptible to threats and experiences can affect the size of neurons and interconnections

What are the short and long term benefits of breastfeeding?

short term: opportunity to make sure babies have enough nutrients, mother's milk has important antibodies long term: less likely to have certain cancers, cavities, diseases, and a reduced likelihood of obesity

What is the least developed sense at birth?

sight because there is nothing to see in utero and lots of stimulation once they are born, structures of eyes are still developing at birth

what is hierarchical integration?

simple skills develop separately and independently; later are integrated into more complex skills

Neurotransmitters travel across a _

synapse

What is the cephalocaudal principle?

the head and upper parts of the body develop before the rest of the body

what is overextension?

the overly broad use of words, overgeneralizing their meaning

what is underextension?

the overly restrictive use of words

What is sensation?

the physical stimulation of the sense organs

What is intermodal perception?

the process of combining information from more than one sensory system, critical to learning and emerges early

what is perception?

the sorting out, interpretation, analysis, and integration of stimuli involving sense organs and brains

what is infants first sense to develop and the most mature system for several months?

touch -by 32 weeks of gestation, all body parts are sensitive to touch -newborns experience pain and become more sensitive in the first few days

what is telegraphic speech?

words not critical to the message are left out