Literature & History
Rick Bragg
"From all over but the shoutin"
Richard Bullock
"How I Learned about the Power of Writing"
Theravada Buddhism
"Way of the Elders" branch of Buddhism followed in Sri Lanka and much of Southeast Asia. Theravada remains close to the original principles set forth by the Buddha; it downplays the importance of gods and emphasizes austerity and the individual's search for enlightenment.
William Carlos Williams
"Write what's in front of your nose"
Optimates
"best men." Aristocratic leaders in the late Roman Republic who generally came from senatorial families and wished to retain their oligarchical privileges.
The "practice makes perfect" concept in writing comes from
'Writing as a Practice' Excerpt (Goldberg)
Michaelangelo
(1475-1564) An Italian sculptor, painter, poet, engineer, and architect. Famous works include the mural on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, and the sculpture of the biblical character David.
Galileo
(1564-1642) An Italian who provided more evidence for heliocentrism and questioned if the heavens really were perfect. He invented a new telescope, studied the sky, and published what he discovered. Because his work provided evidence that the Bible was wrong he was arrested and ended up on house arrest for the rest of his life.
Han Dynasty
(202 BCE-220 CE) This dynasty continued the centralization of the Qin Dynasty, but focused on Confucianism and education instead of Legalism. Expanded the Silk Road and finished building the Great Wall.
Qin Dynasty
(221-207 BCE) The first centralized dynasty of China that used Legalism as its base of belief.
Diocletian
(245-313) Emperor of Rome who was responsible for dividing Rome into different provinces and districts. Eventually, the eastern portions of the Empire became known as the Byzantine Empire.
Second Intermediate Period, dynasties XIV-XVII
1650-1550 bce
Amand Durand
1831-1905, restored Rembrandt plates, pictures in Louvre & major galleries
Stonehenge constructed
2000 BCE
Middle Kingdom, dynasties XI-XIII
2055-1650 bce
Second Punic War
218 B.C. - 202 B.C., Hannibal decides to attack Rome, Sneaks through Gaul with 60,000 troops and 60 Elephants, Wreaks havoc in Rome for 15 years, Roman general named Scipio attacked Carthage making Hannibal come back to Carthage
First Intermediate Period, dynasties VII-X
2181-2055 bce
Sargon's Akkadian territorial state in Mesopotamia
2334-2200 bce
Cities appear in Indus Valley
2500 BCE
Fortified villages in the Aegean
2500 BCE
royal palaces in ancient sumerian cities appeared around
2500 BCE
Old Kingdom Egypt Timeline
2686-2181 bce
Old Kingdom, dynasties III-VI
2686-2181 bce
Longshan culture flourishes in Yellow River valley
3000-2000 BCE
Longshan Culture
3000-2200BC, development of ritual and political hierarchies, large walled settlements, evidence of war, specialized craft, shamanistic cults with oracle bones, scapulimacy, mythical animals
First Dynasty emerges in Egypt
3100 BCE
Predynastic Period, dynasties I and II
3100-2686 bce
Chicama Valley culture thrives on Pacific coast of South America
3500 BCE
Dense village life along many lakes and rivers
3500 BCE
Earliest Sumerian cities appear in Mesopotamia
3500 BCE
Spread of nomadic pastoralism begins
3500 BCE
Tehuacán Valley in Mexico thrives
3500 BCE
The material and social advances of the early cities occurred in a remarkably short period—from
3500-2000 BCE
Yangshao culture thrives along Yellow River
4000-3000 BCE
Ionian Revolt
499-493, Ionian cities revolted against Persian Rule, helped by Athens. At first it was a success, then crushed by Persians. Sparked the Persian Wars
To overcome desire one must follow the Middle Way
4th noble truth
Ancient Greece
500 BC - Hellenic civilization- thirst for knowledge and truth-established temples for rest and restoration - priests cared for sick-Hippocrates 460 BC was a physician and teacher and adopted assessment and observation and record keeping
Late Period dynasties, XXVI-XXXI
747-332 bce
Appearing between 4000 and 2000 BCE, China is said to have around __ distinct regional cultures who interacted and contributed to Chinese culture.
8
Archaic Period of Ancient Greece
800-480 BCE, period leading out of the Greek Dark Ages
Sistine Chapel
A Catholic church in Vatican City, Italy. Its ceiling was painted by the Renaissance artist Michelangelo.
Taoism
A Chinese religion in which people live a simple life in harmony with nature.
Dholavira
A Harappan site in the Gujarat, India, that shows neighborhoods separated by walls and large water tanks
Polis
A city-state in ancient Greece.
Book of the Dead
A collection of spells and prayers that Egyptians studied to obtain life after death
Athens
A democratic Greek polis who accomplished many cultural achievements, and who were constantly at war with Sparta.
Tyranny
A form of government in which the ruler is an absolute dictator (not restricted by a constitution or laws or opposition etc.)
Monarchy
A government ruled by a king or queen
Satrap
A governor of a province in ancient Persia
Jihad
A holy struggle or striving by a Muslim for a moral or spiritual or political goal
What did Greeks not have?
A major river
Exposition
A narrative device, often used at the beginning of a work that provides necessary background information about the characters and their circumstances.
Yangshao
A neolithic society from near the yellow River in China, sometimes identified by its painted pottery.
Italian Renaissance
A period of intense artistic and intellectual activity, said to be a 'rebirth' of Greco-Roman culture. From roughly the mid-fourteenth to mid-fifteenth century followed by this movement spreading into the Northern Europe during 1400-1600.
Rene Descartes (1596-1650)
A philosopher of rationalism who advocated for doubting all sources of truth in order to develop a more rational understanding of reality.
Hajj
A pilgrimage to Mecca, performed as a duty by Muslims
natural selection
A process in which individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than other individuals because of those traits.
Mesopotamia
A region between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers that developed the first urban societies. In the Bronze Age this area included Sumer and the Akkadian, Babylonian and Assyrian empires, In the Iron Age, it was ruled by the Neo-Assyrian and Neo-Babylonian empires.
thermoluminescence dating
A relative dating method in which the energy trapped in a material is measured when the object is heated.
Hinduism
A religion and philosophy developed in ancient India, characterized by a belief in reincarnation and a supreme being who takes many forms. Cannot be traced back to one founder. Polytheistic.
Buddhism
A religion based on the teachings of the Buddha.
Indus River
A river that flows from Tibet, through the Himalayas and Hindu Kush into the Arabian Sea.
Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274)
A saint who was apart of the Council of Trent. He was an Italian theologian and Doctor of the Church who is remembered for his attempt to reconcile faith and reason in a comprehensive theology; presented philosophical proofs of the existence of God
Hanfeizi
A scholar who developed the teachings of legalism during the 200s B.C. He taught that humans were naturally evil and believed they needed to be forced to do their duty.
Punic Wars
A series of three wars between Rome and Carthage (264-146 B.C.); resulted in the destruction of Carthage and Rome's dominance over the western Mediterranean.
Hominids
A species on the human branch of the evolutionary tree; a member of the family Hominidae, including Homo sapiens and our ancestors
Star of David
A symbol of Judaism said to represent the shield of King David, who ruled Israel in the tenth century
Pastoralism
A type of agricultural activity based on nomadic animal husbandry or the raising of livestock to provide food, clothing, and shelter.
Big History
A unified account of the entire history of the Universe that uses evidence and ideas from many disciplines to create a broad context for understanding humanity; a modern scientific origin story.
Tehuacan Valley
A valley in the Mexican highlands where excavations by Richard MacNeish recovered some of the earliest evidence of domesticated plants in Mesoamerica
chariot
A wheeled, horse-drawn cart used in battle
Samnyasa
Abandoning all attachments and living as a wanderer
Afro-Eurasia
Africa, Europe, Asia, also known as the Old World
Ancient Greece's timeline lines up with
Ancient China and some of Mesopotamia
Mina
Babylonian currency
Battle of Thermopylae
Battle during which 300 Spartans fought thousands of Persian soldiers in a narrow mountain pass
Right Speech
Be careful and truthful in what you say. Do not lie or gossip.
"Don't tell me the moon is shining; show me the glint of light on broken glass." -
Chekhov
Ancient China vs the rest of Afro-Eurasia
China became a centralized polity. Here, too, a powerful monarchy eventually united the independent communities. But what developed in China was a social and political system that emphasized an idealized past and a tradition represented by sage-kings, which later ages emulated
East Asia
China, Japan, Korea
Legalism
Chinese philosophy developed by Hanfeizi; taught that humans are naturally evil and therefore need to be ruled by harsh laws
Blase Pascal
Christian French thinker, against progressives, wrote a book of proverbs in the 17th century. Tried to unite Christianity with science.
Mencius
Confucius's greatest disciple; he has been called the second sage; wrote Analects.
Capitol of the Eastern Roman Empire
Constantinople
Which statements can be supported using information from this map and the image of a Harappan necklace made with lapis lazuli and carnelian? (map on page 61, image on page 103 WTWA)
Correct Answers: -Although the necklace was discovered at a Harappan site, trade routes in the ancient world were such that it could have been buried with an Egyptian pharaoh. -The necklace is evidence of specialization and agricultural surplus in Harappan societies. Incorrect Answers: -The necklace is proof that maritime trade must have existed in the ancient world. -The necklace is evidence of the Anatolian practice of building fortified posts along trade routes.
Eightfold Path
the path to nirvana, comprising eight aspects in which an aspirant must become practiced: right views, intention, speech, action, livelihood, effort, mindfulness, and concentration.
The tasks of regulating religious rituals and mediating among ancient Egyptian gods, kings, and society fell to one specialist class:
the priesthood
Domestication
the process of controlling plants or animals to make them more useful to humans
Metallurgy
the science of working with metals
rising action
the series of conflicts or struggles that build a story toward a climax.
Saqqara
the site of the first Egyptian pyramidal tombs
urban-rural divide
Division between those living in cities and those living in rural areas. City-dwellers had specialized jobs and massproduced goods, while those in the countryside cultivated land and herded livestock
Right Action
Do not kill, steal, or lie. Be honest. Work for the good of others
Sahel Region
Dry grasslands located south of the Sahara (West Africa)
Rembrandt
Dutch painter, who painted portraits of wealthy middle-class merchants and used sharp contrasts of light and shadow to draw attention to his focus
"Writing is like driving at night in the fog. You can only see as far as your headlights, but you can make the whole trip that way."
E.L. Doctorow
3.8 billion years ago
Earliest life forms appear
water and rice
Early Domestication in East Asia
Cereals and Mammals, early wheat, barley
Early Domestication in Southwest Asia
Which of the following best describes early cities?
Early cities differed from small agricultural villages in that larger portions of their populations were made up of leaders, priests, and artisans than in agricultural villages.
Hieratic writing system
Early form of Egyptian written language; primarily used with ink and papyrus
The Longshan people likely migrated in waves from the peripheries of
East Asia to the eastern China seashore.
augmented the means for obtaining food and avoiding predators and improved the chances these creatures had to survive in constantly changing environments.
Effects of Bipedalism
Right Mindfulness
Empathy and Self-Awareness. Be woke.
Constantine
Emperor who 1st granted Christians freedom to worship in the Roman Empire
Resolution
End of the story where loose ends are tied up
Functions of the Tigris and Euphrates River
Engineers devised an irrigation system whereby the Euphrates, which has a higher riverbed than the Tigris, essentially served as the supply and the Tigris as the drain.
East India Trading Company
English company originally seeking trade in the East Indies before seeing their chance and taking over the Indian government.
Francis Bacon (1561-1626)
English politician and writer, advocated that new knowledge was acquired through an inductive reasoning process (using specific examples to prove or draw conclusion from a general point) called empiricism; rejected Medieval view of knowledge based on tradition, believed it's necessary to collect data, observe, and draw conclusions. This, combined with Descartes' rationalism, was the foundation of the scientific method.
Nirvana (Buddhism)
Enlightenment, release from the wheel of life. No afterlife.
Old Kingdom Egypt
Era of pyramid building
burial sites and public buildings
Examples of Stratification in Early Societies
True or False - Creative Writing must have a theme
False
True or False - Rising action should be shorter than falling action
False
T or F - Mesopotamia was the second civilization to develop an organized writing system
False- they were the first
True or False: The Egyptian Old Kingdom was a city-state.
False. Egypt's Old Kingdom was a territorial state that controlled the Nile River valley for about five centuries.
True or False: In ancient Egypt, the knowledge and practice of writing were secret, and only scribes learned how to write.
False. Members of upper-class families often learned to read and write, as evidenced by the fact that many of them were buried with their textbooks, as proof of their accomplishment.
Bank of Amsterdam
First bank to not only received deposits of gold and silver and exchanged foreign currencies, it made loans. Created in 1609.
Harrapans
First civilization in India
7 million years ago
First hominids appear
Greek and Balkans
First in Europe to convert from hunter/gatherer
Right Concentration
Focus your mind with practices such as meditation.
Yams and Cocoyams
Foods of West Africa (Paleolithic Era)
4.5 billion years ago
Formation of the sun, earth, and solar system
Siddhartha Gautama
Founder of Buddhism
Siddhartha
Founder of Buddhism, deified after death and seen as a God
Muhammad
Founder of Islam
40 million years ago
Fourth great ice age
Books of the Torah
Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy
Franks
Germanic people who lived and held power in Gaul. Their leader was Clovis, and he would later bring Christianity to the region. By 511 the Franks had united into one kingdom and they controlled the largest and strongest parts of Europe.
Who said "Give things the dignity of their names"
Goldberg
Who was the most significant populare?
Graccius
What was the primary language for the Eastern Roman(Byzantine) Empire?
Greek
Hellenistic Age
Greek culture spread across western Asia and northeastern Africa after the conquests of Alexander the Great. The period ended with the fall of the last major Hellenistic kingdom to Rome, but Greek cultural influence persisted until the spread of Islam.
Zeno
Greek philosopher who founded the school of philosophy called Stoicism
Battle of Marathon
Greek victory over the Persian army that ended the First Persian War
Hellenistic
Greek-like
Organized warfare begins with the
Greeks
Scribes in Mesopotamia
Had the option for social mobility since they were trained to read and write, were not working on farms
___________________ prospered while Italians lost commercial preeminence
Hanseatic League
East Asia
• Peoples dwelling in the basins of the Yellow River and the Yangzi River control the waters' flow and expand agriculture. • These people develop elaborate cultures, which scholars later label Yangshao and Longshan. • While agriculture in East Asia does not produce citystates in this period, Longshan peoples leave behind distinctive pottery and jade artifacts, suggesting evidence of regional trade.
Provinces of Eastern Roman Empire
Thrace (Bulgaria and Turkey), Bithynia (Turkey), Pontus (Turkey), Cappadocia (Turkey), Galatia (Turkey), Asia (Turkey), Lydia (Turkey), Pamphylia (Turkey), Phrygia (Turkey), Lycia (Turkey), Pisidia (Turkey), Caria (Turkey), Cyprus, Syria, Mesopotamia (Iraq and Syria), Palestine, Egypt, Cyrenaica (Libya), Tripolitania (Tunisia and Libya), Byzacena (Tunisia), Africa Proconsularis (Tunisia), Numidia (Algeria), Mauretania (Morocco and Algeria)
Stratification
the uneven distribution of resources and privileges among participants in a group or culture
Tao
the way of nature
Southwest and Inner Asia
Transhumant herders
T or F - Extensive commercial trade linked urban cores of Southwest Asia
True
T or F - Trade and Migration were strong in Mesopotamia
True
T or F- Homer's work was taught as true history
True
Theodosius
He divides the Roman Empire into two different empires (Roman & Byzantine). He also makes Christianity the only religion allowed.
Different artifacts may react differently to different dating methods. Example: some artifacts may not be suitable for thermoluminescence dating because they may not react well with heat.
Why are different dating methods appropriate for different kinds of artifacts?
The Summa Theologica of Thomas Aquinas
Written by Thomas Aquinas, it is one of the most notable scholastic works of the medieval period. Aquinas' work founded Christian belief on Aristotelian principles.
China's classical histories have claimed that China's cultural traditions originated in the
Yellow River Basin
The major divide in China was between
Yellow and Yangzi Rivers as their inhabitants relied on different crops, built their houses differently, buried their dead in different ways, and produced distinctive pottery styles.
Indus River Valley community
________________ is the cradle of ancient Indian civilazation
What event marks the beginning of the Islamic calendar?
Hijra
Ahimsa
Hindu belief in nonviolence and reverence for all life
Rig Veda
Hinduism's oldest sacred text
Australopithecines
Hominid species, including anamensis, afarensis (Lucy), and africanus, that appeared in Africa beginning around 4 million years ago and, unlike other animals, sometimes walked on two legs. Their brain capacity was a little less than one-third of a modern human's
1.8 million years ago
Homo erectus appears (including Java and Peking Man)
1.5 million years ago
Homo erectus leave Africa
2.5 million years ago
Homo habilis appears (including Dear Boy)
300,000 years ago
Homo sapiens appear
180,000 years ago
Homo sapiens leave Africa
60,000 years ago
Homo sapiens migrate into Australia
50,000 years ago
Homo sapiens migrate into Europe
16,000 years ago
Homo sapiens migrate into the Americas
120,000 years ago
Homo sapiens migrate out of Africa to Asia
35,000 years ago
Homo sapiens sapiens appear (modern humans)
300,000 , 180,000
Homo sapiens, with bigger brains and consequently greater cognition, emerged in Africa about ___________ years ago and migrated out of Africa beginning __________years ago.
This animal was crucial to pastoral nomadic communities of central Eurasia
Horses
By understanding the climate and environment, and how it has changed over time, we may gain a stronger understanding of human origins and how the environment may have affected early hominids and homo sapiens.
How does the study of climate and environment relate to the origins of humans?
Africa
In this area, an apparent move to settled agriculture, including the domestication of large herd animals, occurred two millennia before it did along the Mediterranean
Father of Daoism
Lao Tzu
Tarquin
Last king of Rome
What was the primary language for the Western Roman Empire?
Latin
Sargon
Leader of the Akkadians
Romulus
Legendary hero who founded Rome
road to democracy in Athens
Monarchy, Oligarchy, Tyranny, Direct Democracy
Climax
Most exciting moment of the story; turning point
1.5 billion years ago
Multicellular organisms appear
Creation Narratives
Narratives constructed by different cultures that draw on their belief systems and available evidence to explain the origins of the world and humanity.
Taoism emphasizes
Naturalness- the balance of thoughts and feelings with nature Emptiness- enlightenment by behaving simply and instinctively, go with the flow Wu Wei
400,000 years ago
Neanderthals appear
fewer
Nile community had ___________ outsiders than in Mesopotamia or Indus River basin
Did Greeks typically talk/pray to the Gods directly?
No, they used priests as a proxy to communicate with the Gods
transhumant herders
Nomads who entered settled territories in the second millennium BCE and moved their herds seasonally when resources became scarce.
Right attitude
Not harbouring thoughts of greed and anger
Where did ancient Egyptians worship?
Official religious practices took place in the main temples
Homo sapiens
One can speak of the emergence of "gender" relations and roles (as opposed to biological differences) only with the appearance of
Minoans
One of the early proto-Greek peoples from 2600 BCE to 1500 BCE. Inhabitants of the island of Crete.
Egyptian Religion
Pharoah is an indirect link to the gods polytheism - over 2000 gods Afterlife - Land of the Dead Ka - eternal spirit that leaves the body Book of the Dead
Aristotelian Philosophy
Philosophy that dominated the Golden Age of Scholasticism
Mesopotamians believed in
Polytheism
Which party did Caesar belong to?
Populare
Thales of Miletus
Pre-Socratic philosopher that believed that the nature of all matter is water
Where did priests fall in Mesopotamian social hierarchy?
Priests, priestesses and militia fell in second class, with royalty being the highest.
Right Effort
Promote good actions and prevent evil actions.
Pastoral nomadic communities lacked
Public infrastructure
Plato and Math
Scholastic Movement used Plato's philosophy to advance math ( need math to explain the Heavens )
Rishis
a Hindu sage or saint.
city-state
a city that with its surrounding territory forms an independent state.
Indo-European languages
a family (or phylum) of several hundred related languages and dialects,[1] including most major languages of Europe, Iran, and northern India, and historically also predominant in Anatolia and Central Asia.
Direct Democracy
a form of democracy in which the people vote firsthand
nomadic pastoralism
a form of pastoralism in which the whole social group (men, women, children) and their animals move in search of pasture
Citadels
a fortress, typically on high ground, protecting or dominating a city; were likely centers of political and ritual activities
Phalanx
a group of armed foot soldiers in ancient Greece arranged close together in rows
Rosetta Stone
a huge stone slab inscribed with hieroglyphics, Greek, and a later form of Egyptian that allowed historians to understand Egyptian writing.
King Minos (Greek Mythology)
a king of the Minoans who legend has it owned a half-human, half-bull monster called the "Minotaur"
thoroughfare
a main road or public highway
bronze
a mixture of copper and tin
Athenian Democracy
a pure form of democracy, in which all adult citizens vote directly on matters affecting the community. Not totally fair, as some (ex. women) were not considered citizens.
Jainism
a religion founded in India in the sixth century BC, whose members believe that everything in the universe has a soul and therefore shouldn't be harmed. Mahavira founded this religion.
The term dynasty generally refers to
a series of rulers who are related to one another.
Sumerian Temples (also called ziggurats)
Temples were thought of as homes of the gods and symbols of Sumerian imperial identity. They also represented the ability of the gods to hoard wealth at sites where people exchanged goods and services. In addition, temples distinguished the urban from the rural world.
Pillars of Islam
Testimony of Faith, Prayer, Alms giving, Fasting, Pilgrimage
Jewish Law
The 613 commands given in the Hebrew Scriptures - including kosher laws, circumcision, Sabbath laws, Ten Commandments, etc.
True
The Arabian and East African borderlands between the Roman and Persian Empires were an area of religious and commercial conflict. T or F
Popul Vuh
The Book of Council, a collection of mythological narratives and dynastic histories that constitutes the primary record of the Maya civilization
Moksha
The Hindu concept of the spirit's 'liberation' from the endless cycle of rebirths.
Achaemenid Empire
The Persian Empire established by Cyrus the Great
Populares
The Roman political faction supporting the common people; established during the late republic.
Proscription
The Roman practice in which you would write the name of your enemies in public and offer a reward for any information about their whereabouts so you can kill them, typically used by powerful individuals
Levant
The eastern Mediterranean region from western Greece to western Egypt.
river basin
The entire geographical area drained by a river and its tributaries
Atman (Hinduism)
The eternal soul that passes through each life-form until it attains moksha and is united with Brahman. The life-form changes but the atman remains the same.
Torah
The first five books of Jewish Scripture, which they believe are by Moses, are called this
Complete this passage about the development of writing.
The first form of writing in the world was developed in Mesopotamia over a period of 800 years. In its fully developed form, each symbol represented a syllable, enabling scribes to convey complex ideas.
Dukkha
The first of the Four Noble Truths, the basic Buddhist insight that suffering is part of the human condition.
People living on the Aegean Islands were in contact with major river basin societies, like Egypt, but they did not adopt their ways of life, primarily because
The geography of the islands was best suited to small, scattered settlements.
Evolution
The gradual change in a species over time
Persia
The greatest empire in the world at the time of the Persian Wars.
Eratosthenes
The head librarian at Alexandria during the third century B.C.; he was one of the first cartographers. Performed a remarkably accurate computation of the earth's circumference. He is also credited with coining the term "geography." Proved the Earth is round.
Which modern small-town institution is most like an ancient Sumerian temple in terms of its social power and economic importance to its hometown?
The local factory: it employs thousands of local people, owns local real estate, donates to charitable functions, and has a strong relationship with the political leaders.
subsistence
The minimum amount to sustain life, doing the bare minimum to get by. Most Greeks lived life this way.
Practice (English)
The more you write, the more you improve at it.
Epic of Gilgamesh
The most famous extant literary work from ancient Mesopotamia, it tells the story of one man's quest for immortality. Mesopotamian religious text.
Transhumance
The movements of livestock according to seasonal patterns, generally lowland areas in the winter, and highland areas in the summer.
irrigation
The process of supplying water to areas of land to make them suitable for growing crops.
Narrative
The telling of a story or an account of an event or series of events.
Darius
The third king of the Persian Achaemenid Empire. He ruled the empire at its peak. He organized the empire by dividing it into provinces and placing satraps to govern it. He organized a new uniform money system, along with making Aramaic the official language of the empire. He also worked on construction projects throughout the empire.
Agricultural Revolution/Neolithic Revolution
The time when human beings first domesticated plants and animals and no longer relied entirely on hunting and gathering. Around 10,000 BC
Opium Wars (1839-1842 1856-1860)
The wars between China and Britain. Britain faced an imbalance of trade with China over silk and tea, so Britain sold opium to the Chinese. The Chinese foreign minister Lin Xezu closed the ports. This led to Britain attacking the Chinese fleet for access. The result was the Treaty of Nanking, in which Britain got access to Chinese ports.
Nile River
The world's longest river, which flows northward through East Africa into the Mediterranean Sea. 4,238 miles, Annual floods created green belts along the river; away from the river was desert. Most people lived close to the river. Nile predictable, leading people to view the world optimistically-Gift of the Nile
Mesopotamia
• Peoples living along the Tigris River and Euphrates River control floodwaters and refine irrigation techniques. • Mesopotamians establish the world's first large cities, featuring powerful rulers, social hierarchies, and temples (ziggurats) for worship of their gods. • Mesopotamia is the birthplace of writing
Egypt
• Peoples of Egypt use Nile River waters to irrigate their lands and create a bountiful agriculture. • Egyptian rulers known as pharaohs unify their territory, establish a powerful state, and develop a vibrant economy. • Egyptians build magnificent burial chambers (pyramids), develop hieroglyphic writing, and worship a pantheon of gods
Oligarchy
a small group of people having control of a country, organization, or institution.
territorial state
a state whose rulers control a defined area including the people, cities, trade routes, farmland, and other resources in that area.
Stonehenge
a structure found by scientist in England is believed to have been built in the Neolithic Age and Bronze Age
Confucianism
a system of philosophical and ethical teachings founded by Confucius and developed by Mencius. -Golden Rule -Pragmatism/Practicalness -Common sense/empathy
language
a system of symbols that allows people to communicate with one another
Epicurianism (Epicurus)
accepting life how it is, ignoring politics, and living simply with friends
Marine Isotope Stages
alternating warming and cooling periods in the Earth's history
Myceneans
an Indo-European person who settled on the Greek mainland around 2000 B.C.
Uruk
an ancient Sumerian city in modern day Southern Iraq, near the Euphrates, important before 2000 b.c. : exclusive archaeological excavations, notably of a ziggurat and of tablets with very early Sumerian script.
Fertile Crescent
an area of rich farmland in Southwest Asia where the first civilizations began
Cynicism
an inclination to believe that people are motivated purely by self-interest; skepticism. Similar to Ascetics, associated with dogs as they do not believe in shame, believe that anything natural should be able to be done in public.
Dharma
an individual's duty fulfilled by observance of custom or law
Medici
aristocratic Italian family of powerful merchants and bankers who ruled Florence in the 15th century
The Old Kingdom fell because of radical changes in climate— namely, a powerful warming and drying trend that blanketed Afro-Eurasia between 2200 and 2150 bce. The Mesopotamians and Harappans were hit...
as hard as the Egyptians.
Each scene should have...
beginning, middle, and end
Buddhism and Hinduism are similar in that they both
believe in karma, dharma, samsara, and moksha(Hinduism)/Nirvana(Buddhism)
Epicurus
believed that great happiness and pleasure could be achieved through the avoidance of pain and fear
Pythagoras
believed the earth was round and that mathematics could explain the physical world.
Paleolithic Era
called the old stone age (from 10,000 to 2.5 million years ago, ended around 10,000BC); concerned with food supply; they used stone as well as bone tools; they were nomadic hunters and gatherers.
Indus River Valley Civilization
civilization from 2600 BC-1900 BC; entire Indian subcontinent-peninsula; possibly had twin capitals called Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro; well organized government. Traded with Mesopotamia.
Tea
commodity that drove the world market in the 15 and 1600s
Simile
comparing two things using like or as
city
conglomeration of people and buildings clustered together to serve as a center of politics, culture, and economics
social hierarchies
distinctions between the privileged and the less privileged
How did ancient Egyptians practice religion outside of official worship services?
They visited local shrines, where they prayed, made requests, and left offerings to the gods. Magic had a special importance for commoners, who believed that amulets held extraordinary powers, such as preventing illness and guaranteeing safe childbirth. To deal with profound questions, commoners looked to omens and divination.
Sed Festival
This is ritual meant to show royal regeneration. It was traditionally celebrated after 30 years of a king's reign. It is a scene usually found decorating the mortuary temples of the king.
Early Egyptian and Mesopotamian writing systems formed for
economic purposes
Origin of Hinduism
existed before recorded history. Aryan tribes bought to India
Parts of a Story
exposition, rising action, climax, falling action, resolution
Yeoman
farmer who owns a small farm
Akkadians
first empire
Hieroglyphs were found primarily in
formal temple, royal, or divine contexts.
3rd Circle of Hell
gluttony
Egyptians understood their world as inhabited by three groups:
gods, kings, and the rest of humanity. Official records only showed representations of gods and kings.
kin group
group of people who culturally view themselves as relatives, cooperate in certain activities, and share a sense of identity as kinfolk
Hoplites
heavily armed Greek infantrymen who marched and fought in close ranks; most of the recruits were middle-class citizens
Ganges River
holiest river to Hindus. They believe bathing in this river will wash away their sins
as early as 300,000 years ago
homo sapiens developed
Mandate of Heaven
in Chinese history, the divine approval thought to be the basis of royal authority
inciting incident
introduces the central conflict
Mesopotamia began
irrigation, stratification
Edict of Milan
issued by Constantine in 313, ended the "great persecution" and legalized Christianity in the Roman Empire
Leonidas
king of Sparta and hero of the battle of Thermopylae where he was killed by the Persians (died in 480 BC)
Latifundia
large farming estates; ancient Roman plantations
Gilgamesh
legendary figure in Sumerian literature---one of Uruk's kings
Plebeians and Patricians
levels of society in the Roman Empire
Phoenicians
located on eastern Mediterranean coast; invented the alphabet which used sounds rather than symbols like cuneiform
potassium-argon dating
measuring the ratio of potassium to argon in a nonliving object
The islanders of the Pacific and the Aegean did not interact with one another with such intensity as many river basin societies—and therefore their political systems evolved differently. In these locales, ______________ (small-scale, loosely interconnected communities) were the norm.
microsocieties
Pyramids
monumental architecture typical of Old Kingdom Egypt; used as burial sites for pharaohs.
Mesopotamian Lower Class
mostly slaves, farmers
Herotodus
name of the Greek historian who observed that the foods consumed along the Nile were affected by social standing
Scribes
people trained to write using the earliest forms of writing before literacy was widespread
Uranium-Thorium Dating
permits scientists to date objects up to 500,000 years old.
Epicureanism
philosophy founded by Epicurus in Hellenistic Athens; taught that happiness through the pursuit of pleasure was the goal of life
Juxtaposition
placing two elements side by side to present a comparison or contrast
egalitarian
promoting equal rights for all people
Rennaissance meant
rebirth, political, artistic and economic.
cure for suffering
removal of desire
Mesopotamian Upper Class
ruler, his top officials, powerful priests, military, wealthy merchants and owners of large tracks of land
Kshatriyas
rulers and warriors
It can be hard to conceptualize the longevity of ancient Egyptian civilization. Select all of the accurate statements about the history of Egypt's thirty-one dynasties.
Correct Answers: -The Egyptian kingdoms lasted almost 2,800 years. -The United States is currently less than one-tenth as old as Egypt was when it was conquered by Alexander the Great. Incorrect Answers: -The Egyptian kingdoms lasted through the lifetimes of twenty pharaohs. -The Egyptian kingdoms lasted for almost a full millennium.
true
Cosmopolitan comes from the Greek words kosmos and polites, which together mean universal citizen
Tepeu and Gucumatz
Creators and Makers according to Popul Vuh
Language in Mesopotamia
Cuneiform
Debt Peonage
slavery to repay debt
horse-based
societies across Eurasia were mostly
Pisistratus
son of Nestor, accompanies Telemachus to Sparta "Good Tyrant" only known as tyrant because he seized power.
Heliocentric Theory
sun is the center of the universe; Copernicus
4 Noble Truths
the four main ideas of Buddhism -Dukkha -Impermanence -Cause of suffering is desire -Suffering is overcome by following the Eightfold Path
hunting and gathering
the killing of wild game and the harvesting of wild plants to provide food in traditional cultures.
Liangzhu Culture
the last Neolithic jade culture in the Yangtze River Delta of China
falling action
the parts of a story after the climax and before the very end
Indus River Valley
• South Asian peoples harness the Indus River and create cities (like Harappa and Mohenjo Daro), as well as a form of writing called Indus Valley script. • Harappan cities include residential housing and public structures (like baths) with excellent drainage. • Indus Valley peoples export copper, shells, and carnelian (as well as lapis lazuli and turquoise, from nearby sources) to peoples of Mesopotamia and Egypt.
Features of a Literacy Narrative
•Well-told Story •Vivid detail •Theme
Rubens
1577-1610, loved life, drew a joyful realism, women beautiful realism, knighted by Charles I
Hippias
(527-510 B.C) Son of Pisistratus. He abused powers as partial tyrant of Athens, so sent into exile. His short reign ended tyranny for Athens.
Augustus
(63 BCE - 14 CE) First emperor of Rome (27 BCE - 14 CE) He restored order and prosperity to the Empire after nearly a century of turmoil. Grandnephew to Julius Caesar.
Theseus
(Greek mythology) a hero and king of Athens who was noted for his many great deeds: killed Procrustes and the Minotaur and defeated the Amazons and united Attica
Samsara
(Hinduism and Buddhism) the endless cycle of birth and suffering and death and rebirth
Xerxes
(c. 519-465 BC) King of Persia; his armies invaded Greece but were eventually defeated by the Greeks.
Euclid
(circa 300 BCE), Greek mathematician. Considered to be the father of modern geomertry.
hunting
(hunter/gatherer) men likely specialized in
gathering and child rearing
(hunter/gatherer) women likely specialized in
Dark Ages of Ancient Greece
- 1000-800 BC - Mycenaean civilization falls/collapses - foundation of the Olympic games (776 BC) - greek alphabet was created - iliad was written (750 BC)
Cynicism (philosophy)
- A back-to-nature philosophy that involved a life free from wants, passions, and the many conventions of society. - True happiness depended on self-sufficiency. - It was the quest for simple, independent, natural life - The purpose of life is to live in virtue, in agreement with nature. - As reasoning creatures, people can gain happiness by rigorous training and by living in a way which is natural for themselves, rejecting all conventional desires for wealth, power, and fame
Classical Greece
-Athens and Sparta dominant -Greece's high point -Plato, Aristotle, etc.
Great Inventions of China
-Compass -Gunpowder -Paper -Printing
What does each ancient American development suggest about the region of Peru described in the reading?
-Inland agricultural produce consumed at the coasts, plus fish consumed inland, ... demonstrate a regular local trading network, similar to the ones between transhumant herders and agriculturalists in western Asia. -Cobblestone roads, irrigation systems, and water sluices to manage water needs ... demonstrate community organization, cooperation, and engineering knowledge. -Domesticated beans, chili peppers, and cotton ... demonstrate the independent development of agriculture in the Americas. -Pottery and twined textiles made from dyed cotton ... demonstrate artisanal knowledge, but not necessarily economic specialization within agricultural communities.
Milton's beliefs
-Man cannot understand truth because we can only evaluate things through the eyes of man. -Denied the Trinity -Denied Jesus was the incarnation of Jehovah -Believed Christ was a created being, not God
Language in Ancient Egypt
-Scribes held a special place in society. -Historical records and literary compositions -Hieroglyphs: formal, royal, divine contexts(sacred carving) -Hieratic writing: more common cursive script, letters, hymns, love poems, etc.(cursive script) -Copied texts, then literary works -Upper classes view literacy as proof of high intellectual achievement
Sassoferrato
1605-1685 Italian Catholic scenes, style similar to Raphael
Isaac Newton
1642-1727, Principles of Natural Philosophy, gravity
Mesopotamian Religion
-polytheistic, with over 3,000 gods and goddesses -humans were inferior to gods, meant they must serve & obey -priests and priestesses had lots of power, were a theocracy, the gov. established by divine authority
Traits that Distinguish Humans from other Hominids
1) Bipedalism 2) controlling and then making fire 3) fashioning and using tools 4) developing cognitive skills and an enlarged brain and therefore the capacity for language 5) acquiring a consciousness of "self."
Consider what you have read about cultural and political unification between 4000 BCE and 2000 BCE in Mesopotamia, Egypt, the Indus River valley, and China. Place these four regions in order from most culturally and politically unified to least culturally and politically unified.
1) Egypt. Egyptian settlements were dense and interconnected because of the geography of the Nile River basin. The region is described as having a unified culture, a powerful leader, and an established bureaucracy. 2) Mesopotamia 3) Indus River Valley 4)China
Rank the following Sumerian city dwellers in order of social, political, and economic power.
1)King and Priest 2)Scribe 3) Potter and metal-smith 4)Servants and other household dependents
Three Estates of Society in the Renaissance & Middle Ages
1- Clergy 2- Nobility 3- Peasants
New Kingdom, dynasties XVIII-XX
1550-1070 bce
3 Pillars of Judaism
1. Justice, 2. Traditional good works, 3. Worship
Yangshao villages typically covered
10 to 14 acres
Third Intermediate Period, dynasties XXI-XXV
1070-747 bce
Complete this passage comparing river basin societies to other agricultural societies.
Agricultural societies also arose outside of the river basins, but they tended to have different values and practices than river basin societies. For example, their social hierarchies were topped by warriors rather than priests and scribes, their most valued knowledge involved making weaponry rather than writing, and their engineers focused on the construction of forts rather than the building of opulent palaces.
First cities in Mesopotamia
Akkad, Babylon, Uruk, Kish, Eridu, Nippur
Nomads and Ancient China
Although it was geographically divided, China was never devoid of outside influences. Some travelers did arrive via the ocean, but more came via the Mongolian steppe, through which nomads introduced important technologies such as metalworks. Nomads were drawn to the agricultural settlements (as they were in Mesopotamia), and they brought innovations, such as bronze and other goods, from the west. Through trade and migration, nomadic cultures and technologies filtered from the steppes to settled communities on the rivers
Hammurabi
Amorite ruler of Babylon (r. 1792-1750 B.C.E.). He conquered many city-states in southern and northern Mesopotamia and is best known for a code of laws, inscribed on a black stone pillar, illustrating the principles to be used in legal cases.
Ashurbanipal
An Assyrian king who told people to bring back writings and collected about 20,000 cuniform tablets were now found form him. Made a huge library in Nineveh
Olympics
An ancient Greek festival in honor of the god Zeus, which took place every four years and featured competitions in athletics and poetry.
Cleisthenes
An aristocrat, created a council of 500 and helped from Athenian democracy
Hanseatic League
An economic and defensive alliance of the free towns in northern Germany, founded about 1241 and most powerful in the fourteenth century.
Mahavira
An extreme aesthetic who founded the religion Jainism and thought of several Hindu concepts, such as karma, in a very concrete way. Kshatriya.
AD/CE
Anno Domini/Common Era ; synonymous terms
Shanxi Province, China
Archeological site where Longshan ritual pottery vessels, wooden musical instruments, copper bells, and painted murals have been found
River Basin
Area drained by a river, including all its tributaries. River basins were rich in fertile soil, water for irrigation, and plant and animal life, which made them attractive for human habitation. Cultivators were able to produce surplus agriculture to support the first cities
Renniasance
Art movement 1400-1600
Carolingian Renaissance
Charlemagne's efforts led to the revival of learning and culture, rebirth
Miltiades
Athenian general who defeated the Persians at Marathon (540-489)
Council of 500 (Athens)
Athens divided into 10 tribes, with 50 representatives per tribe.
3.4 million years ago
Australopithecus afarensis appears (including Lucy)
Sor Juana Ines de la Cruz
Author, poet, and musician of New Spain; eventually gave up secular concerns to concentrate on spiritual matters. 1651-1695
Right Livelihood (Eightfold Path)
Avoid occupations that harm oneself or others
Which of these technological developments did nomadic pastoralists transmit across Afro-Eurasia? a. Lapis Lazuli b. Bronze c. Cuneiform d. Longshan black pottery
B, Bronze.
BCE
Before Common Era (same as BC)
Which deaths marked the beginning and end of the Hellenistic Era?
Beginning: Alexander the Great End: Anthony and Cleopatra
Huainanzi
Belief shared by different thinkers: The empire had to return to its original state, as diversity was better than uniformity and that different entities could check and balance each other out.
13.8 billion years ago
Big bang moment in the creation of the universe
The Italian renaissance served as a time of recovery from...
Black Death, political disorder and economic recession.
Provinces of Western Roman Empire
Britannia, Hispania, Gallia (Gaul), Italia (Italy), Africa, Pannonia (Hungary), Dacia (Romania), Moesia (Bulgaria and Serbia), Noricum (Austria), Raetia (Switzerland), Germania (Germany)
Mahayana Buddhism
Buddhist sect that focuses on the compassion of the Buddha. Newer and easier for most people to follow.
30,000 ya
Cave art develops in Europe
Identify the accurate statements about nomadic pastoralists and transhumant herders.
Correct Answers: -By the second millennium BCE, nomadic pastoralists had stopped farming, instead focusing intensively on animal-breeding and herding. -Some groups of transhumant herders developed into nomadic herders as their flocks grew in size, requiring more frequent, longer-distance moves in search of new pasturage. Incorrect Answers: -Transhumant herders spent each year traveling from the Pacific coast of Asia to northern Europe, and back again. -Transhumant herders tended to raise horses and cattle, whereas nomadic pastoralists preferred goats and sheep.
Imagine that a Harappan importer/exporter lived in Lothal and engaged in trade (indirectly) with Mesopotamia. What kinds of knowledge would the Harappan importer/exporter have had?
Correct Answers: -He would have had indirect knowledge of a variety of Harappan and Mesopotamian cities. -He would have been familiar with a widely used system of weights and measures to quantify the goods he bought and sold. -He would have been familiar with (or employed a scribe who was familiar with) a system of writing used for seals on containers of trade goods. Incorrect Answers: -He would have had intimate knowledge of navigation techniques for sailing across the Indian Ocean. -He would have known how to make jewelry using gold, carnelian, and lapis lazuli.
How did the roles of men and women differ in Sumerian societies?
Correct Answers: -It was very important to have a male child because only male children could carry on the family line. -Women could gain economic independence if they joined the temple staff as priestesses. -Only male children inherited property from their parents, though female children were given dowries as part of the marriage process. Incorrect Answers: -Most men had more than one wife, but women never had two husbands. -Adoption was possible, but people only adopted female children because adopting a male child was seen as polluting the family line.
Review these four examples of cuneiform script (photo on page 68 of WTWA). Taken together, what facts about this form of writing do they illustrate?
Correct Answers: -People from different cultures and language groups adopted the use of cuneiform. -Like some modern alphabets, cuneiform was used to write many languages. Incorrect Answers: -Cuneiform was used only for tax records and other sorts of accounting. -Cuneiform died out quickly because it was an inefficient writing system.
How did communities respond to the climate changes in the late third millennium BCE?
Correct Answers: -People in Shahr-i Sokhta, on the Iranian plateau, left their city for smaller communities. -Egypt devolved into social and political chaos when the Nile stopped flooding annually. -People on the Gujarat Peninsula (in South Asia) began growing drought-resistant millet instead of wheat, and their population expanded. Incorrect Answers: -People in the Sahara region learned to grow crops without using water. -Most of the population of the Yangzi River valley died from famine.
Consider this map, Trade and Exchange in the Third Millennium BCE. (Map on page 61 of WTWA). Which of the following statements can be inferred from the map?
Correct Answers: -People in the third millennium BCE traded building materials, like wood and stone. -People in the third millennium BCE had already learned how to build boats and use them for trade, although they remained fairly close to shore in their travels. Incorrect Answers: -People in the third millennium BCE generally traded only minerals and metals, rather than foods, specifically because they were suspicious of other peoples' cultures and cuisines. -People in the third millennium BCE divided the world into three major culture areas: cities, zones of urban civilization, and trading hinterlands.
What did the grandeur and complex construction of Egyptian temples, pyramids, and royal tombs demonstrate about Egyptian society?
Correct Answers: -The Impressive wealth and agricultural surpluses of the Egyptian kingdom. -The vast difference in power between the royal family and the rest of the population. Incorrect Answers: -The egalitarian nature of Egyptian society. -The engineering knowledge that Egyptians developed as they learned to control the powerful, unpredictable Nile River.
What do the ruins of buildings and infrastructure in Mohenjo Daro demonstrate about the cultures of the Indus River valley?
Correct Answers: -The inhabitants of Mohenjo Daro engaged in urban planning and community-wide cooperation. -The inhabitants of Mohenjo Daro engaged in specialized tasks, including brickmaking, construction, engineering, and agriculture. Incorrect Answers: -For spiritual reasons, the inhabitants of Mohenjo Daro preferred to live in buildings with rectangular rooms, rather than round rooms. -The inhabitants of Mohenjo Daro used a system of canals to transport trade goods. -The inhabitants of Mohenjo Daro valued men significantly more than they valued women.
Based on the chapter text and the map below, which of the following statements about the Nile River are both true and relevant to the development of ancient Egyptian society?
Correct Answers: -The reliable annual cycle of flooding meant that the dense Egyptian population had periods devoted to agricultural work and periods available for other kinds of work. -The Nile floodplain is very narrow, resulting in a thin band of densely settled territory on its banks. -The flooding of the Nile tended to be predictable. Incorrect Answers: -The southward flow of the Nile encouraged Egyptians to explore southern Africa. -The Nile was easily navigable all the way from Meroe to the Mediterranean.
The oldest papyrus text ever located, dated to about 2550 BCE, was found at Wadi al-Jarf. The text focuses on the resources used to build a pyramid for the pharaoh Khufu. Based on the chapter and this map, which statements about this archaeological find are likely to be true?
Correct Answers: -The text was found in a port city. -The author was probably overseeing imported items. Incorrect Answers: -The text was found inside Khufu's pyramid. -The author was probably overseeing agricultural surpluses.
How were urban and rural areas related to one another in the period from 3500 to 2000 BCE?
Correct Answers: -Urban and rural areas were closely tied together through trade. -In general, urban centers sold artisanal goods to rural areas, and rural areas sold grain, animal products, and other raw materials to urban areas. -Most humans lived in rural areas, even though urban areas were more densely populated. Incorrect Answers: -By 3500 BCE more than 50 percent of the world's population lived in urban areas. -Rural and urban peoples were natural enemies because they each valued very different things.
Daoism vs. Confucianism
Daoism (mystically religious) Confucianism (Moral and political)
Daoism and Government
Daoism rejects conflict and seeks social harmony and compromise. Believes government is corrupt and the cause of many problems.
Paradise Lost, John Milton
Def: Epic poem based on Satan's revolt against God- Satan (condemned to Hell) tries to corrupt God's creation of mankind, narrates the story of Adam and Eve's disobedience by eating the fruit from the Tree of Knowledge and their expulsion from the Garden of Eden, Milton's purpose is to "justify the ways of God to men" Sig: study of the destructive qualities of pride and the redeeming possibilities of humility, revolted against the idea of a monarch ruling by divine right, rejected Catholicism, about the tragedies of rebellion
Chanda
Desire to do something; can be good, bad, or neutral unlike craving
Right Understanding
Develop a deep understanding of the Four Noble Truths.
Europe and the Mediterranean
Humans and Environment: -environmental impact of city building and intensive agriculture (deforestation, desertification, soil erosion, silted rivers) -appearance of small pox and bubonic plague -aqueducts and water wheels Technology: -greco roman philosophy, science, and empiricism -Greek drama -Greek and Latin as classical languages -architecture -wheeled vehicles + saddles and pack animals Expansion: -Phoenicians -Greece -Hellenistic empire -roman republic -frontier nomads -bureaucracy -monarchies -republic Economic: -Mediterranean trade network -standard currencies, weights, and measurement -slavery and corvee -intensive agriculture Social structure: -cities. -class diversification -patriarchalism -plebeians vs. patricians
Early Mesopotamian architecture reflected this value
Humans existed solely to serve Gods
Maya
Impermanence, second noble truth
Indo-European Migrations
In 4000-1000 BCE, this was when humans migrated throughout Eurasia
Wu Wei
In Daoism, "not doing" in the sense of taking no action contrary to the natural flow
In what way were the interactions between early communities within Europe similar to the interactions between communities in Mesopotamia?
In both regions, competition for resources led to territorial conflicts.
____________________ allowed the economy to recover. (Renaissance)
Increase of Trade and Manufacturing
Mesopotamia means
Land between two rivers
Caravaggio
Italian painter noted for his realistic depiction of religious subjects and his novel use of light
First Triumvirate
Julius Caesar, Pompey, Crassus
Amun
King of the gods (Egyptian)
Settled Agriculture
LIVING IN ONE PLACE AND RAISING FOOD.
Which was more developed- Longshan or Yangshao Culture?
Longshan
As communities became more centralized, contact between regions increased. Links between northern and southern China arose when
Longshan peoples began to migrate along the East Asian coast to Taiwan and the Pearl River delta in the far south.
Nile Delta Region
Lower Egypt (but it's the northern part)
Megalithic
Made of large stones
Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa
Major cities of the Indus Valley civilization; both of which flourished around 2000 B.C.E.
Who dropped the property qualification for the Roman army?
Marius
The world's first complex society arose in
Mesopotamia
birthplace of writing
Mesopotamia
hunter-gatherers
Paleolithic Era - Farming or Hunter/Gatherer
John Milton
Paradise Lost (1667)
The Americas
People in this region developed complex urban societies and empires without the benefit of large pack animals or Iron technology.
Harappans
People whose civilization flourished in India between 2500 and 1500 B.C.E.they are the one of the oldest civilization developed near the bank of indus river.
Royal power, and the Old Kingdom, collapsed in the three years following the death of
Pepy II in 2184 bce
To what extent were religious practice and religious belief centralized in ancient Egypt? Identify each characteristic of belief or practice as tending toward centralization or tending toward regionalism and individual expression.
Regional and Individual: -Common people acquired personal amulets to protect their health -Common people worshiped on their own behalf at small local shrines. -Gods were (initially) believed to reside in specific towns, with each city having its own deity. Centralized: -The pharaoh engaged in ritual worship on behalf of the interests of the whole kingdom. -The priesthood had sole access to the inner sanctuaries of temples and the gods statues.
14th - 16th Centuries
Renaissance
theme should be
Revealed through details and events, never tacked onto the end of a narrative
Who is credited with the first empire?
Sargon
Don't tell, but show
Show what causes a character's emotion, rather than writing about the emotion itself
In what ways was Europe similar to China during the period from 4000 BE to 2000 BCE? How was it different?
Similar to China: -Europeans learned about bronze-making techniques (indirectly) from peoples of western Asia. -Interaction between European agricultural communities included both trade and frequent warfare. Not similar to China: -The herding of cattle for milk and meat was important to European agricultural practices. -European communities cooperated to create megalithic circular stone structures, indicating organization and astronomical knowledge.
When archaeologists unearth an ancient city, what do differences in the sizes and contents of houses within the city reveal about that ancient society?
Social hierarchies
ensi
Sumerian city ruler
False- Early hominids were very social, and lived in groups of around 25
T or F - Early hominids mostly kept to themselves
English Empire in 1600s
Takes India, Sri Lanka, Singapore, some parts of China & Africa, Australia, Islands of Orient, etc.
Sumerian Pantheon
The Sumerian gods, each of whom had a home in a particular floodplain city. In the Sumerian belief system, both gods and the natural forces they controlled had to be revered.
Karma
The belief that actions in this life, whether good or bad, will decide your place in the next life.
Which statements are true of Harappan societies, Mesopotamia, and Egypt? (Note: If a statement is true in only one or two of these regions, it should be considered not true of all three regions.)
True of all three regions: -Their communities were organized enough to produce large-scale public works and infrastructure. -Their agricultural productivity depended on the rising and receding waters of local rivers. -They engaged in long-distance trade, especially in precious stones and metals. Not true of all three regions: -They buried their royalty in large-scale royal tombs. -They built elaborate palaces.
True or False: When Longshan people migrated and settled new lands in southern China, they created an extended region linked by common culture and trade networks.
True. As Longshan people migrated southward, they maintained trade ties with the regions they left behind, building an extended web of trade routes and an area of shared cultural practices.
True or False: The urban-rural divide refers to the different economic foundations underlying urban and rural societies, with rural residents working the land to produce food and livestock, while urban dwellers developed increasingly specialized skills.
True. The exact products created by urban and rural residents have changed over the centuries, but the economic divide persists today, despite the interdependence of rural and urban dwellers.
True or False: Evidence from Harappan sites suggests that the inhabitants of the Indus River valley, the people of the Iranian plateau, and the people living in Mesopotamia communicated ideas and practices with one another.
True: The text specifically notes that Harappan cultures seem to have been heavily influenced by people from the Iranian plateau and indirectly influenced by developments in Mesopotamia.
Minoans and Mycenaeans
Two earliest cultures that settled in Greece, seafarer people. Mycenaeans were after the Minoans, but in the same location.
Persian Wars
Two failed attempts by the Persian Empire in the 400s BCE to conquer the Greeks in the 400s BCE
Foundations of Hinduism
Vedas, Karma, Reincarnation, Caste system, Dharma
Sacrifice of Purusha
Vedic creation narrative; Establishes both the universe and caste system
Scribes in Egypt
Very VERY important; were the only people who could write, so they wrote taxes and lists of things such as laws on papyrus (Made from the reed).
Bipedalism, larger brains, cognitive abilities, social complexity
What Makes Us Human?
When drought created water shortages, local leaders claimed personal control over their home territories and fought with one another over access to the scarce Nile water.
What was the connection between drought and the demise of the Old Kingdom in Egypt?
Myth of the Minotaur
Which story focused on the battle between Minotaur/King Minos and the Prince of Athens, Theseus?
Petrine Supremacy
that the Pope is supreme over all other Catholic officials
Neolithic Era
the New Stone Age; when people learned to make fire and tools such as saws and drills
Anatolia
the Southwest Asian peninsula now occupied by the Asian part of Turkey— also called Asia Minor.
Bipedalism
the ability to walk upright on two legs
Jewish Covenant
the agreement between God and the ancient Israelites, in which God promised to protect them if they kept His law and were faithful to Him.
Jainism rejects
the caste system and embraces nonviolence rejects farming because of a non-violent extreme
Tao Te Ching
the central text of Daoism. The 'Book of Changes' written by Lao Tzu.
Sumerians
the creators of the first Mesopotamian civilization, Southern Mesopotamia
Scholastic movement
the development of the university system and the reasoned approach to theology as "faith seeking understanding"
social hierarchy
the division of society by rank of class
Stoicism
the endurance of pain or hardship without a display of feelings and without complaint.
Brahman
the eternal essence of reality and the source of the universe, beyond the reach of human perception and thought
Transmigrate
to move from one habitation or country to another; in religion, to pass into some other body at death (of the soul)
T or F - Adoption existed in Sumerian societies as a way for families to obtain a male heir
true
Literacy spread first among ____________ families
upper-class
More than in the Mediterranean or Anatolia, ___________ dominated social development in Europe.
warfare
Queen Hetepheres I
was buried at Giza (near Memphis and Saqqara) with silver bracelets decorated with butterflies made of turquois, lapis lazuli, and carnelian. Tomb serves as evidence of ancient burial rituals.
Branches of the Nile
white and blue