Love Justice quiz 9

Which of the following is an example of rehabilitative punishment? a. A judge sentences someone to time in prison in order to make an example out of him. b. A judge sentences someone to time in prison because he believes that is what the person deserves. c. A judge sentences someone to time in prison, hoping it will give him time to reflect and change his life. d. all of the above

A judge sentences someone to time in prison, hoping it will give him time to reflect and change his life.

What is the conclusion of the Absolutist Argument? a. It is never morally permissible for doctors to perform active euthanasia. b. Active euthanasia is morally acceptable. c. Active euthanasia is never morally acceptable. d. Active euthanasia should be illegal.

Active euthanasia is never morally acceptable.

Reiman claims van den Haag faces a dilemma between which pair of options? a. Either we should impose the death penalty, or we should torture murderers to death. b. Either we should not impose the death penalty, or we should not torture murderers to death. c. Either we should impose the death penalty, or we should not torture murderers to death. d. Either we should not impose the death penalty, or we should torture murderers to death.

Either we should not impose the death penalty, or we should torture murderers to death.

Some opponents of the argument form just deserts claim that if no one freely chooses to do anything a. no one can be justly punished. b. no one can commit murder. c. everyone can be justly punished. d. murder can be justly committed.

Everyone can be justly punished

How does Primoratz respond to the objection that executing a young person is not proportionate to the murder of an elderly person a. He admits that capital punishment may not be justified in that case. b. He asserts that we should treat all lives as equally valuable. c. He claims that anyone who would murder an elderly person has no claim to proportionate punishment. d. none of the above

He asserts that we should treat all lives as equally valuable.

According to the text, what is one problem with arguing that abortion is wrong because fetuses are innocent human beings? a. Fetuses aren't human. b. Fetuses aren't innocent. c. Human being is an ambiguous term. d. It is not wrong to kill innocent human beings.

Human being is an ambiguous term.

According to Primoratz, why do we treat all human lives, qua human lives, as equally valuable? a. The values of people's lives demonstrably are equal. b. If we didn't, then we'd have to give up the principle of equality of people under the law. c. There are no important differences between people's lives. d. all of the above

If we didn't, then we'd have to give up the principle of equality of people under the law.

By what feature is euthanasia is distinguished from other behaviors that result in the death of an innocent person? a. It is motivated by the desire to benefit other people. b. It is motivated by the hope of benefiting the patient. c. both A and B d. neither A nor B

It is motivated by the hope of benefiting the patient.

Which of the following is an objection to the Playing God argument discussed in the text? a. God intended us to exercise our autonomy over small issues. b. It isn't clear why an all-loving God would require a person to experience agony that is unlikely to foster character development. c. Suffering builds moral character. d. all of the above

It isn't clear why an all-loving God would require a person to experience agony that is unlikely to foster character development.

In the case of the violinist, Thomson thinks a. you are obligated to unplug yourself. b. you are obligated not to unplug yourself. c. it would be nice of you to remain attached, but you are not obligated to do so. d. it would be nice of you to unplug yourself, but you are not obligated to do so.

It would be nice of you to remain attached, but you are not obligated to do so.

Which of these arguments concerns the advisability of legalizing euthanasia rather than its moral status? a. the Playing God Argument b. the Absolutist Argument c. the Compassion Argument d. the Medical Error Argument

Medical Error Argument

Which of the following is a retributivist justification for the death penalty? a. Murderers deserve to die, and we should give people what they deserve. b. Murderers can become better people if we execute murderers. c. Potential murderers will choose not to murder if the death penalty is in place. d. Otherwise law-abiding people will benefit from the death penalty being instituted.

Murderers deserve to die, and we should give people what they deserve.

Lex talionis is a principle commonly invoked by proponents of which theory of punishment? a. rehabilitation b. retributivism c. deterrence d. none of the above

Retributivism

The claim that no one deserves to suffer challenges which of these arguments? a. the absolutist argument b. the argument from just deserts c. the incoherence argument d. the argument from discrimination

The argument from just deserts

According to Primoratz, why can a murderer not claim a right to life for herself? a. She has denied another person that very right. b. She has done something immoral and hence has no rights. c. Only another person can claim such a right for her. d. There's no such thing as rights.

She has denied another person that very right.

Under what circumstances does van den Haag think the death penalty leads to a net gain? a. The death penalty is imposed with no deterrent effect. b. The death penalty deters some future murderers. c. The death penalty is imposed without enacting justice. d. The death penalty is imposed, and it enacts justice.

The death penalty deters some future murderers.

Under what circumstances does van den Haag think the death penalty leads to a net loss? a. The death penalty is imposed with no deterrent effect. b. The death penalty deters some future murderers. c. The death penalty is imposed without enacting justice. d. The death penalty is imposed, and it enacts justice.

The death penalty is imposed with no deterrent effect.

Which of the following does Reiman claim? a. The deterrence effect from not executing people may balance out the possible deterrence effect from executing people that van den Haag argued for. b. The question of potential deterrence is irrelevant to the question of whether the death penalty should be implemented. c. van den Haag is right that the greatest possible met deterrence would result from implementing the death penalty. d. van den Haag is wrong that the death penalty would deter anyone from committing murder.

The deterrence effect from not executing people may balance out the possible deterrence effect from executing people that van den Haag argued for.

Which of the following does van den Haag suspect is true? a. We have proof of the positive deterrent effect of the death penalty. b. The deterrent effect of penalties increase with their severity c. We have proof that the death penalty does not deter potential murderers. d. A six-year prison term has the same deterrent effect as a three-year prison term.

The deterrent effect of penalties increase with their severity

What is the case of Smith, Jones and the child supposed to show? a. There is no moral difference between killing and letting die. b. Active euthanasia is compassionate and prevents needless suffering. c. Legalizing active euthanasia would eventually lead to terrible abuse. d. none of the above

There is no moral difference between killing and letting die.

What criticism does Marquis make of the standard pro-choice arguments? a. They are based on principles that are too narrow in scope. b. They are based on principles that are too broad in scope. c. They are based on the false assumption that the fetus is not a person. d. They assume that choice is always valuable.

They are based on principles that are too narrow in scope.

Which of the following is not a response to the discrimination argument discussed in this chapter? a. This argument builds its conclusion into one of its premises. b. This argument shows that the death penalty is not morally justified in current practice, but it may be justified in principle. c. There really is no systematic discrimination in today's legal system. d. The fact that the death penalty is administered in a discriminatory way is not enough to show that we ought to abolish it.

This argument builds its conclusion into one of its premises.

Which of these objections to legalizing voluntary euthanasia does Singer consider? a. Euthanasia is not God's will. b. We can never be sure that a request to be killed is the result of a free and rational choice. c. If euthanasia is legalized, it will remove patients' autonomy. d. all of the above

We can never be sure that a request to be killed is the result of a free and rational choice.

Warren argues that fetuses a. are not members of the moral community. b. do not have full and equal moral rights. c. are not persons. d. all of the above

all of the above

According to the Equivalence Argument, there is no moral difference between which two things? a. involuntary euthanasia and non-voluntary euthanasia b. active euthanasia and passive euthanasia c. justified euthanasia and unjustified euthanasia d. all of the above

active euthanasia and passive euthanasia

According to the Argument from Humanity, a. if the fetus is an innocent human being, then abortion is always (or perhaps almost always) immoral. b. the fetus is an innocent human being. c. abortion is always (or perhaps almost always) immoral. d. all of the above

all of the above

According to the Argument from Potential, abortion is immoral because most fetuses have a. the potential to be a person. b. the same moral status as a person. c. a right to life. d. all of the above

all of the above

According to the text, the problem with the Argument from Personhood is that a. it implies that abortion is both morally acceptable and immoral. b. it contradicts itself. c. accepting it requires accepting the Infanticide Argument. d. all of the above

all of the above

Which of the following does Marquis list as an advantage of his account of the wrongness of killing? a. It explains why we regard killing as one of the worst of crimes. b. It explains why it is wrong to kill some nonhumans. c. It does not entail that active euthanasia is always wrong. d. all of the above

all of the above

Which of the following is a reason Singer considers why killing a suffering, terminally ill person might be morally worse than killing an animal in the same condition? a. Persons, but not animals, are rational agents capable of making autonomous choices. b. People have a right to life, while animals lack this. c. People, unlike animals, are capable of anticipating and fearing their own deaths. d. all of the above

all of the above

Which of the following is a type of euthanasia? a. voluntary b. passive c. active d. all of the above

all of the above

Which of these practices appears to be a counterexample to the claim that if we know that a social practice will result in killing innocents, then it is immoral and ought to be abolished? a. manufacturing prescription drugs b. building bridges c. driving cars d. all of the above

all of the above

According to the text, fetuses are presumed to be innocent because fetuses a. are not moral agents. b. cannot cause harm. c. cannot suffer. d. none of the above.

are not moral agents.

Which of these terms describes the capacity to determine for ourselves how we are going to live our life? a. paternalism b. compassion c. autonomy d. moralism

autonomy

According to Noonan, arguments for the permissibility of abortion a. succeed in establishing that abortion is permissible. b. fail to establish that abortion is permissible. c. rely on distinctions that lack moral significance. d. both b and c

both b and c

Many people claim that a fetus is a person from the moment of conception. In her paper, Thomson a. agrees with this claim. b. disagrees with this claim. c. grants this claim for the sake of argument. d. both b and c

both b and c

According to Kass, what do the dying most need? a. medical management of pain b. company and care c. technological assistance d. the option for physician assistant suicide

company and care

Critics of the Compassion Argument must show that some a. cases of passive euthanasia are not compassionate. b. cases of passive euthanasia are not morally acceptable. c. compassionate actions are morally acceptable. d. compassionate actions are immoral.

compassionate actions are immoral.

According to Noonan, anyone __________ is human. a. with a sense of self b. conceived by human parents c. recognized as human by society d. who looks like other humans

conceived by human parents

Noonan argues that fetuses acquire the right to life when they are a. viable. b. sentient. c. conceived. d. perceived as human.

conceived.

Reiman argues that van den Haag's line of reasoning leads to the conclusion that we should institute a. the death penalty for lesser crimes than murder b. death-by-torture. c. the death penalty only for people who are afraid of death. d. the death penalty at random.

death-by-torture.

According to Singer, the importance of autonomy requires that medical professionals a. do not perform euthanasia. b. defer to the informed choices of patients. c. defer to the choices of patients' loved ones. d. euthanize non-human animals who are suffering.

defer to the informed choices of patients.

According to van den Haag, someone who wishes to show that the death penalty is not justified would have to show that it does not a. deter others or rehabilitate criminals. b. rehabilitate criminals or protect society. c. protect society or enact justice. d. deter others or enact justice.

deter others or enact justice.

Rachels thinks that the utilitarian argument for the permissibility of active euthanasia a. is the best argument for active euthanasia. b. succeeds but is not the best argument for euthanasia. c. does not succeed. d. shows why active euthanasia is not morally permissible.

does not succeed.

Preference utilitarianism a. does not favor voluntary euthanasia. b. does not give guidance one way or another about voluntary euthanasia. c. favors voluntary euthanasia. d. none of the above

favors voluntary euthanasia.

According to the Slippery Slope Argument, a. whether or not terrible abuse of euthanasia is likely, it should be illegal. b. if active euthanasia is immoral, then it should also be illegal. c. if legalizing active euthanasia would eventually lead to terrible abuse, then active euthanasia should be illegal. d. all of the above

if legalizing active euthanasia would eventually lead to terrible abuse, then active euthanasia should be illegal.

According to Rachels, if killing someone is in the best interests of everyone but that person does not want to die, then killing the person is morally a. required. b. permissible but not required. c. impermissible. d. none of the above

impermissible

Which of the following is not one of the distinctions about the humanity of fetuses discussed by Noonan? a. interests b. viability c. social visibility d. experience

interests

The Argument from Personhood seeks to establish that a. human fetuses are persons. b. it is morally acceptable to kill human fetuses. c. human fetuses have rights. d. it is immoral to kill human fetuses.

it is morally acceptable to kill human fetuses.

Reiman believes that the death penalty could be justified if a. it was only given to convicted torturers. b. the murderer were not scared of life in prison. c. the murderer really deserved it. d. it was necessary to avoid even worse consequences.

it was necessary to avoid even worse consequences.

Kass argues that doctors should a. only be permitted to kill their patients if their patients request it. b. only be permitted to kill their patients if it is in the patients' best interest. c. never be allowed to kill their patients. d. none of the above

never be allowed to kill their patients.

Noonan believes that abortion is permissible when the fetus is a. inviable. b. unconscious. c. not perceived as human. d. none of the above

none of the above

Reiman thinks that van den Haag's reliance on common sense in evaluating the deterrence impact of the death penalty a. is an instance of good reasoning. b. leads him to the correct conclusion. c. is justified because the stakes are low. d. none of the above

none of the above

The claim that execution is proportional to murder relies on the assumption that all human lives are roughly equal in a. happiness. b. duration. c. accomplishments. d. none of the above

none of the above

According to Thomson, the right to life is a right to a. not be killed. b. not be killed unjustly. c. the bare minimum one needs for continued life. d. individual liberty and the pursuit of happiness.

not be killed unjustly.

The Hippocratic Oath requires promising a. not to prescribe a deadly drug when asked for it. b. not to heal those who have committed deep injustices. c. not to objectify patients with their gaze. d. never to cease medical intervention.

not to prescribe a deadly drug when asked for it.

Singer notes that, when euthanasia was legalized in the Netherlands a. few patience valued the assurance that euthanasia would be provided if their suffering became unbearable. b. often the availability of euthanasia brought comfort without euthanasia having to be provided. c. everyone who received the assurance that euthanasia could be provided ultimately requested euthanasia. d. all of the above

often the availability of euthanasia brought comfort without euthanasia having to be provided.

Warren critiques Thomson's violinist analogy on the grounds that it a. does not show that abortion is permissible in cases of rape. b. shows that abortion is permissible in cases of rape. c. only shows that abortion is permissible in cases of rape. d. shows that abortion is only permissible in cases of rape.

only shows that abortion is permissible in cases of rape.

Proponents of the Impossibility of Voluntary Euthanasia Argument argue that a. patients can never choose to end their lives voluntarily. b. it is not possible for the end of someone's life to be good for them. c. only some people who are eligible for euthanasia can be choosing voluntarily. d. none of the above

patients can never choose to end their lives voluntarily.

A pro-choice advocate might argue that abortion is not immoral because fetuses are not a. members of Homo Sapiens. b. innocent. c. persons. d. all of the above

persons.

Which of the following does Reiman believe will deter people from murder? a. rehabilitating murderers b. forgiving murderers c. refusing to implement the death penalty d. implementing the death penalty

refusing to implement the death penalty

Which theory of punishment is not used to defend the death penalty? a. deterrence b. retributivism c. rehabilitation d. all of the above (All of these are used to defend the death penalty.)

rehabilitation

Which of the following is not a primary justification for punishment? a. retributivism b. remission c. rehabilitation d. deterrence

remission

Which theory of punishment is not supported on consequentialist grounds? a. deterrence b. retributivism c. rehabilitation d. none of the above (None of these are supported on consequentialist grounds.)

retributivism

Singer argues that killing a __________ is more serious than killing __________. a. self-conscious being; a merely conscious being b. merely conscious being; a self-conscious being c. morally bad person; a morally good person d. morally good person; a morally bad person

self-conscious being; a merely conscious being

As an example of the ills of legalizing euthanasia, Kass references which country? a. the Netherlands b. Mexico c. Canada d. Sweden

the Netherlands

Which argument hinges on the truth of an extreme form of pacifism? a. the argument from discrimination b. the killing innocents argument c. the absolutist argument d. the basic deterrence argument

the absolutist argument

According to Kass, what is the supreme ethical principle restraining the physician's power? a. the physician's compassion b. the autonomy of the patient c. the dignity of human life d. the greatest happiness principle

the dignity of human life

In the case of Jack, the cancer patient, Rachels claims that Jack's suffering is a. the result of poor medical care. b. preventable without resorting to euthanasia. c. the inevitable product of his disease. d. none of the above

the inevitable product of his disease.

Which argument rests on the claim that the legal system is bound to be error-prone? a. the argument from discrimination b. the killing innocents argument c. the absolutist argument d. the basic deterrence argument

the killing innocents argument

According to Marquis, any plausible account of what makes killing wrong must appeal to the effect it has on a. the person killed. b. the killer. c. those who care about the person killed. d. all of the above

the person killed.

Under what conditions does Rachels think that active euthanasia is morally permissible? a. when it promotes the best interests of everyone concerned and violates no one's rights b. when it is in the best interests of the patient c. when the patient wants to die and it violates no one's rights d. none of the above

when it promotes the best interests of everyone concerned and violates no one's rights

When does Thomson think that abortion is morally impermissible? a. whenever the life of the mother is not threatened b. when the woman has given the fetus the right to use her body c. any time past the first trimester d. never

when the woman has given the fetus the right to use her body

Van den Haag claims that we are risking lives a. whether we impose the death penalty or not. b. only if we do not impose the death penalty. c. only if we impose the death penalty. d. none of the above

whether we impose the death penalty or not.