LP 3

*Note to self*

Go over unit 23 recall questions 9 and 10

The lung's elastic recoil is responsible for

Passive expiration

Carbon dioxide is transported through the blood primarily as ____ due to a reaction catalyzed by the enzyme ____

Bicarbonate ions; carbonic anhydrase

The muscles of inspiration

Increase lung volume and decrease intrapulmonary pressure

Clusters of bile salts, digested lipids, and other nonpolar substances that escort lipids to enterocytes are called

Micelles

Which of the following correctly describes the relationship of pressure and volume according to Boyle's law?

Pressure and volume are inversely proportional - as volume increases, pressure decreases

The folds of the stomach are known as

Rugae

Pulmonary gas exchange is best defined as

The movement of gases across the respiratory membrane

True/false: Bronchioles are passages of the respiratory tract that are less than 1 mm in diameter

True

Which of the following statements about the alveoli is true?

The grapelike structure of the alveolar sacs creates a huge surface area for pulmonary gas exchange

True/false: Circumvallate papillae are located at the posterior tongue and house taste buds

True

True/false: The paranasal sinuses filter, warm, and humidify inhaled air

True

True/false: The three smooth muscle layers of the stomach allow it to perform churning motions

True

What are the key differences between a restrictive and an obstructive disease?

A restrictive disease reduces lung distensibility, making inspiration difficult. An obstructive disease increases airway resistance, making expiration difficult

The enzyme that catalyzes the reaction that breaks down carbohydrates is

Amylase

True/false: The trachea is lined with O-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage

False, C-shaped

True/false: The mesentery is a double fold of parietal peritoneum

False, visceral peritoneum

Which of the following is not one of the components of the respiratory membrane?

Smooth muscle fibers

Which of the following is not a trend we find in the respiratory tract?

The epithelium gradually increases in height as we move deeper into the respiratory tract

The final passages of the respiratory zone, which have walls made of alveoli, are called

Alveolar ducts

Bile drains from the gallbladder via the ____ duct and drains from the liver via the ____ duct. These two ducts unite to form the ____ duct

Cystic; common hepatic; common bile

Explain why lipids are absorbed into a different structure than are carbohydrates and proteins

Carbohydrates and proteins are absorbed into intestinal capillaries because they are small, water-soluble molecules. Lipids are packaged into structures called chylomicrons, which are too large to be absorbed into capillaries. For this reason, they are absorbed into lacteals, which have large valves in their walls that allow larger particles to enter

True/false: The pyloric sphincter regulates flow from the esophagus to the stomach

False, from the stomach to the duodenum

True/false: The longest segment of the small intestine is the duodenum

False, ileum

True/false: The superior vocal folds are the true vocal cords

False, inferior vocal cords

True/false: The left primary bronchus is shorter, straighter, and wider than the right primary bronchus

False, it's the opposite. The right primary bronchus is shorter, straighter, and wider than the left primary bronchus.

True/false: Bile is produced by the gallbladder

False, stored by the gallbladder

The pleural cavity contains a thin layer of ____, which functions to ____.

Serous fluid; reduce friction as the lungs change shape and size

What are the functional differences between the conducting zone and the respiratory zone?

The conducting zone transports air, warms, humidifies, and filters it. The respiratory zone contains alveoli, where gas exchange occurs

What happens to the pH of the blood during hyperventilation, and why?

The pH of the blood increases during hyperventilation because carbon dioxide is "blown off." This decreases the amount of carbon dioxide in the blood, which in turn decreases the number of hydrogen ions released from carbonic anhydrase. This increases the pH of the blood.