LUOA M6 Earth Science

_: The tendency of a liquid to move through or "wick up" a substance

Capillarity

Live with corals and provide oxygen

Coral Reefs

Made up of millions of tiny animals called polyps that live in colonies

Coral reefs

_ are deposits for smaller bodies of water.

Deltas

_: Denser rocks will be deposited faster than rocks that are not as dense. Click to flip

Density

_: Higher temperatures and evaporation will cause more sediments to precipitate out and be deposited.

Dissolved Minerals

_: Mountain ranges that send water into different areas

Divide

What type of estuaries are formed when rising seas flood existing river valleys? Bar-built estuaries Tectonic estuaries Drowned river valley estuaries Fjords

Drowned river valley estuaries

Where the river meets the sea

Estuaries

_ are steep-walled river valleys created by advancing glaciers.

Fjords

_: The area covered when a stream overflows

Floodplain

The _—which can be seen from outer space—is 1,600 miles (2,600 km) long and is the only natural structure visible from space.

Great Barrier Reef

_ are used to prevent the erosion of sand from beaches because they allow the wind and water to blow through, but prevent the movement of sand.

Groynes

_ are used to prevent the erosion of sand from beaches. They allow the wind and water to blow through but help prevent sand movement, enabling the beach to build up.

Groynes

A flat-topped seamount that has reached the surface

Guyot

Cracks in the Earth's crust along the ocean basin that emit gases

Hydrothermal Vent

Cracks or fissures in the Earth's crust found primarily along mid-ocean ridges, hotspots, and other places in the ocean basin

Hydrothermal vents

Which are the structures that reduce the energy of incoming waves by causing a break in the longshore current? Jetties Seawalls Groynes Breakwaters

Jetties

_ extend into the water to reduce the energy from waves by causing a break in the longshore current

Jetties

Underwater mountain ranges full of volcanic and earthquake activity

Mid-ocean ridges

The largest river system in the United States is the _ River system.

Mississippi

_: Where a stream enters another body of water

Mouth

_ defines the ability of a material to allow the flow of fluids (usually water) through its pores or fractures.

Permeability

Produce approximately half of Earth's oxygen

Plankton

_ refers to the measure of open spaces—or pores—within a material

Porosity

Which of the following are true regarding potholes? Potholes are common at the base of a river. Potholes are common at the bottom of waterfalls. Potholes can range from 1-10 feet deep. Potholes are no larger than 2 feet deep. Potholes are formed due to the force of the waterfall hitting the rock at its base.

Potholes are common at the bottom of waterfalls. Potholes can range from 1-10 feet deep. Potholes are formed due to the force of the waterfall hitting the rock at its base.

Produce 20% of the oxygen on the planet

Prochlorococcus cyanobacteria

The two major erosion-stoppers are _ and _.

Protection Structures Beach Nourishment

_: The number one agent of erosion

Running water

_: The two main sources of water for streams

Runoff and base flow

What makes salt marshes particularly important to many coastal regions? They are home to many types of deep-water ocean life. They influence the economy because of the smell. They provide an environment suited to the spawning of many types of fish and marine life. They are spongy and marshy and prevent commercial development.

They provide an environment suited to the spawning of many types of fish and marine life.

Long, parallel dunes formed at right angles to the wind

Transverse dunes

_: A smaller stream that flows into a larger stream

Tributary

Decreased visibility caused by sediment and organic particles

Turbidity

Circulation of deep, colder water to the surface

Upwelling

_: As water slows, more sediment will be deposited.

Velocity

_: Also called a drainage basin

Watershed

All of the flowing water in an area that makes up the rivers, streams, and tributaries is called __________. a tributary system a divide system a watershed system a river system

a river system

On the wave side of a jetty, there is more deposition or _, which helps _.

accretion, build back up the beach

An _ is a triangular-shaped deposit of sediment that commonly forms in desert areas.

alluvial fan

If a Barrier Island is split, it becomes a _.

baymouth bar

A mixture of fresh water draining from the land and salty seawater is called _ water.

brackish

Ocean zomes are defined by _ _.

collum depth

Another name for a watershed is a ________. divide delta drainage basin floodplain

drainage basin

River valleys become estuaries when sea levels rise and flood them to form _.

drowned river valley estuaries

The Chesapeake Bay is the largest _ in the United States.

estuary

The saltwater ecosystem found "where the river meets the sea" is the ________. mangrove forest estuary shoreline salt marsh

estuary

When a stream overflows, sediments are deposited on the valley floor in an area called the _.

floodplain

The stored _ in the ocean drives much of Earth's weather and causes the climate near the ocean to be milder than the climate in the interior of the continents.

heat

The water a baymouth bar encloses is called a _.

lagoon

The area between the coast and the barrier beaches or islands are protected areas of calm water called _.

lagoons

_ currents run parallel to the beach and bring the waves in at an angle, carrying rock materials from the place of erosion to the place of deposition.

longshore

a _ is responsible for carrying the rock materials from the place of erosion to the place of deposition on the beach.

longshore current

_: A river/road following a wndy course

meander

Upwellings bring cold, _ water from the deep ocean to the surface for plants and animals to feed on (such as phytoplankton) and are areas of rich biological activity.

nutrient-rich

Any movement of water in the ocean that travels in the same direction. can be correctly labeled as a(n) _.

ocean current

an _ accurs when two meanders run together.

oxbow lake

The _ zone extends from the surface to a depth of 200 m since sunlight only penetrates the sea surface to a depth of about 200 m.

photic

Salt content within the ocean is also known as _.

salinity

The bouncing of particles at the bottom of a stream is called _.

saltation

When caves cut all the way thrown a headland, it is called a _.

sea arch

Estuaries are often called _ because many fish and wildlife species rely on their sheltered waters as spawning places for their young.

sea nurseries

Estuaries are often called ________ because many species of fish and wildlife rely on the sheltered waters of the estuaries as spawning places for their young. wastelands hunting grounds water exchangers sea nurseries

sea nurseries

_ /_ accur when sand deposits parallel to the shore

shoals/sandbars

Land extensions form a shoreline feature called a _.

spit

Once the sea stack that is connected to the front section of the headland erodes, it becomes a _.

stump

A ________ is a geographical region where all of the precipitation within the area falls and runs off into a river. divide tributary watershed river system

watershed

Photic

The zone in the ocean where sunlight reaches down into the water

The Dea Sea has salinity of _ ppt.

280

The average depth of the ocean is _ meters.

3790

Earth is known as the "Blue Planet" because its surface is covered with approximately what percent of water? 70% 25% 85% 50%

70%

Since _% of the surface of the Earth is covered with water, it is known as the "_ Planet."

70, Blue

Ocean water is generally _% water. The rest is salt and minerals.

96.5

The flattest part of the ocean

Abyssal Plain

Where the continental crust and oceanic crust crash into each other

Active continental margins Click to flip

Which type of estuary occurs when barrier islands are built by ocean waves along coastal areas that are fed by one or more rivers or streams? Tectonic estuaries Fjords Bar-built estuaries Drowned river valley estuaries

Bar-built estuaries

_ are characterized by barrier islands or beaches that form parallel to the coastline and separate the estuaries from the ocean.

Bar-built estuaries

Shoals/Sandbars can become _ over time.

Barrier Islands

What are the long coastal features that result from the buildup of sandbars or shoals over time? Stumps Arches Reefs Barrier islands

Barrier islands

When less resistant rock is continually washed away, what forms on either side of a headland? Beaches Arches Stacks Bays

Bays

_ are structures built out into the water or parallel to the beach. They cause the waves to hit them first, reducing the carrying power of the waves and thus preventing the beach from eroding.

Breakwaters

_ is the term for how much salt is in water, and it is measured in parts per _.

Salinity, thousand

Ecosystem that is dominated by different salt grasses

Salt Marshes

When Sea Arches collapse, they leave behind _.

Sea Stacks

Underwater volcanic hotspots

Seamounts

_ are steep, high walls built along the coast to prevent beaches from eroding or flooding in low-lying areas.

Seawalls

_, usually made of concrete, are steep, high walls built along the coast to protect beaches from erosion.

Seawalls

_: Rounder rocks will be deposited faster than flatter rocks.

Shape

_: Larger particles will settle out of moving water first.

Size

Another name for gradient is _ which is equal to the change in elevation over a set distance.

Slope

When one river down-cuts from one drainage basin to another drainage basin across the divide it is called _.

Stream Capture

_: Occurs when a river down-cuts from one drainage basin to another drainage basin

Stream capture

_: Water flowing in a channel

Stream or river

Areas cut by erosion down the continental shelf

Submarine Canyon

_ occur where the Earth's tectonic plates run into or fold underneath each other, creating depressions.

Tectonic estuaries

Oceanic

The ocean zone that extends from the end of the neritic zone to where sunlight no longer penetrates the water

Intertidal

The ocean zone that gets exposed at low tide and covered at high tide

Benth

The ocean zone that makes up the deepest portion of the ocean, where sunlight does not reach

Neritic

The ocean zone that starts at the low tide mark and goes to the end of the continental shelf

Aphotic

The zone in the ocean where sunlight no longer reaches