Lymphatic System and Immunity

Lymph nodes range in diameter from

1 mm to 25 mm

Each IgG has ________ binding sites for attachment to antigenic determinants. A) 1 B) 2 C) 4 D) up to 8 E) as many as a 1000

2

Fever is the maintenance of body temperature greater than

37.2 C (99F)

If the disulfide bonds in IgG were broken, how many peptide chains would be set free?

4

The cells responsible for humoral immunity are the _____ cells.

B

The medullary cords of a lymph node contain _______ lymphocytes and plasms cells.

B

Which of the following about MHC proteins is false?

bind complement

In order for a lymphocyte to respond to an antigen, the antigen must

bind to specific receptors on the lymphocyte surface

Which of the following is not a property of an IgG heavy chain?

binds antigen at both ends

Lymphatic vessels commonly occur in association with

blood vessels

In passive immunity, the

body receives antibodies produced by other humans or by an animal

Microphages include

both neutrophils and eosinophils.

The attraction or repulsion of certain cells to chemicals in their environment is called

chemotaxis

Histamine increases blood flow and vascular permeability. This would account for all of the following changes that occur during inflammation except

chemotaxis of phagocytes

The thoracic duct originates from an expanded chamber called the

cisterna chyli

The term immunological ________ refers to the ability to demonstrate an immune response upon exposure to an antigen.

competence

Each of the following is a physical barrier to infection except

complement

A ______ antigen is an antigen with at least two antigenic determinant sites.

complete

When an antigen is bound to a class 1 MHC molecule, it can stimulate a _____ cell.

cytotoxic

Lymphocytes that destroy foreign cells or virus-infected cells are ________ cells.

cytotoxic T

The cells directly responsible for cellular immunity are the ______ cells.

cytotoxic T

CD8 markers are to ________ T cells as CD4 markers are to ________ T cells.

cytoxic; helper

The primary function of the lymphatic system is

defending the body against both external and internal threats

Antigen-presenting cells located in the epithelia of the skin are called

dendritic cells

The movement of phagocytes through the capillary wall is called

diapedesis

Autoantibodies are

directed against the body's own antigens.

The ______ lymphatics leave the lymph node at the hilum.

efferent

T cells and B cells can be activated only by

exposure to a specific antigen at a specific site in a plasma membrane

Phagocytic cells that are permanent residents of specific tissues and organs are called

fixed macrophages

Which class of cells is particularly abundant in the red pulp of the spleen?

free and fixed macrophages

Dividing lymphocytes can be found in the ________ of the lymphatic nodule. A) sinus B) germinal center C) cortex D) capsule E) stromba

germinal center

The various classes of immunoglobulins are differentiated on the basis of their

heavy-chain constant segments

Cells that help regulate the immune response are ________ cells.

helper T

The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) that causes the disease known as AIDS selectively infects _____

helper T

When an antigen is bound to a Class II MHC protein, it can activate a ________ cell.

helper T

B cells are primarily activated by the activities of

helper T cells

The letters HIV stand for

human immunodeficiency virus

When large numbers of antibodies encounter their antigenic targets, they interact to form a three-dimensional structure known as a(n)

immune complex

Lymphocytes provide an adaptive or specific defense known as the A) phagocytic response. B) adaptive defense. C) immune response. D) lymphocytic response. E) inflammation of tissues.

immune response

In an ______, either the immune system fails to develop normally or the immune response is blocked.

immunodeficiency disease

The term ______ refers to antibodies found in body fluids.

immunoglobulins

Class II MHC proteins are present in the plasma membrane only A) when plasma cells are releasing antibodies. B) in antigen-presenting cells and lymphocytes. C) when cytotoxic T cells are inhibited. D) when NK cells are activated. E) during infections.

in antigen-presenting cells and lymphocytes

Suppressor T cells act to

inhibit T and B cell activities.

Stress can affect the immune response in all of the following ways, except by A) inhibiting glucocorticoid release. B) depressing the inflammatory response. C) reducing the number of phagocytes. D) inhibiting interleukin secretion. E) increasing the level of glucocorticoids.

inhibiting glucocorticoid release

The effects of activating the complete system include all of the following except

inhibition of the immune response

Immunity that is genetically determined and present at birth is called ________ immunity.

innate

Cytokines that make a cell and its neighbors resistant to virus infection are called

interferons

Hormones that regulate the activity of B cells and T cells and enhance nonspecific defense are called

interleukins

Infections with the HIV virus occurs through

intimate contact with an infected person's body fluids.

Which of the following is not a characteristic of AIDS?

is declining worldwide

A sample of John's blood shows a high level of pyrogens. This would indicate that John

is running a fever

All of the following are true of the primary response of humoral immunity except that

it is delayed by the memory cell stage

Microglia are to the CNS as Kupffer cells are to the

liver

The _____ tissues are connective tissues dominated by lymphocytes.

lymphatic

An accumulation of lymph in a region where lymphatic drainage has been blocked is called

lymphedema

Adaptive defenses depend on the activities of

lymphocytes

Lymphatic tissues are connective tissues dominated by

lymphocytes

The white pulp of the spleen is populated by

lymphocytes

Class II MHC molecules are found only on which of the following? A) all body cells with a nucleus B) red blood cells C) granulocytes and microphages D) lymphocytes and antigen-presenting cells E) liver cells and macrophages in the spleen

lymphocytes and antigen-presenting cells

An inflammatory response is triggered when

mast cells release histamine and heparin

Fixed macrophages that are found in the central nervous system are called

microglia

The phagocytic antigen-presenting cells belong to the _____ group.

monocyte-macrophages

Various types of macrophages are derived from A) lymphocytes. B) monocytes. C) neutrophils. D) eosinophils. E) basophils.

monocytes

Changes in the immune system that accompany aging include A) T cells becoming less responsive to antigens. B) fewer cytotoxic T cells responding to infections. C) decreased numbers of T helper cells. D) more efficient secondary responses E) All of the answers are correct.

more efficient secondary responses

Plasma contains ________ special complement proteins that form the complement system. A) about 3 B) exactly 10 C) roughly 18 D) exactly 25 E) more than 30

more than 30

Hormones of the immune system include all of the following, except A) interleukins. B) interferons. C) natriuretic factor. D) thymosins. E) tumor necrosis factor.

natriuretic factor

Immunity that results from exposure to an antigen in the environment is called _____ immunity.

naturally acquired active

Immunity that results from antibodies that pass through the placenta from mother to fetus is called ________ immunity. A) active B) naturally acquired passive C) passive D) auto E) innate

naturally acquired passive

Specialized lymphatic capillaries called lacteals are

necessary for the transport of dietary lipids

The process by which antibodies bind to antigenic sites on viruses or toxins, rendering them incapable of binding to other cells, is called

neutralization

During a primary humoral response to antigens all of the following occur except

neutrophils invade the surrounding areas, releasing chemotactic substances.

The process by which the surface of a microorganism is covered with antibodies and complement, rendering it more likely to be phagocytized, is called

opsonization

In an experimental situation, a rabbit is exposed to a viral antigen to which it makes antibodies. These antibodies are then purified and injected into a human with the same viral disease. This is an example of A) innate immunity. B) active immunization. C) passive immunization. D) natural immunity. E) alloimmunity.

passive immunization

The first line of cellular defense against pathogens are the

phagocytes

The cells responsible for the production of circulating immunoglobins are _____ cells.

plasma

The process by which soluble antigens combine with antibodies to form insoluble immune complexes is called

precipitation

The release of endogenous pyrogen (or interleukin-1) by active macrophages would

produce a fever

The alternative pathway of complement activation is sometimes called the _____ pathway.

properdin

Helper T cells do all of the following except

provide a rapid response to a future exposure to the antigen

Stem cells that will form B cells or NK cells are found only in the

red bone marrow

Stem cells that can form all types of lymphocytes are concentrated in the

red bone marrow.

Cyclosporin A is an example of a drug that inhibits ________ of a transplanted organ.

rejection

The binding of an antibody to an antigen can result in all of the following except

release of perforin

Lymphocites

respond to antigens

The thoracic duct drains lymph from all of the following regions except the

right breast

Cytotoxic T cells can attack target cells with which of the following chemical weapons?

secrete a cytokine that triggers apoptosis

In general, lymphocytes

spend most of their time in lymphatic tissue.

Interleukins do all of the following, except A) increase T-cell sensitivity to antigens exposed on macrophage membranes. B) stimulate B-cell activity, plasma cell formation, and antibody production. C) stimulate inflammation. D) elevate body temperature. E) stimulate collagen synthesis.

stimulate collagen synthesis

Milly has just received a kidney transplant and is taking cyclosporin A. What does this medication do? A) prevents inflammation from destroying the transplanted kidney B) depresses hematopoiesis C) decreases chemotaxis of macrophages to the transplanted kidney D) weakens antibodies in the blood E) suppresses helper T cells, thus preventing rejection

suppresses helper T cells, thus preventing rejection

A crime scene investigator found that a biological fluid sample contains a large amount of IgA-type antibody. This fluid is probably

tears

Lymphatic tissue is found in the greatest quantity in A) the adult spleen. B) the adult thymus. C) bone marrow. D) the tonsils. E) Peyer patches.

the adult spleen

A measure of antibody level in the plasma is

the antibody titer

T lymphocytes are produced and stored in all of the following except

the brain.

Leslie has a severe sore throat and the lymph nodes in her neck are swollen. This would indicate that

the lymph nodes contain an increased number of lymphocytes

The merging of ________ forms the right lymphatic duct. A) the right jugular, right subclavian, and right bronchomediastinal trunks B) the left jugular, right subclavian, and right bronchomediastinal trunks C) two great vessels D) the thoracic and mediastinal ducts E) superior and inferior lymphatic ducts

the right jugular, right subclavian, and right bronchomediastinal trunks

The lymphatic system is composed of all of the following except

the venae cavae.

Most of the lymph returns to the venous circulation by way of the

thoracic duct

T cells develop from stem cells in the

thymus

T is to _____ as B is to ______.

thymus-dependent; bone marrow-derived

The immune system is said to exhibit _____ towards those agents that do not stimulate an immune response.

tolerance

An infection and inflammation of the aggregated lymphatic nodules in the pharynx is called

tonsillitis

The lymphatic system does all of the following except

transports gas to and away from lymph nodes

Hormones that slow tumor growth are called

tumor necrosis factors

In IgG, the antigen binding site is formed by the

variable segments of both the light and heavy chains

In a routine examination, some blood is taken and analyzed. The results show a high IgM titer for the mumps virus but a low IgG anti-mumps titer. This would indicate the person

was recently infected with mumps

All of the following are true of the secondary response of humoral immunity except that it

weakens quickly because memory B cells only survive for year or two.

Areas of the spleen that contain large aggregations of lymphocytes are known as

white pulp

Immunoglobins that are primarily found in glandular secretions such saliva and tears are

IgA

Immunoglobulins that are found on the surface of B cells and that may activate antibody production are

IgD

Immunoglobulins that attach to and sensitize mast cells and basophils are

IgE

Immunoglobulins that are most abundant and are responsible for resistance against many viruses, bacteria, and bacterial toxins are

IgG

The only antibodies that normally cross the placenta are A) IgA. B) IgD. C) IgE. D) IgG. E) IgM.

IgG

Immunoglobulins, formed of five subunits, that are the first antibodies to be produced in response to infection, are

IgM

During a primary immune response, the

IgM titer is initially higher than the IgG titer

_____ are fixed microphages found in the liver.

Kupffer cells

______ cells enable the immune system to respond quickly and robustly if the same antigen is encountered a second time.

Memory

The cells that perform immunological surveillance are the ________ cells.

NK

______ occurs when antibodies and complement proteins bind to antigens and make it easier for phagocytes to engulf their target cells

Osponization

________ are clusters of lymphatic nodules deep to the epithelial lining of the small intestine

Peyer's Patches

The cell that dominates the deep cortical region of a lymph node is the _____ cell

T

If the thymus shrank and stopped making thymosins, we would expect to see an immediate decrease in the number of

T cells

What statement about the lymph node is false?

The afferent lymphatic enters at the hilum

Lymphatic organs differ from lymphatic tissues in what way?

They are surrounded by a fibrous capsule and lymphatic tissues are not.

Antigens that trigger allergic reactions are called

allergens

Inappropriate or excessive immune responses to antigens are

allergies

Free phagocytes found in the air sacs of the lungs are called

alveolar macrophages

The classic pathway of complement activation begins when the protein C1 binds to A) the cell wall of bacteria. B) the plasma membrane of bacteria. C) an antibody attached to an antigen. D) a cell surface antigen. E) a plasma protein.

an antibody attached to an antigen

The body's innate defenses include all of the following, except A) the skin. B) complement. C) interferon. D) inflammation. E) antibodies.

antibodies

Newborns gain their immunity initially from

antibodies passed across the placenta from the mother

When an antibody binds to its specific antigen an _____ is formed.

antibody-antigen complex

A substance that provokes an immune system is called an

antigen

______ occurs when an antigen fragment-glycoprotein complex appears in a plasma membrane.

antigen presentation

The portions of an antigen to which antibodies bind are the

antigenic determinant sites.

Compared to blood capillaries, lymph capillaries exhibit all of the following, except that they A) have no basement membrane. B) are larger in diameter. C) have walls of endothelial cells that overlap like shingles. D) are smaller in diameter. E) are frequently irregular in shape.

are smaller in diameter

When the immune response mistakenly targets normal body cells and tissues, a(n) ________ develops.

autoimmune disease

Lymphatic vessels are located in almost all portions of the body except the

CNS

_____ exists when the immune system does not respond to a particular antigen.

Tolerance

______ are large lymphatic nodules that are located in the walls of the pharynx

Tonsils

The term lymphadenopathy refers to

a chronic or excessive enlargement of lymph nodes.

Lymph nodes do all of the following, except that it

activates B cells

Defense of the body against a particular pathogen is provided by

adaptive immunity

The process by which antibodies bind to the antigen on the surface of cells, forming large immune complexes, is called

agglutination