Macroeconomics Chapter 12

The real-balances effect indicates that:

a higher price level will decrease the real value of many financial assets and therefore reduce spending.

Other things equal, if the national incomes of the major trading partners of the United States were to rise, the U.S.:

aggregate demand curve would shift to the right.

The interest-rate effect suggests that:

an increase in the price level will increase the demand for money, increase interest rates, and decrease consumption and investment spending.

Menu costs:

are the costs to firms of changing prices and communicating them to customers.

The immediate-short-run aggregate supply curve represents circumstances where:

both input and output prices are fixed.

The factors that affect the amounts that consumers, businesses, government, and foreigners wish to purchase at each price level are the:

determinants of aggregate demand.

The aggregate demand curve is:

downsloping because of the interest-rate, real-balances, and foreign purchases effects.

The economy's long-run AS curve assumes that wages and other resource prices:

eventually rise and fall to match upward or downward changes in the price level.

Other things equal, a decrease in the real interest rate will:

expand investment and shift the AD curve to the right.

Prices and wages tend to be:

flexible upward, but inflexible downward.

The foreign purchases effect suggests that an increase in the U.S. price level relative to other countries will:

increase U.S. imports and decrease U.S. exports.

In an effort to avoid recession, the government implements a tax rebate program, effectively cutting taxes for households. We would expect this to:

increase aggregate demand.

Other things equal, a reduction in personal and business taxes can be expected to:

increase both aggregate demand and aggregate supply.

In the diagram, a shift from AS2 to AS3 might be caused by a(n):

increase in business taxes and costly government regulation.remain unchanged.

In the diagram, a shift from AS1 to AS3 might be caused by a(n):

increase in the prices of imported resources.

The short-run aggregate supply curve represents circumstances where:

input prices are fixed, but output prices are flexible.

The economy's long-run aggregate supply curve:

is vertical.

A decline in investment will shift the AD curve to the:

left by a multiple of the change in investment.

If investment decreases by $20 billion and the economy's MPC is .5, the aggregate demand curve will shift:

leftward by $40 billion at each price level.

Graphically, cost-push inflation is shown as a:

leftward shift of the AS curve.

In the diagram, a shift from AS1 to AS2 might be caused by:

a decrease in the prices of domestic resources.

Refer to the diagrams, in which AD1 and AS1 are the "before" curves and AD2 and AS2 are the "after" curves. Other things equal, a decline in investment spending caused by the interest-rate effect of a price-level increase is depicted by the:

move from point a to point b in panel (B).

Refer to the diagrams, in which AD1 and AS1 are the "before" curves and AD2 and AS2 are the "after" curves. Other things equal, a decline in net exports caused by the foreign purchases effect of a price-level increase is depicted by the:

move from point a to point b in panel (B).

An economy's aggregate demand curve shifts leftward or rightward by more than changes in initial spending because of the:

multiplier effect.

Refer to the diagrams, in which AD1 and AS1 are the "before" curves and AD2 and AS2 are the "after" curves. Other things equal, a decline in net exports caused by a change in incomes abroad is depicted by:

panel (A) only.

Refer to the diagrams, in which AD1 and AS1 are the "before" curves and AD2 and AS2 are the "after" curves. Cost-push inflation is depicted by:

panel (B) only.

Refer to the diagrams, in which AD1 and AS1 are the "before" curves and AD2 and AS2 are the "after" curves. Other things equal, a decline in productivity is depicted by:

panel (B) only.

Refer to the diagrams, in which AD1 and AS1 are the "before" curves and AD2 and AS2 are the "after" curves. Growth, full-employment, and price stability are depicted by:

panel (C) only.

Refer to the diagrams, in which AD1 and AS1 are the "before" curves and AD2 and AS2 are the "after" curves. Other things equal, an increase in investment spending is depicted by:

panel (C) only.

Refer to the diagrams, in which AD1 and AS1 are the "before" curves and AD2 and AS2 are the "after" curves. A recession is depicted by:

panels (A) and (B).

In the diagram, a shift from AS3 to AS2 might be caused by an increase in:

productivity.

Productivity measures:

real output per unit of input.

The fear of unwanted price wars may explain why many firms are reluctant to:

reduce prices when a decline in aggregate demand occurs.

When aggregate demand declines, many firms may reduce employment rather than wages because wage reductions may:

reduce worker morale and work effort, and thus lower productivity.

Suppose that real domestic output in an economy is 20 units, the quantity of inputs is 10, and the price of each input is $4. Answer the following question on the basis of this information. Refer to the information. All else being equal, if the price of each input increased from $4 to $6, productivity would:

remain unchanged.

An increase in net exports will shift the AD curve to the:

right by a multiple of the change in investment.

If investment increases by $10 billion and the economy's MPC is .8, the aggregate demand curve will shift:

rightward by $50 billion at each price level.

Graphically, demand-pull inflation is shown as a:

rightward shift of the AD curve along an upsloping AS curve.

Other things equal, an improvement in productivity will:

shift the aggregate supply curve to the right.

The aggregate demand curve:

shows the amount of real output that will be purchased at each possible price level.

The aggregate supply curve:

shows the various amounts of real output that businesses will produce at each price level.

The aggregate supply curve (short run):

slopes upward and to the right.

Suppose that real domestic output in an economy is 20 units, the quantity of inputs is 10, and the price of each input is $4. Answer the following question on the basis of this information. Refer to the information. Given an increase in input price from $4 to $6, we would expect the aggregate:

supply curve to shift to the left.

Answer the question on the basis of the following information. An economy is employing 2 units of capital, 5 units of raw materials, and 8 units of labor to produce its total output of 640 units. Each unit of capital costs $10; each unit of raw materials, $4; and each unit of labor, $3. Refer to the information. If the per-unit price of raw materials rises from $4 to $8 and all else remains constant, the aggregate:

supply curve would shift to the left.

The equilibrium price level and level of real output occur where:

the aggregate demand and supply curves intersect.

Refer to the diagram. Suppose that aggregate demand increased from AD1 to AD2. For the price level to stay constant:

the aggregate supply curve would have to shift rightward.

If the price level increases in the United States relative to foreign countries, then American consumers will purchase more foreign goods and fewer U.S. goods. This statement describes:

the foreign purchases effect.

In the figure, AD1 and AS1 represent the original aggregate supply and demand curves and AD2 and AS2 show the new aggregate demand and supply curves. The change in aggregate supply from AS1 to AS2 could be caused by:

the increase in productivity.

If aggregate demand decreases, and as a result, real output and employment decline but the price level remains unchanged, it is most likely that:

the price level is inflexible downward and a recession has occurred.

(Consider This) The ratchet effect is the tendency of:

the price level to increase but not to decrease.

Per-unit production cost is:

total input cost divided by units of output.

When aggregate demand declines, wage rates may be inflexible downward, at least for a time, because of:

wage contracts.

Answer the question on the basis of the following information. An economy is employing 2 units of capital, 5 units of raw materials, and 8 units of labor to produce its total output of 640 units. Each unit of capital costs $10; each unit of raw materials, $4; and each unit of labor, $3. Refer to the information. The per-unit cost of production in this economy is:

$0.10.

Suppose that technological advancements stimulate $20 billion in additional investment spending. If the MPC = .6, how much will the change in investment increase aggregate demand?

$50 billion.

Answer the question on the basis of the following information. An economy is employing 2 units of capital, 5 units of raw materials, and 8 units of labor to produce its total output of 640 units. Each unit of capital costs $10; each unit of raw materials, $4; and each unit of labor, $3. Refer to the information. If the per-unit price of raw materials rises from $4 to $8 and all else remains constant, the per-unit cost of production will rise by about:

30 percent.

In the diagram, the economy's immediate-short-run AS curve is line ______, its short-run AS curve is _____, and its long-run AS curve is line ______.

3; 2; 1

In the diagram, the economy's relevant aggregate demand and immediate-short-run aggregate supply curves, respectively, are lines:

4 and 3.

In which of the following sets of circumstances can we confidently expect inflation?

Aggregate supply decreases and aggregate demand increases.

Which of the following would most likely reduce aggregate demand (shift the AD curve to the left)?

An appreciation of the U.S. dollar.

Efficiency wages are:

above-market wages that bring forth so much added work effort that per-unit production costs are lower than at market wages.