MAF 340: Environmental Sociology

week 9: tuesday - 11/2/21

"the solution to pollution is dilution" - 1 million risk --> how far do you clean up a site? - based on many guidelines precautionary principle: reduce exposure as much as we can. Find some other way to dealing with this the tragedy of the commodity - marine policy - fisheries demography Malthus' Basic Theory: - Principle of Populations - wrote an article (1798) Victorian Era - came up with a theory that talks about the relationship between population and the availability of food/resources - our ability to grow food is linear - there are limitations to it - numbers are not based on much, just going about a theory worried about unfeded population growth, increase in poverty, crime but in particular this ability to grow food Malthus and Malthusian theory: Victorian: - narrow band of upperclass, then all else is working class - women were very much considered property of their husbands/families. Idea that women would stay home - moralism: had to be an upstanding moral individual. Value of people related to their moral standing Malthus wasn't just concerned about population growth, but population growth within certain sectors of the environment - looking at poor people as being the problem - looking at having too many children as a moral issue - elite: you are able to have self-control - and it is the poor workers who have a reproduction problem - Herbert Spencer: sociologist --> believed in the evolution of society in elitism --> Spencer coined the term "survival of the fittest" World Wars --> send young people around the world. Gain insight and bring back concern about what is happening around the world - modernization theory --> seeks to dispels this moral theory, and looks at this idea of culture. Issue of resources, availability, public health, and science - ideas behind the modernization movement are still highly colonialist (looking at poor people around the world and saying if only they had the technology and knowledge, then they would be able to fix their issues) two parts of moddernizarition: 1. The Green Revolution: an agricultural (increase in farming). 2. demographic transition Malthus did not account for technology in his food and population model - chemical fertilization - modernization theory: it is our responsibility to share and pass along technology and knowledge - based on idea that, I know better 2. demographic transition - Bates demographic tree diagram - a few older people and you have lots and lots of young people and it keeps growing and growing as it goes down modernization theory says: if we can slow death rates through sanitation, modern medicine, and increase agriculture = slow death rate educate on birth control and sex education = slow population growth 2. Vision of this demographic Transition didn't account for: *cultural lag* - religion = no contraception - lack of education = what are your opportunities in life? Are you working in a labor intensive (rely on children to produce work). Women do not have the choice to make choice on having children Neo-Malthusianists - emerged in the 1960s (the Population Bomb, 1968) - population control - progressive policies - commoner--Ehrlich Debates population is the root of the population crisis and we need to do something or we will have ruin

week 4: thursday 9/30/21

1 dimension: self enhancement vs. self transcendences self enhancement - egotism - hedonism self transcendence - alturism - biospherism 2 dimension: openness to change vs. conservation (traditionalism) openness to change: - new experiences - trying new things - progress to society conservation (traditionalism) - tradition - old society values - security 4 types of support: - activism - environmental citizenship - policy support - individual behavior (private sphere behavior--an assumption that this is in the public sphere) all of these types of support for the environmental movements: 1. humans affect the environment 2. this environmental change affects things we care about 3. steps should be taken to avoid harm norms = "should" 2 primary norms: - social norms "ought" - personal norms (what do you as an individual think ought to happen) values: guiding principles. characteristics of values - *stable* - influences other things in our lives - set out as priorities (get more and more specific as they go on) value = is in a large part of a stable and general/broad belief. V (values) 4 measurements: - alturism - biospherism - egoism - traditionalism B (beliefs) 3 levels of beliefs that influence each other (go from general to really specific) - ascription of responsibility (AR) - aware of consequences (AC) - environmental world view (NEP, new ecological paradigm) N (norms) environmental support - personal norm hundreds of studies that confirm this model. Not everything is held in this model, but the concept/idea is widely accepted VBN model is a better explainer than the other things like Inglehart's hierarchy of needs Block Island Offshore Wind Farms - sends electricity to island - 5 turbines - unused energy goes to Scarborough state beach for land based used

week 9: thursday 11/4/21

1968 Paul Erilick "Population Bomb" taking this idea of Malthus and applying to modern issues I = P A T impact = population, affluence, and technology impact --> the end point we are interested in. What is the overall impact to the environment population: number of people affluence: idea of thinking about as a proxy for consumption. How wealthy a country is (GDP per capita) how wealthy is a group of people and how many resources do they have? - consumption technology: the things that we use to do stuff. - A measure of efficiency - ex. biotechnology rather than adding, you multiply by each other I = P x A x T - interactive - not all independent - the idea is the number of people using their wealth and technology matters. It doesn't just matter how you're consuming but also what you are consuming as well 1.25 = 1.1 x 1.14 x 1 1.25 = 1.4 x 0.89 x 1 why engage in this public debate around IPAT: - it's really in thinking about policy - how are you gonna take action to solve environmental problems - decrease the impacts of environmental degradation issues of IPAT definitional...What does impact even mean exactly. - looks at greenhouse gas emissions

week 4: tuesday 9/28/21

Dietz: why do some people care about the environment and why do some people do not? values in sociology --> not about monetary worth definition of values: - According to the literature, values are a) concept or beliefs b) about desirable end states [terminal] or behaviors [instrumental], c) that transcend specific situations, d) guide selection or evaluation or behavior and events and e) are ordered by relative importance terminal --> end states - how you want the world to be; Justice, freedom, Compassion, vs. behavioral values; honesty, fairness c) that transcend specific situations --> stable. Not easy changeable. They care through to different situations values are ordered by relative importance Inglehart dimensions - materialist vs post-materialist certain values can only emerge if basic needs are covered most important in the king run over next 10-15 years - maintaining order in the nation - giving people more say in important government decisions - fighting raising prices - protecting freedom of speech materialists = essential post materialists = wants (more likely to make pro-environmental decisions than materialists) materialist countries are developing countries (more of a concern for basic needs) democratic wealthy nations = post-materialists conservation = traditionalism openness to change = more likely pro-environmentalism self enhancement = building yourself up egoism and hedonism egoism = focused on yourself (wealth, achievement, where is my place in the world compared to everyone else?) hedonism = self-comfort (pleasure, food, vacation) self transcendence = - altruism - biospherism alturism: - doing good things for others. Caring for others beyond yourself biospherism (biospheric alturism) - caring for other things that are not people. Species, other parts of the environment, prescribing values outside from yourself traditionalism (conservative): - foundation values - security - preserving the old order or foundations of society openness to change: - open to newness and difference - stimulation: excitement, danger, something that is different

week 13: tuesday - 12/7/21

Elinor Olstrom - idea of questioning this idea of a natural order and one way of doing things - she analyzed lots and lots of case studies were you see communities sustainability managing resources (communication) - ex of sustainable management lobster fishery Longo Clarkson: - the problem of the tragedy of the commodity: - change things to a trade value: maximizes that profit - gathering more resources, cut labor cost, increase production through technology - leads to a depletion of resources, issues to different groups of people (Native American, smaller scale fishing operations, etc.) tragedy of the commodity: - local - use value commodification: - exchange value (fictitious commodity) - treadmill of production - technological efficiencies metabolic rift: - ecological disruptions - increase waste consequences: - privatization (consolidation (larger operations win and smaller populations lose); Lauderdale Paradox (as private riches increase, public riches decrease) - aquaculture (Jevon's Paradox, fishing down/farming up) - social impacts (winners/losers) winners: larger scale fishing operations (commercial fisheries) losers: indigenous communities and smaller scale fishing operations (traditional sustainable fisheries) shark finning: - cut the shark fin off and discarding the rest of the fish for shark fin soup row stripping: - catching fish and dumping eggs and discarding the rest of the fish couple of solutions people have pursued - regulation (government agencies and they come up with regulations on how much fish you can harvest, when you can fish them, how big they can be) - regulation being an insufficient fix to our problems: failed in the past--based around this commodification system. It doesn't challenge those basic arrangements - another solution: consumer movements - seafood watch two major things: reinbedding social metabolism - community-oriented, distributed to the people who are local - ownership and decision-making--the importance of local knowledge and having local leadership on things - thinking about the goals of the local community as a solution - having fisheries advisory boards - slow food movement/localism/farm to table--better for the environment (lowers CO2 admission from transportation) - slow fish: buying local fish reinbedding science and technology

week 2: tuesday - 9/14/21

Freudenburg, Frickel, and Gramling (1995) think about: - the physical - social world social facts --> Durkheim - separation of the physical environment 4 ways of thinking about this relationship: analytic separation --> where we tend to think the social and physical as two separate things common in college to divide the physical science vs. social science analytic primacy = more important than other things. - a lot of emphasis on one than another Jarad Diamond (writer) = physical determines the social - politics - the very way we shape our society determined by physical environment there are people who go the other direction: - deep constructivism - relativism = philosophical view sociocultural determinism (socially determined) hurricane = social construct (the distinction between tropical storm and hurricane is very tight...there is no actual physical determination, all weather events, but humans put labels on them that have a lot of meaning dualistic balance between physical and social conjoint constitution = wrapped up into one. constant interplay between the two (physical and social) how does physical shape social: - being by the ocean shapes a communities culture and values. social shape physical: social norms for those living near the coast result in a higher consciousness of caring for this environment (sustainability) - less pollution - less littering - more innovation/tech centered around the ocean (offshore wind)

week 3: tuesday 9/21/21

Gould - unthinking - distanciation - disembedding tuck --> unthinking. Throwing the can = out of sight, out of mind distanciation --> the e-waste. We get away from the waste and we separate it out computer and internet connection --> it becomes everything...You can connect to the entire world. However, we disimbedded ourselves and our relationships from everything, to live this virtual/digital world definition of technology (Gould): goes well beyond this computer/digital realm - technology --> "it is how we make stuff and do stuff" any of these physical things that we as humans create history: - industrial revolution affects our relationships - shift of people from countryside to city - shifts the way we think about resources (trade expanded beyond communities) - energy expansion (fuel, etc.) - withdraws from the natural environment increases --> backside of the equation - create more waste and more pollution (addition) agricultural revolution (came before industrial revolution) - agriculture --> people settled down and stayed in one place. Division of labor and making things, it changes how we think about architecture Gould: How does it contribute to offshore wind innovations 3 entitles in making decisions: (pushing things in one direction over another) - universities: science, research, and development - states/government: approval of offshore wind, funding, - corporations: building the actual structures, making a profit Gould final point: our relationship with the outside world are mediated by technology. There are also interests that are pushing certain technology forward and it affects us all Naturework three visions of nature: - humanists (human needs as priority; nature as a resource - organic (erases lines between human and nature) --ecological view, sees human and nature as a system - protectionists (nature as authentic/uncontaminated; to be protected)

week 10: wednesday - 11/10/21

Greenwashing: biospheric values to try to sell certain products who are concerned with those. The notion that portraying certain technologies and products as "green" Treadmill of production: Profit driven, growth driven orientation relates to the environments withdrawals and additives increase (pollution) Important thing: it is this cycle. It is the constant cycle of trying to maintain and grow profit and what those mechanisms are: 2 mechanisms 1. Reduce labor cost 2. Rely on technology Marxist ideology: Longo lead author of the book the Tragedy of the Commodity Taking this approach, the treadmill of production, as it applies to the coastal management of North Carolina Who is really responsible for the treadmill of production? The blame is on capital and the leaders (holders) of wealth in trying to build their wealth...there are other components though. "Growth coalition" grouping of both capital (owners of the capital) along with labor itself (sense that we need economic growth to provide more jobs) The role of the state (government) Allen —> looking at the role of the state (looking at NC and the CRC—looking at a specific case in 2010 NC 2010 = issue the government in NC put together a scientific commission to do a report of climate change and SLR in NC coast. The commission put out a prediction report—saying the state should plan for SLR for this 90 year horizon...well the report came out—there was a huge amount of pushback from ecological development along the coast of NC (concern that it was going to harm economic growth in coastal regions). Tourism/reaction provide a lot for the NC economy—supporting economic growth above environmental regulations Metabolic Rift Theory (Neo-Marxist environmental sociology) Focuses on the idea of the economy, capitalism, and class conflict Metabolic rift = based firmly on the writing of Karl Marx Marx was not talking a whole lot about ecological limits or environmental related stuff Some sociologists to really scourer through Marxists reading to see what he thought about the environment Discovers within writing of agricultural-chemist (Levid) and this concern with industrialization and the environment Looking at society pre-industrial and saying we had these communities where people are living really close to the land, growing food, and consuming it local—and waste of it is kept local (goes back into soil and provides nutrients) Industrialism = Levid says that we are growing all this food from the countryside and shipping it to the cities where its processed and consumed by people then all the waste is staying in the cities and being dumped in the water and we are deleting our soil nutrients—we need to find ways to make up depleted nutrient soil cycle. Intro to technologies...Levid is talking about this cycle and Marx was interested in this...Foster takes these small amount of writing and develops it into an entire theory—and calls it Metabolic Rift Some kind of disruption or break Capitalism disrupt natural systems and there is a cycle that occurs because of that Natural process —> capitalism = pressure and burden on the natural metabolism—> rupture on metabolic process —> then we look at technology to move around/make up disruption —> by doing that, we increase withdrawals and additives into the system —> messes it up even more —> Then we need to look at technology again to fix that distruption Metabolic Rift (apply it to the ocean) ocean has natural cycles—ecology Exchange of CO2 and acidification of the ocean—through industry Addition of plastics and the withdrawals of fish Focusing on particular kinds of species—large predation fish—we distrust the things going on there—heavily depleted stocks Look to technology—bigger boats and ways to approach fishing to catch more and more fishes—fish in different areas, different trophic levels = looking for technology as a way for solving this problem

week 5: thursday - 10/7/21

Oct 11: Organizational profile - choose environmental organization (local, national, global) - 1 paragraph describe organization, key issues, what do they do, scope of work - 1 paragraph about the organization representing one or more of the 7 discursive frames - 1 page submit 11-12 point font = submit vis Brightspace Harrison = make their living in one way, reliant of environmental resources environmental organizations in the global South - not as big, more grass-root US --> big (professional staff) - Sierra Club - GreenPeace - Nature conservancy - Natural Resource Defense Council Global South and Global North = different Lewis --> ecological imperialism - eco-imperialism debt for nature swaps = we have a lot of wealth in the Global North, but the Global South has more debt. This harms their economy, 1990s but also today, organizations would raise money/donations = buy debts if you agree if you set aside acres to preserve. --> colonialism common ties: - colonialism = people from the outside "we will come and "help you," and take up lands, which is similar to buying off debt for land positive intentions but it is still a form of control from the outside.

final review 12/9/21

administrative information - exam = cumulative 1/3 - 1/2 include content from the first half of the semester - post on Tuesday morning - due on midnight of Thursday the 16th human ecology (Bates) a. population - causes of environmental degradation - Malthus established this point of few (essays and graph) - graph: relationship of population (grows in a geometric way--explosion in population) the straight like = resources, our ability to grow food...The growth in population will outstrip the amount of food we can produce for people to eat - classist aspect--only concerned about the poor and uneducated overpopulating (blaming other people for population continues to this day...) - another big theme in population = modernization primarily in post WWII that - technology - health care - affluence (demographic transition) - birth rates stayed high - family planning, education for women, rights to women, and opportunities for women b. I=PAT - impact = population x affluence x technology - times (x) multiplicative because its interactive problems with the IPAT equation: - hard to define impact - very overly simplistic - STIRPAT = statistical point of view - population plays a huge role in terms of the level of impact there is 8. Political economy (Myers) a. world systems theory - international version of treadmill of production - instead of looking at capital/labor, looking at it in terms of an international point of view--has core countries and instead of labor it has periphreal countries and you get this flow of resources to rich from poor and waste to poor from rich b. treadmill of production - cut labor cost--increase technology - produce more and more - constant churning - increase withdrawals and increase additions into the environment c. metabolic rift - nature has a general metabolism--natural cycles, this movement of energy, nutrients and because of our actions capitalism, we break that system--use technology (or find ways to work around) to overcome the issues--create artificial stuff to continue getting benefits All come from Marxist theory and based on class conflict - to sum: profit motive that drive these problems... neoliberal theory (Myers) - reliance on the market, reduce regulation and reduce government involvement a. ecological modernization - 2 parts: descriptive and perspective descriptive = natural transition (things will get "crappy" before they get better--keep the same) - superindustrialization the economy will move beyond this idea of industrial production and into a phase where our economy is based more on intellect (reflective modernity/ reflective modernization, learning and trying to do things better = environmental Kuznets Curve (X = wealth and Y = environmental impacts) - problems = it works "kinda," exporting our problems to other places--makes difficult prescriptive = shift economy to services and away from industrialization...areas where they are trying to encourage biotech, government funding for job training--train them to work in more intellectually drive economies of a neoliberal policy trying to create these sorts of relationships 1- Tragedy of the Commodity a. fisheries history b. tradegy of the commons c ITQs d salmon/tuna case studies (how they fit the Tragedy of the Commodity model) tragedy of the commons: - the idea is that everyone has access to a resource, self interest will drive them to maximize their benefit while distributing cost to the whole group - problem: its a-sociological, it disregards - assumes natural self-interest rather than economy, structure of economy tragedy of the commodity - unsatisfied with the tragedy of the commons argument ITQ = individual transferrable quotas - the idea of privatizing the resource in order to create better management - sometimes it helps sometimes it doesn't - social implications--winners/losers winners: large fishing operations (who can afford these quotas) losers: smaller operations and communities who support these smaller operations (Native Americans) commodification: taking something that had intrinsic value and turning it into surplus value--overuse resource and destroy communities how to improve these issues: - don't do more regulation of fisheries - looking for a whole sale change, more emphasis on smaller communities and those doing the labor and greater relationship between smaller communities and the resources that are there - talking about a revolution first half of the semester: human exemptionalist paradigm - critique of the sociology acts as if humans were exempt from ecological rules or ecological limits environmental values self transcendent values = welfare of others self enhancement values = personal gains environmental movements diverse discourses: - welfare of people - intrinsic value of the environment and others - reform environmentalism : idea that we can have environmental regulation/policy that makes the system work better for everybody...It is more sustainable..the sustainability movement is the reform environmental movement environmental health key concept: dominant epidemiology paradigm: individual behavior and individual choice public: outside factors impacted you. Public responsibility to protect human health This idea that do you have personal or are you exposed against your will and who should be responsible Risk Society lack of trust in science and expertise in the 20th century and this perception we are all at risk Environmental Justice (what makes it the environmental justice and not environmental health) - distribution of cost and benefits associated with the environment - who's health? - and are there some groups bearing a higher risk than others? - energy justice, climate justice, all encompassing here - do some countries bear more cost while others are getting more benefits? - climate justice from an international perspectives: SLR and the impacts on small island nations (characterization: not the main cause, less wealthy countries/areas while larger nations have benefitted and are feeling less or different impacts) storm risks: - physical vulnerability - people are vulnerable geographically - social vulnerability some groups less able to protect from impacts and less resilience--to recover after the impacts

Midterm Review 10/26/21

early days of environmental sociology: social construction of nature idea of ecological feminism (ecofeminism) and this idea that there is a patriarchal view of society (parallels of treatment of gender as well as nature--treatment of control, dominance, etc.) elaborating with the relationship of technology: - idea that technology (everything we do in terms of shaping the physical space and using material goods to do work or to organize ourselves) mediates our relationship between the physical world and nature —> as we become more embedded in this sort of electronic world it separates us out somewhat from the physical world Schartz values (transition from social construction of nature and environmental movements, it starts talking about human priorities) - Inglehart's Post-materialist values wealth, security, income - post materialists values: self actualization, reducing impacts on the environment self enhancement (egoism) --> looking out for your own welfare or welfare of family self transcendence --> thinking about the welfare of others beside yourself (more associated with pro-environmental change) biospheric --> caring about non-humans and the non-human world openness to change --> pro environmental positions traditionalism --> adherence to traditional values everyone has a mixture of these values VBN values, beliefs, norms --> there is a hierarchy - broad structures = values -> influence beliefs (more specific) and -> influence our attitudes which tend to be more specific environmental movements are very diverse deep ecology --> really placing the welfare of nonhumans as the prority and trying to reduce the overall influence of humans and setting wildlife as the overall focus reform environmentalism: the form of environmentalism that most of us are familiar with here in the North. Looking at the whole system and looking at this ecological system and saying that through changing our behaviors, practices, laws and regulations, we can improve the conditions for long-term sustainability. - Save the Bay environmental movements in other countries - global south--developing nations (thinking about the differences between these movements) big name organizations in global north as apposed to global south tied to grassroots issues, environmental justice issues health and risk: McKendrick chapter: environmental health how we understand who is responsible for health dominate epidemiological paradigm (DEP) --> individual risk factors (genetics, behaviors, diet, exercise) - ex: Konan Breast Cancer Action --> looks at the source of disease being toxins, contaminates and sees health as a public issue and looks toward the government for regulations and policies to protect us all Precautionary Principle: manufactures must proof that there products are safe before they can put it out (UK)... Goal is trying to reduce the harmfulness as much as they can York: logic of science vs. the establishment of science we also have the practice of science--largely science is used as a means of production--chemicals/materials to increase profit and quality of life and how it has created some potential harms in society risk society: Rosa McCright, and Renn - look at this world (pre-risk) but once we reached these areas of time 80s-90s, technology accidents = trust for science has gone down risk society this decline of trust in expertise - repercussions: public demand for decision-making (puts science on defensive) environmental justice: the people who are suppose to be protecting us, risk managers - some communities are protected more than others - black communities protected less exposure to certain communities to toxins and industrial facilities - horizontal --> topics covered - vertical --> broader geography even on an international level some countries who experience grader exposure to risk storm risks tied to environmental justice - race, age, gender, class --> imbalance risk in some groups as opposed to others try to be very concise in your answers. You'll do better than long-winded answers. - when they lack confidence in their answer, they put out lots and lots of stuff and get things wrong in added writing ecological imperialism (eco-imperialsims) (Lewis) is this idea that wealthier more advanced countries try to put their values on less powerful and wealthy countries to get them to do environmental things - Galapagos Island example —> idea of colonialism for an environmental reason

week 3: thursday 9/23/21

ecofeminism = deals with causes as well as the consequences of environmental degradation Merchant reading focuses on the causes (foundation of pieces of ecofeminism) Myers = talks more about what are the implications and how are the consequences of what Merchant is talking about, how does it relate to gendered issues. idea of taking feminist ideology and applying that to the environment was popular pre-enlightenment area --> idea of gendering nature (social construct) pre-industrial revolution characteristic of nature as something feminine - the idea of "mother nature" it takes care of us, its nurturing, it gives life, it supports us and it is where we come from, rather than what we should be giving it - feminine earth - nature as this wild unknowable = says a lot about attitudes towards women. The characteristic of nature had two sides nurturing/caring and wild and unpredictable industrial revolution (enlightening and scientific revolution) - how can you take all of these scary and unknowable processes and how can you control/tame them? La Nature se devoilant oi la science nature revealing/unveiling herself before science - women covered in vail revealing.unveiling her bosom - nature is unveiling itself before science. This women (motherly character) is revealing herself to science Merchant sees it as this idea of nature being revealed to science. Nature is Speaking (Julia Roberts as nature) essentalizing women --> stereotyping of what a women is (naturing, caring, protective, beautiful, young) patriarchy women's issues and environmental issues are stemming from the same cause Myers = precautionary consumption. If there are environmental harms out there, we need to make conscious choices, falls mostly on women local ecological knowledge (LEK), imbalance between what is considered knowledge combating environmental problems = "Young mother model of environmentalism" --> start with a young mother that has discovered something bad in the environment (protecting family, health, etc.) --> narrow view of women and the environment

week 10: tuesday - 11/9/21

ecofeminism = rights beyond humans and to the non-living - water - land class via zoom WED Marxist theories of the environment - Marx is considered founder of field of environmental sociology marxist philosophy/political economy perspectives: - how these big structures influence what happens on the ground marxist theory: - historical materialism: looking at social change through an economic lens - movement toward collapse and communist revolution (socialism as interim step) class conflict of capitalism - *capital (Bourgeoise)*: motivated by profit (excess value) - *labor (proletariat)*: provide value to system; unrest when dissatisfied; placated by capital environment? 2 dimensions: - withdrawals (what are we taking from nature to fuel marxist/capitalist system) - additions (pollution/waste, what is being produced and getting back into the environment) Bourgeoise = ruling class who owns most of what is out there, and they are hiring people to be workers to produce things for their benefit...Creating wealth to go back to capital proletarian - always dissatisfied and trying to overcome or become capital themselves Bourgeoise pay labor just enough to keep proletarian from rising up against them government becomes the owner of capital (to disperse) and the people own all the resources through the government = socialism in history we see that some governments have tried this - trying to institute socialist ideas - by-in-large, we are in the state of capitalism class conflict, withdraws and additions = the root of marxist or neomarxist environmental theory treadmill of production - Fred Schaiberd (1980) = coined idea ToP Theory - capital accumulation wealth produced by labor - capital seeks to boost productivity reduce labor cost invest in technology - to maintain profit must increase productive - profits invested to create greater productivity - results in increase in withdrawals and additions make profit: make more stuff or cut labor cost - cutting labor cost is the easiest thing to do increase efficiency: - invest in technology, thus firing workers or paying them less so they do not need to be skilled the cycle of more withdraws, more additions = treadmill of production - only way to continue is to make more stuff (product) - increase withdraws and increase additions treadmill = you keep running and it never stops - a system that is built on this constant growth--produce more, use more resources, put in more additions--describes industrial era - invest in technology = less workers and less pay examples of treadmill of production: agriculture/farming is an example: - fewer farmers working - produce a lot of food/product - focus on technology and reducing the amount of labor needed car production (example) - car production lines run by robots MAF example: fisheries: - technology on boats for fishing - few owners/few boats = take in huge amounts of fish algal blooms in the golf of Mexico = result of additions in Treadmill of Production treadmill of production: - to sum it up: increase withdrawal, increase additions to the environment, and a decrease in labor world systems theory: - responds to modernization (development; green revolution) of 20th century - conflict between Core vs. Periphery - resources (withdraws) flow from periphery to core - wastes (addition) flow from core to periphery where do the resources come from: - come from other countries (low-income countries) - waste goes abroad - core countries = Bourgeoise (richer countries = Global North) - periphery = proletarian (poorer countries/Global South) examples that might show world systems theory: - fishing = global game - rainforest depletion (cutting the rainforest for palm oil fields, orange juice production, agricultural production based) --> most product is being exported ALL Marxist theory = profit motive is what is fueling a system of destruction - few trying to maximize profit at the cost of the majority of people

week 12: tuesday - 11/23/21

ecological footprint: - takes a more holistic approach to environmental impacts - focus on amount of land required to sustain a lifestyle 2.1 hectares/person (5.2 acres/person) is sustainable - can be implemented for individuals as well as nations footprints on the Earth (York 2003) - converts I=PAT to a statistical (regression) model - lots of variables - independent variables used to understand ecological footprint: population, nondependent populations, latitude (weather varies--heating up homes), GDP per capita (wealth/money generated per person), democracy and political tights--idea of modernization, urbanization, human ecological model fit best (IPAT) - population is proportional to impact - larger footprint correlated to productive ages - less dense nations have higher impacts - distance from tropics - higher impacts (need to deal with cold--more energy consumed) - GDP/person increases impacts conclusion: these institutional arrangements, have very little impact on the ecological footprint, as opposed to these more ecological concepts of density, how large population is, and the distribution of population is not just population is a problem in poor nations, but the problem is the higher population in more affluent countries - a question of is it ethical to keep poorer countries poor? Increasing affluence is impacting our planet. Fisheries Footprint (Clark) - "fisheries footprint" and seafood consumption - modernization, human ecology, and treadmill of production - 162 countries from 1961-2012 - populations and GDP as key predictors; also, meat consumption - livestock production is not a predictor - as GDP increases, so does demand for animal protein, but not tied to affluence--cultural shift taking place as well - consistent with treadmill theory, there may be no "limit" to meat consumption

week 11: thursday - 11/18/21

ecological modernization: what policymakers do to achieve this: - invest in technologies York & Rosa (2003) critique of EMT - does it create ecological benefits - does it work everywhere or is limited to specific cases - do improvements in one area lead to more impact elsewhere - do improvements outpace production Clausen and York (2008) - international analysis of threatened fish measure: total number of threatened marine species in each nation findings: no evidence of the "tipping point" (EKC) in fish species; economic growth increases threatened fish species (also population), but urbanization does not have an effect conclusions: data fits more of a political economy framing, dependent variable may be problematic, because of globalization and free trade (pressure on resources might be driven by other nations) other: provides review of other studies that did find evidence of an environmental Kuznets curve what are the drivers of environmental problems? I think it is a combination of different things....Mainly the results of population increase and capitalism also playing a role - globalization (causing pollution--industrial pollution, air and water pollution) solutions: - melting arctic ice (technology submarine creating icebergs) population control: - has been flawed in the may ways its been instituted - education women, access to healthcare and birth control, more opportunities for women, ISO standards = as being sustainable in your operations (business) can be a big boom in your business, particularly in places like Europe where there are much more restrictions dolphin safe tuna was very appreciated by society and important however the dolphin safe label also disproportionately harms other types of marine species

week7: tuesday - 10/19/21

environmental justice frame as well as environmental justice movements and organizations history of environmental justice - 70's and 80's awareness of toxins: notion of there being chemicals in the environment - the idea that it is exposing people to their health - 60's-70's civil rights movement -looking at inequalities in society - who is it that is exposed to these toxins? - early roots about this synthesis of low income black communities - warren county PCB dump siting --> uprise in the community. Why are you putting this site here in a predominately black community? - disproportionate sited in black communities than white communities - 70's and 80's indigenous rights (desecration of sacred sites, polluting, access to fishing) - Clinton --> executive order to look at issues of environmental justice and distribution of environmental harms - "not because of race but because of income" --> even if you control for income and race, studies have shown there is still a correlation to issues associated with race - the question of do you look at outcome or process in this situation? - pyramid--> looking at different criteria. People of color, low income = trigger an extra kind of participation also created organizations to go to when issues arise - reasons = what is about society and the processes that creates these kinds of situations why and how did we end up with this inequitable distribution--people of color who end up in these risky situations and the environment? - colonialism, slavery segregation, culture, never allowed for people of color to really get on their feet and establish themselves, they were always seen in society as substandard six causes of inequitable distribution: non-demographic: - people move in after facilities built (seeking cheap prices of less -desirable property) - environmental white flight (idea of used to be a mixed community and white people leave these communities--happened due to structural after facilities built and some groups--white people had the means to move out leaving out the ones who could not--black people - site attractive for non-demographic reasons (transportation, infrastructure, etc.) demographic issues: - target communities in need of jobs, taxes, and development - target communities less likely/able to resist - blatant racism; target communities of color - distanciation --> if it has to go someplace, but it is not near me, then I do not care/concerned about where it goes--devalue and value to certain groups environmental justice has changed a lot over the last 20 years idea: expansion of the environmental justice frame - horizontal (expansion of issues) --> thinking about EJ beyond the issue of toxins, and thinking about other kinds of issues: - vertical (globalization) --> concern people all over the world. EJ movements in the global south. Also thinking more broadly--EJ crossing boundaries. - conceptual ("human relationships to the non-human world," just sustainabilities) --> distribution of the negatives = who is coming up with negatives, who is enduring these negatives, how do you more equitably distribute these things - who gets the benefits? - who is going to benefit from movements of sustainability? - compensatory justice Justice40 initiative: - 40% of the benefits of new energy initiatives, should go to communities at risk. Poor communities and communities of color (bear more harm, bear more impacts) - focus benefits to these groups to level out the playing field - interesting to see how they actually implement/put it into action - people can manipulate things in the way they should not, so it should be interesting how they go about this initiative.

week 5: tuesday 10/5/21

environmental movements: Taylor article: 3 different historical eras: - pre-movement (1820-1913) - early-movement (1914-1959) - modern: post-Carson (1960-1979) - modern: post Three Mile Island/Love Canal (1980-1997) 4 groups: - middle class white men - middle-class white women - white working class - people of color - new millennium (1997-present) pre-movement (1820-1913): - white middle class men = romanticism wilderness movement - middle class white women = gardens movement - white woking class = exploitation of resources, working in factors with poor conditions - people of color = exploited (enslaved; working in the environment. Poor labor conditions, unsanitary housing) early movement (1914-1959): - white middle class men = protectionism of the environment. Preserving the wilderness, national parks hunting/fishing clubs) - middle-class white women = sanitation movement. Make conditions better for the poor, cleaning things up, etc. A little bit of this wilderness movement. - white working class = unions, as a result of the poor working conditions people faced. More leisure time which also comes from the unions - people of color = civil rights --> working conditions and living conditions modern: post-Carson (1960-1979): - white middle class men = environmental movement--1970 = Earth Day - middle class white women = - white working class = leisure time, quality of life and quality of living becomes a big thing - people of color = quality of living/life. Farm working movement/Native movement modern: post TMI/Love Canal: - middle class white men = toxins and nuclear. A focus on rainforests and endangered species (biodiversity crisis) - middle class white women = ecofeminism - white working class = toxins - people of color = environmental racism and injustice. Concern about the disproportionate of environmental impacts (why are some people getting more pollution than others?) New millennium (1997-present): - middle class white men = climate change/global warming. Sustainability and renewable energy focuses - middle class white women = environmental breast cancer movement bigger issue during this time. Hormone mimics--fertility issues , birth issues/defects - white working class = climate justice - people of color = environmental justice, climate justice Taylor = often times when we think about the environment and the environmental movement, we get caught up on this idea that it is a "white middle class movement"--However, there were things going on with other groups of American--labor conditions, quality of life, sanitation, etc. Studying environmental social movements (Harrison) - discursive frames (narratives) - political opportunity - resource mobilization discursive frames: - Native American Land Rights and Sovereignty - Resource conservation--idea of how do we preserve resources for the use of people. Managing national forests to log them - Wilderness preservation--protection of nature - Reform environmentalism--most common we face nowadays and the modern area. The idea is we are doing things and our action affects the environment which impacts our health, the system, etc. and how can we manage this (environmental laws based around this) - Deep ecology--emphasis is not on people, but it puts nonhumans first. Tries to minimize and eliminate human change on the environment in order to keep things the same - Ecofeminism--how women and the environment our connected (patriarchy) - Environmental justice

week 2: thursday - 9/16/21

history of environmental sociology - largely a agrarian society (most people working in agriculture) - lack of division of labor (if you are a farmer, you are doing a bit of everything) - subsistence level of activity (local trade) - extended family groups (end up doing the same work/jobs) 1500's --> scientific revelation - heliocentric by copernicus industrial revolution - capitalism takes hold of society - subsistence goes away and people begin making more products for increase income - increase air and water pollution from machinery "why are people unhappy in an age of such progress and innovation?" --> sociology roots top sociologists in history: - Marx - Weber - Durkheim social facts --> Durkheim importance: it's a way of legitimizing facts of people, society, etc. We can bring a science of people into the academy as well sociology --> becomes very different and much more diverse (53 in total) sociology has tackled almost everything that society has endured ex: - indigenous people - race - gender - science/technology etc. 1960s and 1970s environmental awareness - cultural events - environmental organizations - policy Silent Spring by Rachel Carson (1962) - writes about ecology and how there are connections between the natural world, if you tug at one thing, it affects something else - focus on pesticides that affect birds negatively 60s --> technology and reporting of environmental crises building cities by rivers/bodies of water because you can discard of waste (not about aesthetic appeal) 1989 --> Exxon oil spill Love Canal (1978) --> chemical dumping in a canal that later the chemicals bubbled up where a school was sitting. Three-Mile-Island (1979) --> nuclear meltdown PA near Harrisburg Human Exemptionalist Paradigm (HEP) - *it's a critique of the field of sociology* itself (that we exempt ourselves in some ways of the problems we are causing) - paradigm = a way of thinking (cultural set of norms and thought) --> idea: sociology exempts environmental issues New Ecological Paradigm (NEP)

week 12: thursday - 12/2/21

larger operators buy the quotas of smaller operators - take out the number of boats = fewer people - more valuable to sell quotas than continue fishing - smaller operations would use technology to reduce cost in order to produce more also to reduce the amount of labor required winners - larger well financed operations losers - smaller fishermen / small operators - quotas are high and the cost of operation is high so its not very good for people who want to get into the field of the fishing industry what about the fish does it work in terms of sustainability of fish stocks - sometimes - depends on how you are managing and how you set the quotas privatization not good for the smaller operators or smaller community of fishermen salmon questions: how has the fishery changed overtime? - went from Native American fishing (which was sustainably managed), smaller fleets going out for canning industry, to big commercial operation, to a decline, to genetically modified/fish farming what class themes do you see? environmental justice theme in the salmon chapter: and the impacts to Native Americans communities in being able to fish in their traditional ways - have a lack of access to the coastline - lack of actual salmon to catch for Native communities - impacted an ability to fish due to ITQs also in smaller fisheries as well - a lot of communities that used to be heavily dependent now local fisheries move elsewhere and communities are depressed from this who are the winners and losers winners: - bigger operations/fisheries losers: - Native communities - smaller fishing operations rift in systems = use technologies to fix issues fisheries: tuna ranging, tuna farming increase access to certain kinds of products - sushi - a lot more people who have access and the means to be able to pay for these kinds of products (rise in the standard of living) pattern seen in the fisheries industry: consolidation of fisheries going to larger and larger owners - also not owned by fishermen anymore ,but investment firms --> see as a for profit industry

week 6: Tuesday - 10/12/21

miasma theory - cloud of bad air biomedical model of disease - individual factors and risks rather than environmental factors influence illness germ theory: Louis Pastore --> pasteurizing = burning to kill germs environmental health movement: - challenge this biomedical model - says the cause of disease and ailment has to do with environmental pollution, toxins, chemicals etc. dominant epidemiological paradigm (DEP) - the beliefs that tend to control things and which people find power the public paradigm (PP) (environmental health paradigm) - focus more on environmental factors York rational empiricism --> idea of empiricism is being important, being able to see things, prove it, and need evidence Decartes --> rationalism: we should not be fooled by what we see 1. repeatable 2. skepticism = logic of science data and evidence from science is the foundation for environmental movements government and corporation = funding universities to do research - can have biases in science for production and science for profit environmentalism thinking about science in two different ways (double edged sword): - we rely on science for our data and evidence - fight science and technology (skeptical) of some of the things science brings to us, in terms of the risk some products bring to people

week 6: Thursday - 10/14/21

midterm exam: - options to choose (pick one pair and explain) - no in person exam - Brightspace - open notes raw shellfish concern: - vibrio --> bacteria that occurs naturally (does it reach a harmful level) = warming waters creates more vibrio, certain times of the year in certain waters - heavy metals --> shellfish pick up on them if they are in the environment, - negatively impacts pregnant women - naturally occurring heavy metals in the environment (in Narragansett bay = industrialization = pollution) historically jewelry in Prov. sewage contamination = e. coli - runoff - illegal dumping from boats - leaking septic systems - open cesspools How much do these things worry you? highest priority sewage: - I do not eat much seafood. - closes beaches (scarbough beach) - contaminates marine environment epidemiology = calculation of numbers (how much of a dose people can take, impacts, what should be allowable. Make decisions based on exposure. public --> what are the risks? How do we manage them? logic of science: what are we exposed to? how much is too much? establishment of science: through production we are exposing people to a lot of things - heavy metals - toxins - chemicals - Chernobyl (1986) - The Challenger - Europe chemical fire near the Rhine river = transition from industrial society to risk society (growing distrust in science and the government) danger is what people are exposed to; risk is danger that people have weighed and chosen to accept. individual level: protecting themselves. If I cant trust these other people to keep me safe, I have to do it myself Risk Perception. Who do you trust? decrease in trust in authorities and experts and with it comes these behaviors. Demands to have more personal choice--"I have done my own research" concept risk perception - identity - exhausting on our mental health (decisions, who you can trust, what info you can trust) history: Rosa, Mccright, and Renn article: - pre-1986: trust in experts and elites (risk assessment) 1986 - Chernbyl disaster., challenger explosion. Rhine River chemical fire - Luhmann's "Ecological Communication" --> experts have no claims to morality; conflict between risk takers vs. risk bearers - Beck's "The Risk Society" --> the widespread exposure to society; full consideration of risk; need for "reflexivity" 1980s and 1990s: science on defense/participatory risk decisions 1990s to now: efforts to achieve balance; politics and division (climate) one and a million increase in death --> criteria used in decision making = people are saying that if it causes one extra death in a million, "it is okay" - morbidity = does it cause other diseases? How healthy are you? quality of life, quality of living? - future birth defects = how do things affect children. Are different people affected differently. --> Leaves out justice and equity - mental health quality of life issues. Stress. How you see yourself

week 11: tuesday - 11/16/21

neoliberalism - big thing in the 1990's and 2000's = talked about it being a fairly dominate political approach - neoliberalism/neoliberal theory = put a lot of emphasis on market and free market - emphasis on markets to bring value to society - the push for small government...If you want the market to flourish, you scale back the role of government..So you have less regulations/policies dominate theory of neoliberal theory = ecological modernization ecological modernization: - response to environmental movement as "demodernization" - focus on industrialization instead of capitalism - descriptive vs. prescriptive approach to EMT "demodernization" --> looking backwards from progress - romanticism of a simply life, less technology 2 views: - descriptive = looking at how it is (describing)--what happens in the world..Also predicting what is going to happen in the future there are people who take tis descriptive approach to ecological modernization - prescriptive = suggesting what people should think and what they should do (prescribing) descriptive EMT - based on the work of Huber (German sociologists) - describes "natural" transition of economy and society industrialization (increased withdrawals and additions) superindustrialism - rise of advanced efficient technology - shift of economy from industrial production to services (everyone gets to go to college, get jobs doing things that are more technical--knowledge economy, do things from your thoughts and ideas. You get passed this idea that people are working in the coal mines and agricultural industry and instead, use their minds to do things and become more efficient "reflexive modernity" = learn from and correct markets - limits role of environmental organizations and government (this idea that the market place is demanding higher environmental quality, thus making government and organizations unnecessary) Kuznet's Curve: inequality (y axis) income per capital (x axis) graph shows a curve - been applied to environmental degradation (Y-axis) - tipping point at the curve, and we get ideas of superindustrialization, reflective modernity, and then we begin to improve the environment this is attractive from a political and economic standpoint because of the idea that you can keep producing and making money and hoe the environment will adjust and "fix itself" what are some thing you can do for advancing ecological modernization? --> - use money--create tax incentives for greener companies and use tax increases against carbon polluters/fossil fuel industries - cap-and-trade policies: proposed particularly around climate change. Pick an area, "put a cap" on the level of emissions. Trade emission permits to other people (benefits from an ecological modernization--make money off of being greener...) - Northeast in a cap and trade system and there is a market system that is going on --> market incentives to create innovation and efficiencies - could invests money into universities for innovations. The idea to create more affordable and efficient energy. - also see this in aquaculture and fisheries - make things easier, get rid of regulations (make it easier to keep moving forward) prescriptive EMT - "a political program" - neoliberal appeal - focus on markets - role of governments? --> draw back on regulation critique of EMT - do institutional improvements lead to ecological improvements? - does modernization work everywhere, or is it limited to a specific example? - do the improvements in one place lead to more impacts elsewhere? (world systems theory, outsource impacts--importing things from other countries/production happening in developing countries) - do improvements outpace production? Jevon's Paradox: - if you make a more efficient heater, that uses less fuel, does it reduce your overall fuel use? -- maybe. It can make it so much more affordable that people end up using more - if you buy a car that takes less gas does that mean you drive less, or do you just get more gas and drive more actually?

week 13: tuesday - 11/30/21

oceans being a problem: overall its challenging to see the issues going on with marine ecosystems below the waves - inherent separation between people and the oceans - majority of people do not live on the coast - not much connection between products--fish and your life and what is going on - difficulty in understanding marine issues as social issues and understand the interactions between people and the oceans pg. 47 ITQ and environmental justice metabolism --> natural processes (the ecology of the system--the flow of energy) metabolic rift: break and tear of these natural processes by capitalism - rely on ecological systems and then must use technology to "fix it" but it creates more problems apply this to the idea of fisheries: history of fishing: - buy in large it is a more local system--artisanal - smaller boats, catching things, and bringing it back to shore in a much more local system - staying relatively close to where they live enlightenment times: - bigger boats and braver - 16th and 17th centuries: people in Europe start branching out more and reaching out to other parts of the world--era of exploration and colonialism - spread out around the world via boat industrial revolution: - transportation changes a lot--enter the steam era - boats get larger and technology advances in terms of seagoing - as well as the processing of fish, canneries, preservatives - increase population - post-WWII era--modernization movement that brings in new technology, improve health care, improve sanitation, rapid increase in population, technology, and affluence - 4 fold increase in catch between 1950-2000 (quadruple the amount of fish we are taking out of the sea) - toxic triad: three factors in terms of fishing, geographic expansion--further offshore and to go beyond other waters, betrametric expansion--expansion of depth, taxonomic expansion--expansion of types of species steep decline in catch of many of the large ocean species that many of our fisheries relied on - total collapse of some species what do we do about this? - 1968 Garret Hardin (ecologist who was concerned about overpopulations, neo Malthusian concern) 6 page article in the journal of science and it is called the tragedy of the commons Hardin tragedy of the commons: no single ownership of something and the presumption of this article is how we have a problem of resources when people have free access and it results in the overuse of these resources - arguing against providing food assistance to poor nations, context of the tragedy of the commons - criticized Adam Smith's invisible hand - uses idea of grazing a herd on a common pasture as a metaphor of relationship with society Tragedy of the Commons: idea that if you give people access to a resource, that there is an incentive for people to continue to withdraw--get the full benefit of withdrawal, but the cost is spread around everyone - notion: people will take what they can if they can spread the cost out to others - end up with more of a problem Hardin's view of human nation: - biologists humans are animals and they have particular responses - humans will always take more than they need--humans as being self interested. If we have the opportunity to take more we will and we cannot be trusted to take care of the commons controversy: a biologist who is trying to explain sociology Hardin presents 2 solutions in the paper: - you can pick a person/agency--the government to tell you what you can and cannot do--socialism - you privatize if you want people to care for a resource, the way that you do this you divide it up to individual owners because then people are responsible for the benefits they take as well as the full cost of their actions regulate or their this has been this idea of ITQ management: MSY and MEY privatizing ITQ (Individual transferable quotas) - private commodity - share-holders the take of that approach to the world by Longo, Clausen and Clark - asociological = not sociological - maybe its about the institution we create the the nature of our economy that is the problem - common property has often been confused of the idea of free access - Lynn Olstrom (first women to win Nobel Peace Prize in economics) = social constraints in the commons. This idea of free access doesn't really happen often. Perhaps Hardin is correct. Also, makes this idea that institutions are natural rather than socially constructed human action based on individual agency or is it that we live in this structure that influence our decision? - sociologists believe in social structure and try to unravel this structure What is a commodity? - pg. 32 (product sold on the market for exchange, rather than there use value (intrinsic value)--a source of profit - "fictitious commodity" "false commodity" - the core of capitalist system - it is something that you are going to trade - it raises this idea of exchange values - use value--what you get out of it is the way that you use it, different than exchange value - exchange value concern of what you can exchange for this product - surplus value: the difference between labor cost and exchange value (profit) - system that is focused on profit fictitious commodity weren't actually being produced for change - the value of the fish comes synonymous with the value you can get from trading it - what has moved fish from a use value to exchange value--surplus value + profit, how has this changed the social systems - as a means to profit and profit accumulation chapter 3: spend time talking about fisheries management

week 7: thursday - 10/21/21

presentation today masceranas: - neoliberalism contributes to environmental justice concerns neoliberalism: - small government. Remove the role and oversight of government within society - free-market, open trade, free trade, less regulation on the government (greatest good for society, having an open and free market --> the market will determine what is good for society) the idea is, if we want a better environment, you open up markets and allow society to move forward and let the market determine masceranas: - market-based systems laissez-faire (let them do, hands off) government resulted in facilities moving in areas of low resistance facilities end up in places were people do not have the political power to prevent (least resistance) - poor - power wealth and social power you can fight to keep things out of neighborhood climate change and natural disasters: assumption and evidence that when you have warmer climate and warmer oceans, stronger storms, more frequent and heavy rains climate change and storms/flooding/natural disasters: how are the environmental justice issues? - people of color or disproportionately impacted - low income communities have a harder time "bouncing back" - elder people have a harder time leaving and they're more resistance to leaving (lack of social connections in their communities) and a more of a challenging time to move disability climate gentrification: as people are unable to build or recover, they move away. Leaving only people of high means to be able to move away small island developing nations and sea level rise = issue of climate refugees wildfires in the west, destroys ecosystems and the ability or not to rebuild from this ability to relocate (opposite of climate gentrification) ability to have nutritious food (food security) - as the climate warms it may be difficult to grow the core crops that may have sustained you and the idea of pests moving in climate: - impacts - mitigation strategies - adaptation impacts: how are people in different groups impacted by climate change ex. SLR in small island nations, increase food poverty - unequal distribution across different groups mitigation strategies and adaption (constant theme in climate change community) mitigation --> how we reduce emissions adaptation --> how we prepare for impacts adaptation strategy --> - elevating building - green spaces question of what areas are getting adaptation projects. Where are you institution adaptation and where are you not? who has access to these technologies: international level some countries are better able to institute technologies - some towns, neighborhoods, and households are better equipped physical vs. social vulnerabilities physical vulnerabilities: - where you are located geographically. Many of those things affect people across the board social vulnerabilities: "preexisting conditions rooted in social inequities that affect potential disaster victim's ability to escape, survive, and/or 'bounce back' from a disaster" This includes, race, class, gender, age, disability, health status in traditionally structured areas - women assume more responsibilities during times of natural disasters - men masculinity and more likely to be risk takers, increase attempts to leave and escape age: - elder people have a hard time leaving due to disabilities and a lack of social connection in their communities to find ways of escaping how can we solve some of these issues: physical vulnerability: - keeping decision processes open - communication social vulnerabilities: - funding - access for people to get out social structures: - living in neighbors check in on each other and now each other, this kind of social capital made a huge different - share spaces with AC - checking up on each other - people taking water and food to people

Week 1 thursday - 9/9/21

syllabus day.