Main Concepts of Chemistry Final Exam
Name all the strong acids
"Can Barry Investigate Nick's case of Pentapox Soon?"
Name all the strong bases
"Killer Rabbits Certainly Love Nibbling Crispy Sweet Bones."
Name all the types of Chemical Bonds and their properties
*unless placed in H2O
subshell s # of orbitals # of electrons
1 2
equivalents to moles
1 mole/# Eq (charge on ion)
calories to grams degree celsius conversion
1.0 cal/g°C
kilo
1000
centi
10^-2
milli
10^-3
micro
10^-6
How many electrons are on an ion with 16 protons and a 2- charge?
18
What is the electron configuration for potassium?
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s1
liters to moles at STP
22.4 L/mole
subshell p # of orbitals # of electrons
3 6
subshell d # of orbitals # of electrons
5 10
subshell f # of orbitals # of electrons
7 14
In an unsaturated solution, which of the following describes the solute? A. Solute is not visible in the sol'n B. Solute is visible as a separate phase in the sol'n C. More solute can NOT dissolve into the sol'n D. Adding solvent will dissolve more solute
A
what is a group?
A column on the periodic table
mixture
A combination of two or more substances that are not chemically combined
Polar Covalent bond
A covalent bond between atoms that differ in electronegativity. The shared electrons are pulled closer to the more electronegative atom, making it slightly negative and the other atom slightly positive. FORMS BETWEEN NONMETALS
heterogeneous mixture
A mixture that is not uniform in composition; components are not evenly distributed throughout the mixture
fission
A nuclear reaction in which a massive nucleus splits into smaller nuclei with the simultaneous release of energy
what is a period?
A row on the periodic table
Unsaturated
A solution that contains less than the maximum amount of dissolved solute in a concentration.
Which compounds will have the highest vapor pressure (lowest boiling temperature)? A Carbon Dioxide (CO2) B. Ammonia (NH3) C. Water (H2O) D. Ethanol (C2H3OH)
A. because it is nonpolar and has the fewest number of carbons (lowest amu)
What are the names of all the functional groups? (12)
AAAATEAKCEAA
What is the conjugate base of acetic acid HC2H3O2? (a weak acid)
Acetate ion C2H3O2-
What is the conjugate base of Ammonium ion NH4+? (a weak acid)
Ammonia NH3
intermolecular
Between molecules (hydrogen bonds)
What is the conjugate base of carbonic acid H2CO3? (a weak acid)
Bicarbonate ion HCO3-
List the three types of structural alkane formulas in order of increasing boiling point.
Branched-chain Alkane, Straight-Chain Alkanes, Cycloalkanes
Name the following alkane: CH3-CH2-CH2-CH3
Butane
What is the correct condensed structural formula of pentane?
CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3
What elements can have triple bonds?
CNOS Calvin never opened Sarah's..
What elements can have double bonds?
CNOSP Clavin Never Opened Sarah's Package
What is the conjugate base of bicarbonate ion HCO3-? (a weak acid)
Carbonate ion CO32-
Name all the compounds that are insoluble in water (plus exceptions)
Charlie please stop hydrating
What type of structure has the highest boiling point?
Cycloalkanes
What is the conjugate base of phosphoric acid H3PO4? (a weak acid)
Dihydrogen phosphate ion H2PO4-
What is the conjugate base of hydroflouric acid HF? (a weak acid)
Flouride ion F-
Ionic Bond
Formed when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another. FORM BETWEEN A METAL AND A NONMETAL
List all the common prefixes of the metric system
Great Monarch King Benjamin (Base) Drank Chocolate Milk Monday Night Perhaps
Name all the compounds that are soluble in water (plus exceptions)
Gus already ate charlie's spicy nachos
In organic molecules, carbon atoms can form bonds with what elements?
How Come Nobody Picks Outrageous Sweets for Candy Basket items?
What is the conjugate base of dihydrogen phosphate ion H2PO4-? (a weak acid)
Hydrogen phosphate ion HPO42-
What is the conjugate base of hydrosulfuric acid H2S? (a weak acid)
Hydrogen sulfide ion HS-
What is the conjugate base of Water H2O? (a weak acid)
Hydroxide ion OH-
Rotation about a bond is not what?
Isomerism
Le Chatelier's Principle: ↑ Concentraton: ↑ Temperature: ↑ Volume/ ↓ pressure:
Le Chatelier's Principle: ↑ Concentration: ↑ [product] = SL & ↑[reactant] =SR ↑ Temperature: Endo = ↑K, SR & Exo = ↓K, SL ↑ Volume/ ↓ pressure: side with more gas
what is the conjugate base of nitrous acid HNO2? (a weak acid)
Nitrite ion NO2-
The Lewis Structure for sulfur dioxide contains?
One double bond, one single bond and twelve nonbonding electrons
What does the Q=mCs∆T equation mean?
Q is the equation to find the new specific heat of a substance. M represents the mass of the substance. Cs represents the specific heat of the substance ∆T is the change in temperature (new-original)
fussion
Smaller nuclei fusing together to form a large nucleus
What is the conjugate base of Hydrogen sulfide ion HS-? (a weak acid)
Sulfide ion S^2-
What is a combustion reaction?
The mixing of alkanes (and similar oxygen containing "CH" groups) with molecular oxygen and an activation energy to produce Carbon Dioxide, Water, and large quantities of heat.
How many types of orbitals are there in the shell with n = 4 in an atom?
The number of orbital types in the shell with n = 4 is n or 4.These are the 4s, 4p , 4d and 4f orbitals.
what is the strongest type of intermolecular force?
There are three different types of intermolecular forces in terms of strength. They are (strongest to weakest) hydrogen bonding, dipole-dipole and Van der Waals' forces
what is the weakest type of bond?
Van der Waals
compound
a combination of two or more different elements that are combined chemically
nonpolar covalent bond
a covalent bond in which the electrons are shared equally by the two atoms
homogeneous mixture
a mixture that is uniform in composition; components are evenly distributed and not easily distinguished
super saturated
a solution containing more solute than can theoretically dissolve at a given temperature
what is a buffer?
a weak acid and its conjugate base
What is a neutralization reaction?
acid + base -> salt + water
Classify each of the following as alcohol, ether, aldehyde, ketone, carboxylic acid, ester, or amine. HO-CH2-CH2-CH3
alcohol
Substituents are numbered and arranged in what order?
alphabetically
Classify each of the following as alcohol, ether, aldehyde, ketone, carboxylic acid, ester, or amine. H3C-CH2-NH2
amine
according to Le Chatelier's Principle, a system will shift ___ whatever is added in order to establish a new equilibrium
away from
saturated
being the most concentrated solution possible at a given temperature
intramolecular
bonding forces that hold the atoms of a molecule together
Alkanes with four or more carbons can have side groups called
branches or substituents
Classify each of the following as alcohol, ether, aldehyde, ketone, carboxylic acid, ester, or amine. H3C-C(=O)-OH
carboxylic acid
The groups attached to a C—C single bond rotate around the bond freely to give different relative structural arrangements called
conformations.
What is the strongest type of bond?
covalent bond
Name the following alkane: square
cyclobutane
as you increase the number of branches, you ___ the boiling point
decrease
As you rise higher in Earth's atmosphere, the atmospheric pressure
decreases
electronegativity trend
decreases from top to bottom in a group; increases from left to right in a period
name the three types of intermolecular forces
dipole-dipole interactions hydrogen bonds london/Van Deer Waals forces *Review Cengage Chapter 7 Practice*
How do you calculate the % (m/m) of a solution prepared by dissolving 15.0 grams of table sugar in 100 mL of water. The density of water is 1.00 g/mL
divide: (part/whole)x100 so... (15g/115g)x100= 13.0%
-"kene" means that there is a
double bond
Classify each of the following as alcohol, ether, aldehyde, ketone, carboxylic acid, ester, or amine. H3C-C(=O)-O-CH3
ester
Classify each of the following as alcohol, ether, aldehyde, ketone, carboxylic acid, ester, or amine. H3C-O-CH2-CH3
ether
What are the two types of structural formulas of alkanes and what are the differences between them?
expanded - shows each bond condensed - shows each carbon atom and the attached hydrogen atoms
The more carbons an alkane has, the ___ the boiling point
higher
what functional group is alcohol?
hydroxyl
Identify as organic or inorganic: CaCl2
inorganic
Identify as organic or inorganic: SiH4
inorganic
Identify as organic or inorganic: has a formula MgCl2
inorganic
Identify as organic or inorganic: high melting point
inorganic
The boiling and melting points of branched alkanes are ___ than straight-chain isomers. Why is this?
lower; because they are more compact
Molarity =
moles/liters
the number of orbitals
n^2 where n=shell number
Identify as organic or inorganic: C3H8
organic
Identify as organic or inorganic: C7H14Cl2
organic
Identify as organic or inorganic: CH3OH
organic
Identify as organic or inorganic: has a formula CH3-CH2-CH3
organic
Identify as organic or inorganic: is flammable
organic
Identify as organic or inorganic: is nonpolar
organic
Identify as organic or inorganic: is not soluble in water
organic
amount of radionuclide after n half-lifes =
original amount of radionuclide x 1/2^n
dipole-dipole forces occur between
polar molecules. the greater the polarity, the stronger the dipole-dipole force
name the types of orbitals
s, p, d and f
what are hydrocarbons with only single bonds called?
saturated hydrocarbons
what are cycloalkanes?
saturated hydrocarbons made up of carbon atoms joined in rings They are named by using the prefix cyclo- before the name of the alkane chain.
↓V↑P =
side with less gas
the weaker the acid, the ___ the Ka
smaller product/reactant weak acids don't dissociate completely less product so smaller ratio
what is the strongest and weakest type of nuclear radiation?
strongest = gamma ray weakest = alpha particle
what is the conjugate base of a sulfate ion HSO4-? (a weak acid)
sulfate ion SO4^2-
each carbon atom has a _____ arrangement
tetrahedral
The rate of any chemical reaction can be determined by observing
the amount of product formed in a unit of time.
what is an oxidation-reduction reaction?
the complete or partial loss of an electron by one substance is accompanied by the gain of that electron by another substance
How do you find the number of electrons in a subshell?
the number of electrons in a subshell (s,p,d,f) is how many electrons are in that subshell for example, f has 7 orbitals so it has 14 electrons
How do you find the number of orbitals?
the number of orbitals in a subshell (s,p,d,f) is the number of electrons in that subshell divided by 2 for example, there are 2 electrons in subshell s so there is one orbital
atomic number
the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom
solvent
the substance in which the solute dissolves; the solvent dissolves the solute
solute
the substance that is dissolved
mass number
the sum of the number of neutrons and protons in an atomic nucleus
-"yne" means that there is a
triple bond
How many equivalents does SO42- have?
two
What is the conjugate base of a hydronium ion H3O+? (a weak acid)
water H2O
London Forces/Dispersion Forces/Van Der Waals are
weak temporary intermolecular forces that occur between an atom or molecule (polar or nonpolar) and another atom or molecule (polar or nonpolar) and are always present
When does Hydrogen bonding occur?
when a hydrogen atom undergoes dipole-dipole attraction to an electronegative atom. Usually, hydrogen bonds occur between hydrogen and fluorine, oxygen, or nitrogen. HFON
what are structural isomers?
when two compounds have the same molecular formula, but differ in the order in which the atoms are bonded
