Main Concepts of Chemistry Final Exam

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Name all the strong acids

"Can Barry Investigate Nick's case of Pentapox Soon?"

Name all the strong bases

"Killer Rabbits Certainly Love Nibbling Crispy Sweet Bones."

Name all the types of Chemical Bonds and their properties

*unless placed in H2O

subshell s # of orbitals # of electrons

1 2

equivalents to moles

1 mole/# Eq (charge on ion)

calories to grams degree celsius conversion

1.0 cal/g°C

kilo

1000

centi

10^-2

milli

10^-3

micro

10^-6

How many electrons are on an ion with 16 protons and a 2- charge?

18

What is the electron configuration for potassium?

1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s1

liters to moles at STP

22.4 L/mole

subshell p # of orbitals # of electrons

3 6

subshell d # of orbitals # of electrons

5 10

subshell f # of orbitals # of electrons

7 14

In an unsaturated solution, which of the following describes the solute? A. Solute is not visible in the sol'n B. Solute is visible as a separate phase in the sol'n C. More solute can NOT dissolve into the sol'n D. Adding solvent will dissolve more solute

A

what is a group?

A column on the periodic table

mixture

A combination of two or more substances that are not chemically combined

Polar Covalent bond

A covalent bond between atoms that differ in electronegativity. The shared electrons are pulled closer to the more electronegative atom, making it slightly negative and the other atom slightly positive. FORMS BETWEEN NONMETALS

heterogeneous mixture

A mixture that is not uniform in composition; components are not evenly distributed throughout the mixture

fission

A nuclear reaction in which a massive nucleus splits into smaller nuclei with the simultaneous release of energy

what is a period?

A row on the periodic table

Unsaturated

A solution that contains less than the maximum amount of dissolved solute in a concentration.

Which compounds will have the highest vapor pressure (lowest boiling temperature)? A Carbon Dioxide (CO2) B. Ammonia (NH3) C. Water (H2O) D. Ethanol (C2H3OH)

A. because it is nonpolar and has the fewest number of carbons (lowest amu)

What are the names of all the functional groups? (12)

AAAATEAKCEAA

What is the conjugate base of acetic acid HC2H3O2? (a weak acid)

Acetate ion C2H3O2-

What is the conjugate base of Ammonium ion NH4+? (a weak acid)

Ammonia NH3

intermolecular

Between molecules (hydrogen bonds)

What is the conjugate base of carbonic acid H2CO3? (a weak acid)

Bicarbonate ion HCO3-

List the three types of structural alkane formulas in order of increasing boiling point.

Branched-chain Alkane, Straight-Chain Alkanes, Cycloalkanes

Name the following alkane: CH3-CH2-CH2-CH3

Butane

What is the correct condensed structural formula of pentane?

CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3

What elements can have triple bonds?

CNOS Calvin never opened Sarah's..

What elements can have double bonds?

CNOSP Clavin Never Opened Sarah's Package

What is the conjugate base of bicarbonate ion HCO3-? (a weak acid)

Carbonate ion CO32-

Name all the compounds that are insoluble in water (plus exceptions)

Charlie please stop hydrating

What type of structure has the highest boiling point?

Cycloalkanes

What is the conjugate base of phosphoric acid H3PO4? (a weak acid)

Dihydrogen phosphate ion H2PO4-

What is the conjugate base of hydroflouric acid HF? (a weak acid)

Flouride ion F-

Ionic Bond

Formed when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another. FORM BETWEEN A METAL AND A NONMETAL

List all the common prefixes of the metric system

Great Monarch King Benjamin (Base) Drank Chocolate Milk Monday Night Perhaps

Name all the compounds that are soluble in water (plus exceptions)

Gus already ate charlie's spicy nachos

In organic molecules, carbon atoms can form bonds with what elements?

How Come Nobody Picks Outrageous Sweets for Candy Basket items?

What is the conjugate base of dihydrogen phosphate ion H2PO4-? (a weak acid)

Hydrogen phosphate ion HPO42-

What is the conjugate base of hydrosulfuric acid H2S? (a weak acid)

Hydrogen sulfide ion HS-

What is the conjugate base of Water H2O? (a weak acid)

Hydroxide ion OH-

Rotation about a bond is not what?

Isomerism

Le Chatelier's Principle: ↑ Concentraton: ↑ Temperature: ↑ Volume/ ↓ pressure:

Le Chatelier's Principle: ↑ Concentration: ↑ [product] = SL & ↑[reactant] =SR ↑ Temperature: Endo = ↑K, SR & Exo = ↓K, SL ↑ Volume/ ↓ pressure: side with more gas

what is the conjugate base of nitrous acid HNO2? (a weak acid)

Nitrite ion NO2-

The Lewis Structure for sulfur dioxide contains?

One double bond, one single bond and twelve nonbonding electrons

What does the Q=mCs∆T equation mean?

Q is the equation to find the new specific heat of a substance. M represents the mass of the substance. Cs represents the specific heat of the substance ∆T is the change in temperature (new-original)

fussion

Smaller nuclei fusing together to form a large nucleus

What is the conjugate base of Hydrogen sulfide ion HS-? (a weak acid)

Sulfide ion S^2-

What is a combustion reaction?

The mixing of alkanes (and similar oxygen containing "CH" groups) with molecular oxygen and an activation energy to produce Carbon Dioxide, Water, and large quantities of heat.

How many types of orbitals are there in the shell with n = 4 in an atom?

The number of orbital types in the shell with n = 4 is n or 4.These are the 4s, 4p , 4d and 4f orbitals.

what is the strongest type of intermolecular force?

There are three different types of intermolecular forces in terms of strength. They are (strongest to weakest) hydrogen bonding, dipole-dipole and Van der Waals' forces

what is the weakest type of bond?

Van der Waals

compound

a combination of two or more different elements that are combined chemically

nonpolar covalent bond

a covalent bond in which the electrons are shared equally by the two atoms

homogeneous mixture

a mixture that is uniform in composition; components are evenly distributed and not easily distinguished

super saturated

a solution containing more solute than can theoretically dissolve at a given temperature

what is a buffer?

a weak acid and its conjugate base

What is a neutralization reaction?

acid + base -> salt + water

Classify each of the following as alcohol, ether, aldehyde, ketone, carboxylic acid, ester, or amine. HO-CH2-CH2-CH3

alcohol

Substituents are numbered and arranged in what order?

alphabetically

Classify each of the following as alcohol, ether, aldehyde, ketone, carboxylic acid, ester, or amine. H3C-CH2-NH2

amine

according to Le Chatelier's Principle, a system will shift ___ whatever is added in order to establish a new equilibrium

away from

saturated

being the most concentrated solution possible at a given temperature

intramolecular

bonding forces that hold the atoms of a molecule together

Alkanes with four or more carbons can have side groups called

branches or substituents

Classify each of the following as alcohol, ether, aldehyde, ketone, carboxylic acid, ester, or amine. H3C-C(=O)-OH

carboxylic acid

The groups attached to a C—C single bond rotate around the bond freely to give different relative structural arrangements called

conformations.

What is the strongest type of bond?

covalent bond

Name the following alkane: square

cyclobutane

as you increase the number of branches, you ___ the boiling point

decrease

As you rise higher in Earth's atmosphere, the atmospheric pressure

decreases

electronegativity trend

decreases from top to bottom in a group; increases from left to right in a period

name the three types of intermolecular forces

dipole-dipole interactions hydrogen bonds london/Van Deer Waals forces *Review Cengage Chapter 7 Practice*

How do you calculate the % (m/m) of a solution prepared by dissolving 15.0 grams of table sugar in 100 mL of water. The density of water is 1.00 g/mL

divide: (part/whole)x100 so... (15g/115g)x100= 13.0%

-"kene" means that there is a

double bond

Classify each of the following as alcohol, ether, aldehyde, ketone, carboxylic acid, ester, or amine. H3C-C(=O)-O-CH3

ester

Classify each of the following as alcohol, ether, aldehyde, ketone, carboxylic acid, ester, or amine. H3C-O-CH2-CH3

ether

What are the two types of structural formulas of alkanes and what are the differences between them?

expanded - shows each bond condensed - shows each carbon atom and the attached hydrogen atoms

The more carbons an alkane has, the ___ the boiling point

higher

what functional group is alcohol?

hydroxyl

Identify as organic or inorganic: CaCl2

inorganic

Identify as organic or inorganic: SiH4

inorganic

Identify as organic or inorganic: has a formula MgCl2

inorganic

Identify as organic or inorganic: high melting point

inorganic

The boiling and melting points of branched alkanes are ___ than straight-chain isomers. Why is this?

lower; because they are more compact

Molarity =

moles/liters

the number of orbitals

n^2 where n=shell number

Identify as organic or inorganic: C3H8

organic

Identify as organic or inorganic: C7H14Cl2

organic

Identify as organic or inorganic: CH3OH

organic

Identify as organic or inorganic: has a formula CH3-CH2-CH3

organic

Identify as organic or inorganic: is flammable

organic

Identify as organic or inorganic: is nonpolar

organic

Identify as organic or inorganic: is not soluble in water

organic

amount of radionuclide after n half-lifes =

original amount of radionuclide x 1/2^n

dipole-dipole forces occur between

polar molecules. the greater the polarity, the stronger the dipole-dipole force

name the types of orbitals

s, p, d and f

what are hydrocarbons with only single bonds called?

saturated hydrocarbons

what are cycloalkanes?

saturated hydrocarbons made up of carbon atoms joined in rings They are named by using the prefix cyclo- before the name of the alkane chain.

↓V↑P =

side with less gas

the weaker the acid, the ___ the Ka

smaller product/reactant weak acids don't dissociate completely less product so smaller ratio

what is the strongest and weakest type of nuclear radiation?

strongest = gamma ray weakest = alpha particle

what is the conjugate base of a sulfate ion HSO4-? (a weak acid)

sulfate ion SO4^2-

each carbon atom has a _____ arrangement

tetrahedral

The rate of any chemical reaction can be determined by observing

the amount of product formed in a unit of time.

what is an oxidation-reduction reaction?

the complete or partial loss of an electron by one substance is accompanied by the gain of that electron by another substance

How do you find the number of electrons in a subshell?

the number of electrons in a subshell (s,p,d,f) is how many electrons are in that subshell for example, f has 7 orbitals so it has 14 electrons

How do you find the number of orbitals?

the number of orbitals in a subshell (s,p,d,f) is the number of electrons in that subshell divided by 2 for example, there are 2 electrons in subshell s so there is one orbital

atomic number

the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom

solvent

the substance in which the solute dissolves; the solvent dissolves the solute

solute

the substance that is dissolved

mass number

the sum of the number of neutrons and protons in an atomic nucleus

-"yne" means that there is a

triple bond

How many equivalents does SO42- have?

two

What is the conjugate base of a hydronium ion H3O+? (a weak acid)

water H2O

London Forces/Dispersion Forces/Van Der Waals are

weak temporary intermolecular forces that occur between an atom or molecule (polar or nonpolar) and another atom or molecule (polar or nonpolar) and are always present

When does Hydrogen bonding occur?

when a hydrogen atom undergoes dipole-dipole attraction to an electronegative atom. Usually, hydrogen bonds occur between hydrogen and fluorine, oxygen, or nitrogen. HFON

what are structural isomers?

when two compounds have the same molecular formula, but differ in the order in which the atoms are bonded


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