MAN 4701 Chapters 15, 16 and 18 Study Plan

While there is some disagreement about what an international clothing company stands for among its​ workers, there is a set of values a significant majority of workers believe in. This best describes which of the​ following? A. A dominant organization culture B. A code of conduct C. An organization subculture D. A clan culture E. A cultural artifact

A. A dominant organization culture

What is the primary reason that managers in the future will be challenged with changing their​ organizations? A. A rising trend among organizations to compete in the global business arena B. A severe deficit of skills and experience in the available talent pool C. A need for differentiation in the marketplace D. Constantly changing technology E. Increasing government regulations on​ profit-seeking organizations

A. A rising trend among organizations to compete in the global business arena

______________ emphasizes the needs people develop through life experiences. A. Acquired needs theory B. Expectancy theory C. Needs-goal theory D. The maturity-immaturity continuum E. Theory X

A. Acquired needs theory

Which of the following is the most basic motivation strategy for​ managers? A. Managerial communication B. Job enlargement C. Monetary incentives D. Behavior modification E. Job design

A. Managerial communication

Which of these helps employees understand why their organization​ exists? A. Mission statement B. Values statement C. Code of conduct statement D. Vision statement E. Organization culture

A. Mission statement

Which of these describes a method in which leaders view helping followers in their quests to satisfy personal​ needs, aspirations, and interests as their main​ priority? A. Servant leadership B. Transformational leadership C. Level 5 leadership D. Coaching E. Authentic leadership

A. Servant leadership

Which of the following concentrates on the personal and natural development of individuals to explain human​ needs? A. The maturity-immaturity continuum B. Theory X C. Needs-goal theory D. Acquired needs theory E. Expectancy theory

A. The maturity-immaturity continuum

Rhonda is a leader who has a leadership style where she is skilled at clearly outlining goals and what needs to be done. This fits with the​ Fiedler's Contingency theory factor of​ _______. A. task structure B. leader-member relations C. consideration D. life cycle stage E. position power

A. task structure

Which of the following is a characteristic of the Porter-Lawler theory of​ motivation? A. ​Self-actualization needs B. Intrinsic and extrinsic rewards C. Perceived inequities D. Growth needs E. Motivation strength

B. Intrinsic and extrinsic rewards

Which of the following is NOT a leadership behavior according to the Tannenbaum and Schmidt leadership​ continuum? A. The manager makes the decision and announces it. B. The manager shows by example what constitutes appropriate behavior. C. The manager​ "sells" the decision. D. The manager defines the limits and asks the group to make a decision. E. The manager presents the​ problem, gets​ suggestions, and then makes the decision.

B. The manager shows by example what constitutes appropriate behavior.

​Google's culture is known for its flexibility and innovation with a focus on customer needs. Based on this​ description, Google would appear to have​ a(n) _______ culture. A. hierarchy B. adhocracy C. clan D. competitive E. market

B. adhocracy

A type of organizational culture characterized by a strong internal emphasis with a high level of flexibility and autonomy is known as​ a(n) ___________ culture. A. market B. clan C. hierarchy D. adhocracy E. competitive

B. clan

Organizational myths and language are examples of​ ______________. A. organizational ceremonies B. cultural artifacts C. organizational rewards D. organizational sagas E. organizational storytelling

B. cultural artifacts

Which of the following is a process theory of​ motivation? A. ​McClelland's acquired needs theory B. Theory X-Theory Y C. Needs-goal theory D. ​Maslow's hierarchy of needs E. ​Alderfer's ERG theory

C. Needs-goal theory

​______________ is a set of shared values that employees have about what the organization does and how it does it. A. An organization subculture B. A code of conduct C. Organization culture D. Organizational commitment E. A cultural artifact

C. Organization culture

The idea that each instance of leadership is different and requires a unique set of​ leaders, followers, and leadership situations is known as the​ ______________. A. behavioral approach B. life cycle theory C. situational approach D. transformational approach E. trait approach

C. situational approach

Which of these issues is primarily emphasized in​ leading? A. Analytical B. Diagnostic C. Abstract D. Cognitive E. Behavioral

E. Behavioral

Which type of leadership inspires organizational success by profoundly affecting​ followers' beliefs in what an organization should​ be, as well as their​ values, such as justice and​ integrity? A. Servant B. Level 5 C. Authentic D. Coaching E. Transformational

E. Transformational

A(n) _______________culture is characterized by a high degree of flexibility and discretion along with a strong internal focus. A. hierarchy B. adhocracy C. market D. domestic E. clan

E. clan

The​ ___________ leader identifies inappropriate behavior in followers and suggests how they might correct that behavior. A. transformational B. servant C. level 5 D. authentic E. coaching

E. coaching

The notion that effective leaders must change their leadership styles as they come across different situations is known as​ ________. A. transformational leadership B. supportive behavior C. consideration behavior D. authentic leadership E. leader flexibility

E. leader flexibility

Quentin works hard at his fast food job because he wants the money the job pays. This is an example of​ a(n) ___________ reward. A. intrinsic B. safety C. social D. extrinsic E. esteem

D. extrinsic

Which of the following refers to moving employees from one task to another rather than having them perform one simple and specific job over the​ long-term? A. Job specialization B. Job enrichment C. Job rotation D. Job actualization E. Job enlargement

C. Job rotation

The process of directing the behavior of others toward the accomplishment of an objective is known as which of the​ following? A. Planning B. Controlling C. Delegating D. Leadership E. Organizing

D. Leadership

Which leadership theory or approach is based on the assumption that a good leader is​ born, not​ made? A. Situational approach B. Life cycle theory C. ​Path-goal theory D. Trait approach E. Authentic leadership

D. Trait approach

​______________ is the inner state that primarily causes an individual to behave in a way that ensures the accomplishment of some goal. A. Feeling B. Stress C. Awareness D. Consideration E. Motivation

E. Motivation

A large manufacturing company has a culture that focuses on stability and control. It also focuses most on its own​ employees, providing them extensive training and closely monitors them. Based on this​ description, this company appears to have​ a(n) _______ culture. A. hierarchy B. market C. clan D. competitive E. adhocracy

A. hierarchy

Analyzing an​ individual's perceived fairness of an employment situation and finding that perceived inequities can lead to changes in behavior describes​ __________. A. expectancy theory B. equity theory C. Theory X D. Theory Y E. needs-goal theory

B. equity theory

Which of these best explains why people act as they​ do? A. Perception B. Leadership C. Personality D. Behavior E. Motivation

E. Motivation

A set of shared values that employees in an organization possess regarding the working and existence of their organization is known as​ ___________. A. organization culture B. organization subculture C. their values statement D. organization socialization E. a cultural artifact

A. organization culture

What theory of leadership is based on two important​ premises: organizational decisions should be of high quality and subordinates should accept and be committed to organizational decisions that are​ made? A. ​Path-goal theory B. ​Vroom-Yetton-Jago model C. Leadership continuum D. Transformational leadership E. Ohio State studies

B. ​Vroom-Yetton-Jago model

Company B has multiple branches all over the world. The Switzerland branch is quite isolated from the rest of the company and has formed its own set of values and beliefs separate from the rest of the company. This best describes which of the​ following? A. A cultural artifact B. An organization subculture C. A clan culture D. Organizational commitment E. A code of conduct

B. An organization subculture

Which of the following is a theory of motivation that emphasizes​ people's internal​ characteristics? A. ​Needs-goal theory B. Content theory C. Expectancy theory D. Equity theory E. Process theory

B. Content theory

A​ person's degree of desire to perform a behavior is called​ _____________. A. expectancy B. motivation strength C. positive reinforcement D. job enrichment E. the hierarchy of needs

B. motivation strength

Early leadership research that assumed a good leader is​ born, not​ made, is known as the​ _______. A. life cycle theory B. trait approach C. contingency theory D. behavioral approach E. ​path-goal theory

B. trait approach

According to the Ohio State University​ studies, leader behavior falls into two main​ types: ______________ behavior and​ ______________ behavior. A. ​achievement-oriented, participative B. ​structure; consideration C. ​consideration; directive D. ​directive; supportive E. ​job-centered; employee-centered

B. ​structure; consideration

Which of these emphasizes how people are motivated and the steps that occur when someone is​ motivated? A. Content theory of motivation B. Hierarchy of needs theory C. Acquired needs theory D. Process theory of motivation E. ERG theory

D. Process theory of motivation

Which term describes an occurrence in which the more leaders believe their subordinates can​ achieve, the more they do​ achieve? A. Authentic leadership B. ​Path-goal leadership C. Leader flexibility D. Pygmalion effect E. ​Job-centered behavior

D. Pygmalion effect

A(n) _______ culture places emphasis on flexibility and discretion along with an external focus. A. market B. hierarchy C. clan D. adhocracy E. global

D. adhocracy

According to​ Alderfer's motivation​ theory, what are the three basic categories of​ needs? A. ​Social, esteem, security B. ​Physiological, safety,​ self-actualization C. ​Expectancy, motivation, equity D. ​Growth, relatedness, existence E. ​Motivation, rewards, security

D. ​Growth, relatedness, existence

Whereas a​ _______ ensures completion of​ tasks, a​ _______ cares about and focuses on the people who do the job. A. ​leader; manager B. ​follower; leader C. ​manager; leader D. ​stockholder; stakeholder E. ​leader; follower

C. ​manager; leader

Samantha uses her moral beliefs to make decisions and shares her values with others. She is demonstrating which type of​ leadership? A. Coaching B. Servant C. Level 5 D. Authentic E. Transformational

D. Authentic

Which term describes the practice of guiding the behavior of others toward the accomplishments of an​ objective? A. Leadership B. Managing C. Control D. Organizing E. Planning

A. Leadership

In a marketing​ firm, workers are allowed to schedule the hours they start and end work as long as work is appropriately completed. This is an example of​ _______. A. flextime B. monetary incentives C. job rotation D. behavior modification E. Theory X

A. flextime

​A(n) _____________ culture reflects values that accentuate​ stability, control, and an external focus. A. extrinsic B. market C. adhocracy D. hierarchy E. clan

B. market

Which of the following is one of the steps managers can take to help create an organization culture that yields high​ performance? A. Linking work to employee preferences B. Protecting jobs at any cost C. Leading as champions D. Building a​ command-and-control structure E. Building a hierarchy of authority

C. Leading as champions

Kate gets significant enjoyment from interacting with her​ co-workers and feels she has strong interpersonal relationships with them. According to​ Alderfer's ERG​ Theory, this example involves Kate primarily fulfilling which​ need? A. Existence need B. Growth need C. ​Self-actualization need D. Relatedness need E. Esteem need

D. Relatedness need

Leadership that educates followers on how to meet the special organizational challenges they face is known as​ _________. A. professional will B. servant leadership C. coaching D. transformational leadership E. supportive behavior

C. coaching

In order to lessen the boredom that his employees​ feel, Steve is going to increase the number of parts each employee assembles to allow for more variety in the job. This is an example of which job design​ strategy? A. Monetary incentives B. Job enlargement C. Flextime D. Positive reinforcement E. Behavior modification

B. Job enlargement

Which of the following is a theory developed to help managers better understand human​ needs? A. ​Likert's management systems B. ​Vroom's expectancy theory C. ​Alderfer's ERG theory D. Needs-goal theory E. Behavior modification

C. ​Alderfer's ERG theory

Blair Service wants its managers to be leaders. Which of the following behaviors best fits with being a leader versus being a​ manager? A. Systematically choosing goals. B. Having concern for workers as people. C. Developing organizational strategies. D. Rewarding employees for high performance. E. Designing organization systems in a rational manner.

B. Having concern for workers as people.

Organization​ __________ reflect(s) the dedication of organization members to uphold the values of the organization and to make worthwhile contributions to fulfilling organizational purpose. A. socialization B. commitment C. sagas D. symbols E. storytelling

B. commitment

Wilson Industries trains managers to understand what it takes for employees to be high performers. Managers learn how to direct and advise employees in ways to increase performance and reach goals. Which step in building a​ high-performance organization culture does this best​ represent? A. Holding managers accountable B. Building a hierarchy of objectives C. Recognizing and rewarding D. Investing in talent E. Leading as champion

A. Holding managers accountable

Taylor is the CEO of a large corporation. She is very modest about her accomplishments and is committed to building the​ long-term success of her company. She is demonstrating which type of​ leadership? A. Level 5 B. Servant C. Transformational D. ​Path-goal E. Leader flexibility

A. Level 5

Which of the following is one of the primary types of leader behavior according to the​ path-goal theory of​ leadership? A. Initiating structure B. Directive behavior C. ​Employee-centered behavior D. Consideration E. ​Job-centered behavior

B. Directive behavior

Which of the following refers to growing the number of tasks an individual does in order to improve his or her satisfaction with​ work? A. Job rotation B. Job enlargement C. Job specialization D. Job actualization E. Job enrichment

B. Job enlargement

A​ mini-culture within an organization which reflects the values and beliefs of a specific segment of an organization is called​ a(n) _________________ A. adhocracy culture B. organization subculture C. clan culture D. hierarchy culture E. dominant organization culture

B. organization subculture

Which of the following involves leaders who are acutely aware of their own and​ others' moral perspectives and who are​ confident, hopeful,​ optimistic, resilient, and of high moral​ character? A. Stewardship B. Transformational leadership C. Authentic leadership D. Level 5 leadership E. Servant leadership

C. Authentic leadership

The leadership studies conducted at the University of Michigan identified two basic types of leader​ behavior: _________ behavior and​ _______ behavior. A. ​achievement-oriented; directive B. ​structure; consideration C. ​achievement-oriented; participative D. ​job-centered; employee-centered E. ​directive; supportive

D. ​job-centered; employee-centered

Which of the following would LEAST likely help a manager to build an organization culture that yields high​ performance? A. Investing in talent B. Leading as champion C. Building customer loyalty D. Tracking and talking about performance E. Linking work to organization mission

C. Building customer loyalty

Jason always tries to discover the facts in what is said and the feelings and emotions behind what is said. Jason is exhibiting which of these coaching leader​ behaviors? A. Showing patience toward people B. Empowering employees to act on visions creatively C. Listening closely D. Giving emotional support E. Showing by example what constitutes appropriate behavior

C. Listening closely

The OSU studies concluded there were two main types of leader behavior. They are known as which of the​ following? A. ​Employee-centered behavior and​ job-centered behavior B. Relationship behavior and task behavior C. Structure behavior and consideration behavior D. Directive behavior and supportive behavior E. Maturity and structure

C. Structure behavior and consideration behavior

The dimension of organization culture that places an emphasis on applying new ideas to improve organizational​ processes, products, or services is known as the​ _______ dimension. A. diversity B. quality C. innovation D. spirituality E. ethics

C. innovation

Which of the following refers to the top level of​ Maslow's hierarchy that focuses on maximizing an​ individual's potential? A. Esteem needs B. Safety needs C. ​Self-actualization needs D. Physiological needs E. Social needs

C. ​Self-actualization needs

A successful coaching leader is characterized by many different kinds of behavior. Which of the following is NOT one of these​ behaviors? A. Listens closely B. Shows by example what constitutes appropriate behavior C. Shows patience toward people D. Empowers employees to act on visions creatively E. Gives emotional support

D. Empowers employees to act on visions creatively

Which term describes a culture with internal focus along with an emphasis on stability and​ control? A. Adhocracy culture B. Clan culture C. Intrinsic culture D. Hierarchy culture E. Market culture

D. Hierarchy culture

Which leadership approach takes into account follower​ maturity, leader task​ behavior, and leader relationship​ behavior? A. Contingency theory B. ​Path-goal theory C. Trait approach D. Life cycle theory E. Behavioral approach

D. Life cycle theory

Coach Smith tries to drill into her athletes that the team wins and loses together. There are no individual​ players, only the team. She is demonstrating which characteristic of an effective​ coach? A. Listening skills B. ​Self-confidence and emotional stability C. Empathy D. Noncompetitiveness with team members E. Enthusiasm for people

D. Noncompetitiveness with team members

Marie is a motivation researcher who focuses her attention on the steps that take place when a person is motivated. This best fits with which motivation theory basic​ type? A. ERG theory B. Intrinsic motivation theory C. ​Needs-goal theory D. Process theory E. Content theory

D. Process theory

According to Tannenbaum and​ Schmidt, which of the following is a force in a manager that influences​ his/her determination of which leadership behavior to use in making​ decisions? A. The effectiveness of a group B. The time available to make a decision C. The type of organization in which the leader works D. The level of confidence in subordinates E. The necessary knowledge and experience to deal with a problem

D. The level of confidence in subordinates

Rachel is giving her employees significant input into a decision because she is confident they can succeed and have relevant skills. According to the Tannenbaum and Schmidt leadership​ continuum, this best fits with which type of forces that determine leadership behavior in making​ decisions? A. forces in subordinates B. transformational leadership C. forces in the situation D. forces in the manager E. directive forces

D. forces in the manager

Derrick is trying to convince his employer that a stronger organizational culture would help the organization. Which of the following is NOT a major function of having a strong organization​ culture? A. An organization culture can enhance productivity B. An organization culture can act as a guideline for making operational decisions C. An organization culture provides a rationale for staffing D. An organization culture can be a component of organizational strategy E. An organization culture can make business success easier

E. An organization culture can make business success easier

A document that discusses an​ organization's core values and advises how employees should act in relation to those values is referred to as which of the​ following? A. Ethics code B. A values statement C. Mission statement D. Whistleblower policy E. Code of conduct

E. Code of conduct

When an organization increases the importance of performance rewards and goal​ setting, this is an example of which function of organization​ culture? A. Organizational strategy B. Organizational competency C. Organizational commitment D. Operational decision making E. Organizational productivity

E. Organizational productivity

Which leadership theory focuses on how much participation to allow subordinates in the​ decision-making process? A. The trait approach B. ​Path-goal theory C. Life cycle theory D. Participative behavior E. The​ Vroom-Yetton-ago model

E. The​ Vroom-Yetton-ago model

If John is able to get his employees to act in a certain​ manner, and follow a new course of action in his​ department, it is an example of​ _________. A. planning B. controlling C. coercing D. organizing E. directing

E. directing

Jesse feels personal satisfaction when he mows his elderly​ neighbor's yard. This satisfaction comes directly from performing the task and is known as​ a(n) ___________ reward. A. extrinsic B. safety C. achievement D. ​self-actualized E. intrinsic

E. intrinsic

The strength to take actions that are consistent with moral beliefs despite​ pressures, either inside or outside of the​ organization, to do otherwise is known as​ ______________. A. servant leadership B. professional will C. Level 5 leadership D. personal humility E. moral courage

E. moral courage

The inner state of a person that causes them to behave in a way that guarantees the accomplishment of a goal is known as​ ________. A. ​self-actualization B. equity C. job enrichment D. growth E. motivation

E. motivation

In the Tannenbaum and Schmidt leadership​ continuum, managers displaying leadership behaviors that are more democratic are known as which of the​ following? A. ​People-centered B. Directive leaders C. ​Job-centered D. ​Boss-centered E. ​Subordinate-centered

E. ​Subordinate-centered

In which step of building a​ high-performance organization culture would a manager encourage employees to set​ goals, monitor progress towards goal​ attainment, and take corrective​ action, if​ necessary? A. Track and talk about performance B. Lead as champion C. Recognize and reward D. Build a hierarchy of objectives E. Invest in talent

A. Track and talk about performance

_________ combines personal humility with an intense will to build​ long-range organizational success. A. Transformational leadership B. Level 5 leadership C. Authentic leadership D. Servant leadership E. Coaching

B. Level 5 leadership

Which of the following suggests​ that, because each instance of leadership is​ different, it requires a unique combination of​ leaders, followers, and​ behaviors? A. Authentic leadership B. Situational leadership C. Transformational leadership D. Pygmalion effect E. ​Path-goal theory of leadership

B. Situational leadership

Marla is a transformational leader in the logistics company she works for. Which leader behavior below best supports the idea she is a transformational​ leader? A. She has subordinates focus attention on improving their skills in current work practices B. She gives bonuses for quality work C. She promotes learning for all organization members D. She makes sure that professionalism is the main value of all employees E. She rarely fires an employee

C. She promotes learning for all organization members

____________ is an explanation of motivation that emphasizes​ individual's internal characteristics focusing on understanding​ needs, and how those needs can be met. A. Needs-goal theory B. Equity theory C. Process theory of motivation D. Content theory of motivation E. Expectancy theory

D. Content theory of motivation

According to​ Likert's management systems​ strategy, which of the following best characterizes a System 2 style of​ management? A. A lack of confidence or trust in subordinates B. Information flowing​ upward, downward, and horizontally C. Complete trust and confidence in subordinates D. ​Substantial, though not​ complete, confidence in subordinates E. A condescending ​master-to-servant-style confidence and trust in subordinates

E. A condescending ​master-to-servant-style confidence and trust in subordinates

According to the​ Vroom-Yetton-Jago Model, when a manager shares the situation with individual subordinates and asks for information and​ evaluation, subordinates do not meet as a​ group, and the manager alone makes the​ decision, the decision style is said to be​ ________. A. AI B. GII C. CII D. AII E. CI

E. CI

Which term refers to the shared values about an organization held by the majority of organization​ members? A. Cultural artifacts B. Dominant organization culture C. Organization subculture D. Organization commitment E. Code of conduct

B. Dominant organization culture

According to Fred​ Fielder's contingency theory of​ leadership, there are three primary factors that should be considered when moving leaders into situations appropriate for their leadership​ styles: __________,​ __________, and​ __________. A. professional​ will, moral​ courage, coaching B. ​leader-member relations, task​ structure, position power C. leader​ flexibility, directive​ behavior, personal humility D. ​support, participation, achievement E. ​intelligence, past​ achievement, emotional maturity

B. ​leader-member relations, task​ structure, position power

According to Frederick​ Herzberg, the two factors that influence the degree to which workers are satisfied or dissatisfied with the job are​ ___________ and​ ____________ factors. A. ​punishment; reward B. ​existence; growth C. ​hygiene; motivating D. ​power; achievement E. ​equity; expectancy

C. ​hygiene; motivating

Anita wants to improve the efficiency of her​ department's use of resources beyond their current goals. She is very concerned with the success of her department. She wants all of her employees to exceed their goals because she wants everyone to constantly strive to reach higher. According to​ McClelland, Anita most likely has which of the​ following? A. A low need for affiliation B. A low need for achievement C. A low need for power D. A high need for achievement E. A high need for affiliation

D. A high need for achievement

Being willing to listen and trying to understand another​ person's point of view exemplifies which characteristic of an effective​ coach? A. Minimum hostility toward people B. Enthusiasm for people C. Noncompetitiveness with team members D. Empathy E. Diplomacy and tact

D. Empathy

Zack tries to see the good in all of his subordinates. This is an example of which characteristic of an effective​ coach? A. Noncompetitiveness B. Diplomacy and tact C. ​Self-confidence and emotional stability D. Enthusiasm for people E. Insight into people

D. Enthusiasm for people

John is a manager who exhibits many workplace behaviors focused on how well subordinates perform their jobs. In the leader behaviors identified in the Michigan​ studies, these types of behaviors are known as​ _______. A. supportive behavior B. ​employee-centered behavior C. leadership style D. ​job-centered behavior E. structure behavior

D. ​job-centered behavior

Kathryn feels she is underpaid for the job that she performs at Ballston Industries. Because of​ this, she has decided to seek a new position with better pay and benefits. This is an example of which motivation​ theory? A. ​Needs-goal theory B. ERG theory C. Expectancy theory D. ​Porter-Lawler theory E. Equity theory

E. Equity theory

Steven is CEO of a large firm and he is involved in explaining how practices that build organizational culture need to be changed. He has talked to people at all levels of the organization. Which step in building a​ high-performance organization culture does this best​ represent? A. Holding managers accountable B. Investing in talent C. Building a hierarchy of objectives D. Recognizing and rewarding E. Leading as champion

E. Leading as champion

Which statement about management and leadership is most likely​ TRUE? A. Managing is easier than leading. B. Managing is more important than leading. C. Managing is more focused in scope when compared to leading. D. Managing and leading are synonyms for one another and can be used interchangeably. E. Managing is broader in scope than leading.

E. Managing is broader in scope than leading.

Which of these is FALSE about organization​ culture? A. Organization culture is the personality of the organization. B. Organization culture has dimensions such as organization​ rituals, special​ language, norms, and habits. C. The actual characteristics of a particular culture are often difficult to define. D. Organization culture is a set of values that organization members share regarding the functioning and existence of their organization. E. Organization culture is usually established all at once by a manager.

E. Organization culture is usually established all at once by a manager.

Gary works hard to help his followers reach their dreams and aspirations. He is​ a(n) ______________ leader. A. authentic B. coaching C. transformational D. level 5 E. servant

E. servant

The Disney Company uses Mickey Mouse in much of its materials and buildings to help represent the important family friendly element of the company. This is an example of​ a(n) ______________. A. organizational saga B. organizational ceremony C. organizational storytelling D. organizational reward E. organizational symbol

E. organizational symbol