MANA3335 Ch. 9 Practice Test

Which of the following describes the concept of workplace behavior?

*A pattern of action by the members of an organization that directly or indirectly influences organizational effectiveness {Workplace behavior is a pattern of action by the members of an organization that directly or indirectly influences organizational effectiveness}

Which of the following stressors is a task demand?

*Critical decisions {Role ambiguity is an example of a role demand as a stressor. Task demands are associated with the task itself. Having to make decisions that have relatively serious consequences can make a job stressful}

Which of the following is least likely to be considered a work-related stressor?

*Environmental demands {Interpersonal demands are a cause of stress. Environmental demands are not listed in the model as a cause of stress. Work-related stressors fall into one of four categories—task, physical, role, and interpersonal demands}

Hua enjoys his job and the company he works for. Hua frequently volunteers for projects, and he actively looks for ways to contribute. He even volunteers at company-sponsored events on the weekend. What can be said about Hua and his work for the company?

*He has a high level of organizational engagement {People who think that forces beyond their control dictate what happens to them are said to have an external locus of control}

Which of the following is a medical consequence of too much negative stress?

*Headaches {Stress can also result in psychological consequences. These can interfere with a person's mental health and well-being. Problems include sleep disturbances, depression, family problems, and sexual dysfunction}

Arayla respects her manager, but she will question some of her manager's decisions when she doesn't agree with them. She doesn't hesitate to disagree with her boss or a client when she feels they are wrong. Which aspect of personality addresses Arayla's belief about power and status differences?

*Authoritarianism {More Machiavellian individuals tend to be rational and nonemotional, may be willing to lie to attain their personal goals, may put little weight on loyalty and friendship}

Jinhua has worked with a client in the past that he feels can be very difficult. When preparing for his upcoming meeting with that client, which component of attitude might Jinhua have?

*Cognitive {Machiavellianism is now used to describe behavior directed at gaining power and controlling the behavior of others}

Which of the following is an indication that a person is unfulfilled by their work?

*Dissatisfaction {Job satisfaction or dissatisfaction is an attitude that reflects the extent to which an individual is gratified by or fulfilled in his or her work}

Which term refers to the extent to which people are self-aware, manage their emotions, motivate themselves, express empathy for others, and possess social skills?

*Emotional intelligence {Neuroticism is the extent to which a person experiences anxiety or is poised, calm, resilient, and secure. Emotional intelligence is the extent to which people are self-aware, manage their emotions, motivate themselves, express empathy for others, and possess social skills}

One of Nour's strengths as a manager is her ability to understand how her staff members are feeling, even without being explicitly told. This allows her to anticipate and prevent some conflicts from arising. This ability reflects strength in which dimension of emotional intelligence?

*Empathy {While Nour may exhibit social skill, the ability to get along with others, this scenario more strictly describes empathy. Empathy refers to a person's ability to understand how others are feeling, even without being explicitly told}

Jinhoon is always happy at work, and he is always ready to volunteer to help others. Even when there is a problem, he looks for the best outcome. What can be said about Jinhoon's attitude at work?

*He has a high degree of positive affectivity {Selective perception is the process of screening out information that we are uncomfortable with or that contradicts our beliefs}

What is the relationship between high levels of satisfaction and job performance?

*High levels of satisfaction might have no relationship to performance {Contrary to what many managers believe, high levels of job satisfaction do not necessarily lead to higher levels of performance}

A manager who has a very negative image of a particular employee overlooks instances of high-quality work from that employee. This is due to _____.

*selective perception {Selective perception is the process of screening out information that we are uncomfortable with or that contradicts our beliefs}

Which of the following refers to the extent to which the contributions made by the individual match the inducements offered by the organization?

*Person-job fit {One specific aspect of managing psychological contracts is understanding the person-job fit. Person-job fit is the extent to which the contributions made by the individual match the inducements offered by the organization}

Aviva is generally short with people and always seems to be in a bad mood. However, she just got a raise, and today, Aviva seems rather positive for a change. What can be said about Aviva's attitude?

*She has a high degree of negative affectivity {Selective perception is the process of screening out information that we are uncomfortable with or that contradicts our beliefs}

During which stage of the creative process would the development of a product or service prototype be done?

*Verification {The second phase of the creative process is incubation—a period of less intense conscious concentration during which the knowledge and ideas acquired during preparation mature and develop}

Which type of organizational behavior includes absenteeism and turnover?

*Withdrawal {An important type of work-related behavior is that which results in withdrawal. Absenteeism and turnover. Absenteeism occurs when a person does not show up for work. Turnover occurs when people quit their jobs}

Theft and sabotage are examples of _____.

*dysfunctional behaviors {Dysfunctional behaviors refer to the behavior of individuals that detracts from, rather than contributes to, organizational performance}

Dorina seems to invent problems where they do not exist. Even when given an ample budget and a roomy schedule, she warns that she may not be able to finish on time and points out all the areas where things could go wrong or come in over budget. Dorina has a high degree of _____.

*negative affectivity {People with more negative affectivity are generally downbeat and pessimistic, and they usually see things in a negative way. They seem to be in a bad mood most of the time}

Kamiya enjoys the process of doing her job and gets satisfaction from long-term or ongoing projects. Montazar, on the other hand, is very deadline oriented and gets his satisfaction from checking things off as done. Based on the Myers-Briggs framework, Kamiya can be considered as _____.

*perceiving {The sensing type prefers concrete things. That is not mentioned in this scenario. Perceiving types enjoy the process and open-ended situations}

Which of the following would inhibit creative efforts in an organization?

*Punishing creative failures {Communicating that creativity is valued is a way for an organization to enhance creativity. Punishing creative failures is not a way to enhance creativity}

Teresita needs to hire a new office manager. Which of the following is an illegal application of stereotyping?

*Teresita wants to hire a woman because she believes that women are better able to multitask than are men {Stereotyping is the process of categorizing or labeling people on the basis of a single attribute. Common attributes on which people often stereotype are race, gender, and age. Stereotypes along these lines are inaccurate and can often be harmful}

Turnover occurs when_____.

*employees quit their jobs {Turnover does not occur when workers demonstrate low productivity. Turnover occurs when people quit their jobs}

Even when budgets are limited and schedules are tight, Nils always approaches a project in an upbeat manner. He takes the challenges in stride, is optimistic that he can meet goals, and often succeeds. Nils has a high degree of _____.

*positive affectivity {Organizational commitment is not a factor in this scenario. Positive affectivity is a tendency to be relatively upbeat and optimistic, have an overall sense of well-being, see things in a positive light, and seem to be in a good mood}

While salary is important to her, Olesia is most satisfied with the recognition she receives for her efforts on a cross-departmental work team. Her supervisor and team leader have both expressed the company's gratitude for her contributions and praise for her performance. Which aspect of the physiological contract does Olesia value?

*Inducements {In return for contributions, the organization provides inducements to the individual employee. Some inducements, like job security and status, are more intangible. Just as the contributions available from the individual must satisfy the needs of the organization, the inducements offered by the organization must serve the needs of the individual}

What is the result when we experience an optimal level of stress?

*Motivation {We should note that stress is not all bad. In the absence of stress, we may experience lethargy and stagnation. An optimal level of stress, on the other hand, can result in motivation and excitement}

It has been very hot this summer, and the air conditioning in Marah's office is not working properly. It is hot in the office to the point that it has become difficult for people to focus on their work. This stressor is which type of demand?

*Physical {Physical demands are stressors associated with the job setting. Working outdoors in extremely hot or cold temperatures, or even in an improperly heated or cooled office, can lead to stress}

Avec noticed her coworker yawning all morning, and she assumed it was because the coworker went out with other colleagues last night and didn't get enough sleep. What is the mechanism through which Avec formed this opinion?

*Attribution {Avec 's assessment of her coworker's behavior is known as the process of attribution. Perceiving behavior and ascribing a cause to it is the process of attribution}

What is the skill that allows people to see differences among situations, phenomena, or events?

*Divergent thinking {Creativity is the ability of an individual to generate new ideas or to conceive of new perspectives on existing ideas. Creativity is linked with both divergent and convergent thinking}

Mikel's group was struggling to design a key component of a new device. After struggling for months on how to achieve one key requirement of the new device, Mikel had an aha moment and was able to resolve the issue. The product development team is in which stage of the creative process?

*Insight {The product development team is in the insight stage of the creative process. Usually occurring after preparation and incubation, insight is a spontaneous breakthrough in which the creative person achieves a new understanding of some problem or situation}

Which of the following is true of attribution?

*It is dependent on consensus, consistency, and distinctiveness {The basic framework around which we form attributions is consensus (the extent to which other people in the same situation behave the same way), consistency (the extent to which the same person behaves in the same way at different times), and distinctiveness (the extent to which the same person behaves in the same way in other situations)}

Jewel recently completed a personality profile and learned she has high degrees of extraversion, intuition, feelings, and judging characteristics. Which test did Jewel take?

*Myers-Briggs Type Indicator {The "Big Five" personality model is a recognized framework of five traits that are particularly relevant in the workplace}

Darien has always been excitable. His reactive nature and tendency to be anxious in unpredictable situations make it difficult for him to handle job stress in a productive manner. Which personality trait affects Darien's performance in times of uncertainty?

*Neuroticism {Openness involves the ability to consider new ideas and broaden one's beliefs. Anxiety, insecurity, and reactiveness are signs of neuroticism}

Which Big Five personality trait refers to a person's rigidity of beliefs and range of interests?

*Openness {Conscientiousness refers to a person's ability to manage multiple tasks and to consistently meet deadlines. Openness refers to a person's rigidity of beliefs and range of interests}

Dajhia has always been good with change, and she has a broad interest in others. She is curious, imaginative, and creative. Which of the Big Five personality traits is Dajhia considered to be high in?

*Openness {People who are called "extraverts" are sociable, talkative, assertive, and open to establishing new relationships}

Pallavi has been under a lot of stress at work. As a result, when she gets home, she is short with her family and has a hard time sleeping. Which type of consequence of stress is Pallavi experiencing?

*Psychological {Behaviorally, stress may lead to detrimental or harmful actions, such as smoking, alcohol or drug abuse, and overeating. Other stress-induced behaviors are accident proneness, violence toward self or others, and eating disorders}

Where are performance behaviors derived from?

*Psychological contract {Perception is also closely linked with another process called attribution. Attribution is a mechanism through which we observe behavior and then attribute causes to it}

Azim was promoted to a new position, and he is required to travel at least one week per month. However, he has a new child and does not want to leave for that long, or that often. Which type of stressor is Azim experiencing?

*Role {Task demands are associated with the task itself. Some occupations are inherently more stressful than others. Having to make fast decisions, decisions with less than complete information, or decisions that have relatively serious consequences are some of the things that can make some jobs stressful}

Which of the following serves to weaken organizational commitment?

*Seeing oneself as an outsider {Organizational commitment is weakened when an employee sees themself as an outsider}

In addition to stereotyping, what is one of the most basic perceptual processes we use?

*Selective perception {Two of the most basic perceptual processes are selective perception and stereotyping. Selective perception occurs when we screen out information that causes us discomfort or that contradicts our beliefs. Stereotyping occurs when we categorize or label people on the basis of a single attribute}

Woojin needs to hire a new creative director to manage the organization's social media presence. Based on the Myers-Briggs framework, what should Woojin look for when interviewing candidates?

*Someone with a high degree of intuition {Thinking individuals base their decisions more on logic and reason, whereas feeling individuals base their decisions more on feelings and emotions}

Which of the following is true of Type A and Type B individuals?

*Type B individuals have a weaker sense of time urgency than Type A individuals {Type B individuals are less competitive, are less devoted to work, and have a weaker sense of time urgency than Type A individuals}

Apoorva works in the marketing department of a major insurance company located in her hometown. She finds her work very satisfying. Due to her attitude, Apoorva is likely to have a high level of _____.

*contribution {Due to her attitude, Apoorva is likely to have a high level of contribution. Job satisfaction leads to making greater contributions to the organization}

Compared to Type A individuals, Type B individuals are ______.

*more likely to have a relaxed approach to life {Type A individuals are more likely to be very work oriented. Type B individuals are more likely to have a relaxed approach to life}

Bernice took a job as a ticket taker at the baseball stadium. She has to arrive two hours before each event to work the gate. Once the game reaches the bottom of the third inning, her gate is closed, and she can go in to watch the rest of the game. Which intangible inducement is the organization offering Bernice?

*Ability to watch live games {This scenario does not describe any opportunities for advancement. The ability to watch live games at the stadium is an intangible inducement}

Last Thursday, the day before an important assignment was due, Tanya called in sick. This is not the first time that she has not shown up for work at a critical time. Which behavior of Tanya's is a workplace behavior that makes it difficult for her team to accomplish its goals?

*Absenteeism {Organizational citizenship is the workplace behavior associated with contributions made beyond job-related tasks and expectations. Absenteeism interferes with workplace performance because employees are not showing up to work}

Which component of an attitude reflects the feelings a person has toward a situation?

*Affective {The intentional component of an attitude reflects how one expects to behave toward or in the situation}

Which of the following is an indication of positive organizational citizenship behavior?

*Being helpful and committed to organizational success {An employee who has high levels of organizational citizenship is one who will always work late or come in early when he needs to, will take time to help newcomers learn their way around, and is perceived as being helpful and committed to the organization's success. Although his level of performance may be seen as equal to that of the other workers, he is also likely to be seen as a better organizational citizen}

Rabeya has been very stressed at work. She dreads going to work, and even though she is working long hours, she doesn't seem to get anything done. Which type of stress response is Rabeya experiencing?

*Burnout {Stress can also result in psychological consequences. These can interfere with a person's mental health and well-being. Problems include sleep disturbances, depression, family problems, and sexual dysfunction. Managers are especially prone to sleep disturbances when they experience stress at work}

What is the feeling of exhaustion that may develop when someone experiences too much stress for an extended period of time.

*Burnout {Stress can result from role conflict. Burnout is a feeling of exhaustion that may develop when someone experiences too much stress for an extended period of time}

Which of the following best describes attitudes?

*Complexes of beliefs and feelings that people have about specific ideas, situations, or other people {Attitudes are complexes of beliefs and feelings that people have about specific ideas, situations, or other people. The affective component of an attitude reflects feelings and emotions an individual has toward a situation}

When L'Meese is feeling stressed, she often will go to the gym at lunch. What effect on stress would exercise offer L'Meese?

*Confidence and optimism {People can also use time management to control stress. The idea behind time management is that many daily pressures can be reduced or eliminated if people do a better job of managing time}

Which of the following can be considered as someone's ability to multitask on the job?

*Conscientiousness {Locus of control is the extent to which people believe that their behavior has a real effect on what happens to them}

What is the ability of an individual to generate new ideas or to conceive of new perspectives on existing ideas?

*Creativity {Creativity is the ability of an individual to generate new ideas or to conceive of new perspectives on existing ideas}

Geert had to arrange for office equipment maintenance from a new provider. He spoke with a customer service rep who addressed all his issues in a polite and informative manner. After the call, he told his colleague, "I like that company. The rep I spoke to was terrific. That is one of the best firms I've dealt with. I plan to call them whenever we need our equipment serviced." Which statement represents the intentional component of Geert's attitude toward this company?

*I plan to call them whenever we need our equipment serviced {This statement is the intentional component. The intentional component of an attitude reflects how one expects to behave toward or in the situation}

Amina has been working on a project, but she now feels stuck. She decided to take a walk and let the project go for a while because she feels this is when she does her best thinking. Which stage of the creative process is Amina in?

*Incubation {Usually occurring after preparation and incubation, insight is a spontaneous breakthrough in which the creative person achieves a new understanding of some problem or situation}

Marah likes to start large projects immediately and get them done. Ozlem likes to think about her projects for a while before starting them. When Marah and Ozlem were asked to work together on a project, both experienced stress. What was this stress due to?

*Interpersonal demands {Task demands are associated with the task itself. Some occupations are inherently more stressful than others. Having to make fast decisions, decisions with less than complete information, or decisions that have relatively serious consequences are some of the things that can make some jobs stressful}

Which of the following best describes organizational citizenship?

*It is the behavior of individuals that makes a positive overall contribution to an organization {This does not describe organizational citizenship. Organizational citizenship is the behavior of individuals that makes a positive overall contribution to the organization}

Which of the following describes cognitive dissonance?

*It is the conflict individuals may experience among their own attitudes {Conscientiousness refers to a person's ability to manage multiple tasks and to consistently meet deadlines. The conflict individuals may experience among their own attitudes is called cognitive dissonance}

What is the extent to which people believe that their behavior has a real effect on what happens to them?

*Locus of control {Authoritarianism is the extent to which an individual believes that power and status differences are appropriate within hierarchical social systems like organizations. Locus of control is the extent to which people believe that their behavior has a real effect on what happens to them}

Ahmed knows his project is important to the department and the organization. Since it is due on Monday, Ahmed decided to review it once more over the weekend to make sure it is perfect. Which type of contribution is Ahmed making toward the organization?

*Loyalty to the organization {Loyalty is a contribution Ahmed would provide to the organization. Other contributions from the individual include effort, ability, skills, time, and competencies}

Sushil knows it is important to manage her stress, and she has started to incorporate time management skills into her daily routine. Which of the following will help Sushil with her time management goals?

*Making a list of things to accomplish each day {One way people manage stress is through exercise. People who exercise regularly feel less tension and stress, are more self-confident, and feel more optimistic. While this may reduce stress, it does not help with time management skills}

What should be the goal for an organization when it is experiencing high absenteeism?

*Minimize feigned absenteeism {High absenteeism may be a symptom of other problems as well, such as job dissatisfaction and low morale. Organizations must first determine the cause of absenteeism before deciding it is a morale issue}

According to research, a person with which personality attribute is more likely to produce higher overall job performance?

*More extroverted {People with more openness might be expected to be better performers, owing to their flexibility and the likelihood that they will be better accepted by others in the organization}

Which is an attitude that reflects an individual's identification with and attachment to the organization itself?

*Organizational commitment {Cognitive dissonance is caused when an individual has conflicting attitudes. Organizational commitment is an attitude that reflects an individual's identification with and attachment to the organization itself}

What is the set of processes by which an individual becomes aware of and interprets information about his or her environment?

*Perception {Perception is the set of processes by which an individual becomes aware of and interprets information about his or her environment}

What are the relatively stable set of psychological attributes that distinguish one person from another?

*Personality {Personality is the relatively stable set of psychological attributes that distinguish one person from another. Managers should strive to understand basic personality attributes and the ways they can affect people's behavior in organizational situations, not to mention their perceptions of and attitudes toward the organization}

As an emergency room doctor, Ozlem works nights and weekends for two weeks, then is assigned to daytime shifts for the next two weeks. Which type of stressor is associated with shift work?

*Physical {Task demands are associated with the task itself. Some occupations are inherently more stressful than others. Having to make fast decisions, decisions with less than complete information, or decisions that have relatively serious consequences are some of the things that can make some jobs stressful}

Jolanta has been offered a promotion, and she will be leading the new product development team. Before her new position starts, Jolanta is being sent to training, and that training will concentrate in business. Which aspect of the creative process is Jolanta pursuing?

*Preparation {The creative process normally begins with a period of preparation. To make a creative contribution to business management or business services, a person must usually receive formal training and education in business. Formal education and training are usually the most efficient ways of becoming familiar with this vast amount of research and knowledge}

Ramon was recently promoted, but he is occasionally overwhelmed by some of his work because he lacks experience, and he is now unhappy about his job. He has shared this with his manager. What can his manager do to restore the psychological contract?

*Provide training {The organization can initiate change by requesting that a worker improve his skills through training, transfer him to another job, or terminate his employment altogether}

Eli just finished a successful interview process, and he was offered the job. He has expectations about the work and how well he can do his job, and his new manager also has expectations about what Eli will be able to contribute. Which of the following describe these sets of expectations on both Eli's part and the part of the employer?

*Psychological contract {The set of expectations that Jennifer and her employer bring to the work relationship is a psychological contract. A psychological contract is the defined exchange of contributions for rewards between employer and employee}

Raul's team often faces pressing deadlines. Last Thursday, the entire team stayed late to complete an important assignment, even though they were tired and frustrated. On Thursday, the team members were most likely in which stage of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS)?

*Resistance {Preparation is not one of the GAS stages. On Thursday, the team members were resisting the effects of the stressor and trying to deal with it}

Manoj is considered by many to be a catalyst for innovation in his organization. He is always willing to try new ideas and gamble on new products. Which aspect of personality describes Manoj's feeling about taking chances?

*Risk propensity {Authoritarianism is the extent to which one believes that power and status differences are appropriate within hierarchical social systems like organizations}

In terms of emotional intelligence, what should people be high in so that they can effectively guide their own lives and behaviors?

*Self-awareness {Managing emotions refers to a person's capacities to balance anxiety, fear, and anger so that they do not overly interfere with getting things accomplished}

Which of the following refers to an individual's belief about his or her capabilities to perform a task?

*Self-efficacy {Self-efficacy is a related but subtly different personality characteristic. Self-efficacy is a person's beliefs about his or her capabilities to perform a task. People with high self-efficacy believe that they can perform well on a specific task, whereas people with low self-efficacy tend to doubt their ability to perform a specific task}

Sabine wants to encourage creativity in her department. Which of the following will help her achieve that?

*Setting explicit goals {Dealing with conflict head-on and embracing the tension spurs new ideas and different angles and reduces risks}

Yui just received a bonus because of a successful team project. Yui knew her efforts contributed to the team's success. What can be said about Yui's personality?

*She has an internal locus of control {Another important personality characteristic is authoritarianism, the extent to which one believes that power and status differences are appropriate within hierarchical social systems like organizations}

Ugar is interviewing candidates, and he is paying special attention to their communication skills. He believes communication skills are critical for this position. Which of the following is Ugar using as part of his selection process?

*Stereotyping {When a manager believes that communication skills are important for a particular job, and whenever he interviews candidates for jobs, he pays especially close attention to speech communication majors, the manager is stereotyping. To the extent that communication skills truly predict job performance and that majoring in speech communication does indeed provide those skills, this form of stereotyping can be beneficial}

To the extent that stereotyping affects a manager's hiring practices, which of the following statements is true?

*The manager is costing the organization valuable talent {To the extent that this affects the manager's hiring practices, the manager is (1) costing the organization valuable talent for both sets of jobs, (2) violating federal law, and (3) behaving unethically}

Polani was hired specifically because of her unique skills and track record of success. Based on the psychological contract, what are the expectations of the employer?

*The use of those skills on the new job {These contributions presumably satisfy various needs, expectations, and requirements of the organization. In other words, because the organization may have hired the person because of her skills, it is reasonable to think she will subsequently utilize those skills in the performance of her job}

Which of the following is true of people who are extraverts?

*They are sociable, talkative, and assertive {People who are called extraverts are sociable, talkative, assertive, and open to establishing new relationships}

Which of the following is true of contributions?

*They are what an individual provides to the organization {An individual makes a variety of contributions to an organization—effort, skills, ability, time, loyalty, and so forth. These contributions presumably satisfy various needs and requirements of the organization}

Which of the following is true of performance behaviors?

*They derive from the psychological contract {Performance behaviors are the total set of work-related behaviors that the organization expects the individual to display. Thus, they derive from the psychological contract}

According to the Myers-Briggs framework, which type of person gets their energy from being around others?

*Those who are extraverts {Thinking individuals base their decisions more on logic and reason, whereas feeling individuals base their decisions more on feelings and emotions}

Petra has lost four employees this year, and she has now learned that Julien, her most creative designer, is leaving the company. Petra needs to focus on the cause of which organizational behavior?

*Turnover {Turnover occurs when people quit their jobs. An organization usually incurs costs in replacing individuals who have quit, but if turnover involves especially productive people, it is even more costly}

Tariq's development team is in the process of validating a key feature of a product design. The product development team is in which stage of the creative process?

*Verification {The second phase of the creative process is incubation—a period of less intense conscious concentration during which the knowledge and ideas acquired during preparation mature and develop}

Although Payal loves her job, she does not see any potential for long-term growth. She knows that to be promoted, she likely will have to look outside of the company, even though she would rather not. Payal is experiencing _____.

*cognitive dissonance {Payal 's situation suggests a lack of organizational commitment. Cognitive dissonance is an inconsistency in attitudes. In this case, the conflict exists between high job satisfaction and low organizational commitment}

Raphael is always late for meetings, and Zereth is concerned he will also be late for the client meeting tomorrow, even though he knows the entire account is dependent on the success of the meeting. The basis for Zereth's assessment of Raphael's behavior is _____.

*consistency {The basis for Zereth's assessment of Raphael's behavior is consistency. Attribution based on consistency involves similar behavior demonstrated at different times}

Dana has a reputation for being creative. Colleagues have noticed that Dana is skilled at seeing similarities between different situations, and applying those lessons to come up with new ideas. This skill is known as _____.

*convergent thinking {Insight is the coming together of all the scattered thoughts and ideas that were maturing during incubation during the creative process. Convergent thinking is a skill that allows people to see similarities among situations, phenomena, or events}

Byron observes that one of his employees always refuses to look him in the eye when Byron is speaking to him. Later, Byron sees that this employee does not look other people in the eye either. Byron decides that the employee is not disrespectful of him, but rather that he must have difficulty making eye contact with people. Byron makes this attribution based on _____.

*distinctiveness {Stereotyping is the process of categorizing or labeling people on the basis of a single attribute. Byron makes this attribution based on distinctiveness, the extent to which the same person behaves in the same way in other situations}

In order to get ahead, Stan gave some of his colleagues incorrect project specs. Their work did not meet the requirements for the project, and his was the only one that was acceptable. This is an example of _____.

*dysfunctional behavior {Dysfunctional behaviors refer to the behavior of individuals that detracts from, rather than contributes to, organizational performance}

Melissa called in sick so she could go to a baseball game. The cause of her absenteeism is _____.

*feigned {Absenteeism occurs when an individual does not show up for work. The cause may be legitimate (illness, jury duty, death in the family, and so forth) or feigned (reported as legitimate but actually just an excuse to stay home)}

Bianca just learned that Julien, her most creative designer, is leaving the company. As her mind races through the challenge ahead of her, Bianca has begun to inventory the qualifications she will have to satisfy in her search for a replacement. To find someone with the creativity needed for the job, Bianca will want to look for a candidate who _____.

*has strong analytical skills {Certain personal traits have also been linked to creativity in individuals. The traits shared by most creative people are openness, an attraction to complexity, high levels of energy, independence and autonomy, strong self-confidence, and a strong belief that one is, in fact, creative}

Even though Aisha enjoys her work, she does not see herself as a long-term member of the organization. She knows she will eventually want to relocate to be closer to family. Aisha has a low level of _____.

*organizational commitment {Aisha's absenteeism rate is not discussed in this scenario. Aisha has a low level of organizational commitment. Organizational members who do not see themselves remaining at an organization have a low level of commitment to the organization}

Bhavik is rarely confident in Anke's work. He knows it usually needs to be reviewed and changed. Sometimes she doesn't even use spell check. Last week, a client called to tell Bhavik what a great job Anke did on her proposal. When preparing Anke's performance review, selective perception might cause Bhavik to _____.

*quickly forget evidence of Anke's high-quality work {Stereotyping involves grouping individuals with similar attributes. Selective perception involves filtering out information that contradicts previously held beliefs}

Steve was in a car accident in which the driver of the car behind him, a 75-year-old man, did not see him stop for the red light and hit Steve's car. Ever since that accident, Steve has believed that people over 70 should not be allowed to drive. This is an example of _____.

*stereotyping {Selective perception is the process of screening out information that we are uncomfortable with or that contradicts our beliefs. Stereotyping is the process of categorizing or labeling people on the basis of a single attribute}

What are the psychological, emotional, and physical attributes that vary from person to person called?

*Individual differences {Personal attributes that vary from one person to another are called individual differences}

Which component of an attitude reflects how an individual expects to behave toward or in the situation?

*Intentional {The intentional component of an attitude reflects how an individual expects to behave toward or in the situation}

Which of the following is an example of an inducement?

*Pay {An organization provides inducements to an individual. Pay and benefits are tangible rewards}

Which of the following is likely to occur when an organization has high absenteeism?

*The quantity or quality of output is likely to suffer {When an employee is absent, her or his work does not get done at all, or a substitute must be hired to do it. In either case, the quantity or quality of actual output is likely to suffer}