Management Chapter 2: Perspectives on Management

Strategic planning

also called long term planning it is the process of determining the long term goals of an organization, developing concrete measures of success and achievement, and formulating the strategies and general action plans to accomplish these goals

Market analysis

involves validation of the perceptions of the wants and needs of the target populations that will receive a new product or service

Leadership

is "a process of creating structural change wherein the values, vision, and ethics of individuals are integrated into the culture of community as a means of achieving sustainable change"

Supervision

is "the control and direction of the work of one or more employees in a manner that promotes improved performance and a higher-quality outcome"

Competency

is an individual's actual performance in a particular situation

Continuous quality improvement (CQI)

is both a management philosophy and a management method as a management philosophy, CQI takes an organizational perspective: setting direction and promoting strategically aligned improvement initiatives through leadership support, organizational learning, and resource allocation as a management method, CQI provides a framework for identifying improvement opportunities and managing CQI teams tasked with analyzing problems so that solutions can be identified and implemented; in this way, desired results are achieved

management

is defined as "the process of guiding an organization by planning for future work obligations, organizing employees into functional units, directing employees in the process of completing daily work tasks, and controlling work processes and systems to assure adequate quality of work output"

Marketing

is the management process through which goods and services move form concept to the customer

Staffing

is the process of ensuring that the right person is completing the right tasks within predetermined work units and that these persons have the necessary skills to do the job

Planning

is the process of establishing short and long term goals, measurable objectives, and action plans related to the organization's mission.

Program development

is the process of formulating organized elements of service to meet a set of predetermined and desired clinical goals and outcomes.

Controlling

is the process of measuring actual performance against expectations and guiding staff to overcome obstacles to achieve desired outcomes

Directing

is the process of providing guidance and oversight so that the work performed is goal oriented and focused on achieving desired departmental and organizational outcomes mentoring and coaching

it is difficult to talk about management without mentioning...

leadership and supervision

Middle managers

meaning they oversee a department or group of services, coordinate subordinates or employees and report up the chain of command to a superior who may be a top leader in an organization. these type of managers are in the middle of the organization and are accountable to those above and below them in the organizational chart (Page 20)

One of the most important planning responsibilities of many managers is..

the development and oversight of a department budget

Needs assessment

the process of describing the target population, naming perceived and felt needs, and analyzing available resources and constraints both internal and external to the organization or context in which the program is being planned

Program Planning

the process of identifying the steps and sequence of actions to be taken to plan for initiation of the program

Value-based leadership

"a model where the values of all stakeholders create an organizational code of standards and ethics that enables individuals to make decisions aligned to the organization's values" "consistently leading out of personal values that are both desirable and beneficial for ourselves, those in our communities, and/or the organizations we serve" these leaders concentrate on the core values of the organizations in which they work and view these values as directing principles that shape the behavior and action of the members of the organization. They use their values to transcend the everyday and create environments in which employees can concentrate on what is most important to the core work of the organization

....

"to coordinate these larger organizations, owners needed to depend on others, which economists call "agents" and the rest call "managers""

Organizing

(Which sometimes includes staffing) is the process of designing workable units, determining lines of authority and communication, and developing and managing patterns of coordination

Competency statements

(or checks) help to determine whether employees can meet the competency standards required to work in a particular setting they are "explicit measures, indicators, or statements that define specific areas of knowledge, skills, and abilities related to essential functions and assigned duties"

Control mechanism

(or control indicator) is one way to perform the controlling function it is a check or measure that is in place to constantly monitor the output or product of a system. the check is the cue to take action by correcting or adjusting relevant work processes

the 4 step model for understanding the program development process

1. Needs assessment 2. Program planning 3. Program implementation 4. Program evaluation

4 components of the marketing process

1. Organizational assessment 2. Environmental assessment 3. Market analysis 4. Marketing communication

CQI approaches such as Plan-Do-Study-Act (PDSA) Cycle are commonly used in health care. The PDSA Cycle includes these 4 steps:

1. Plan: The change to be tested or implemented 2. Do: Carry out the test or change 3. Study: Examine the data before and after the change and reflect on what was learned 4. Act: Plan the next change cycle or full implementation

4 traditional management function:

1. Planning 2. Organizing 3. Directing 4. Controlling

Marketing includes the coordination of four elements called the four P's of marketing, which are..

1. development and definition of *products* produced by the organization 2. *Price* 3. *Place* or where the product is delivered 4. Development of a *promotional* strategy

...

An important role of managers is to assess and ensure the competency of staff

Other areas that OT managers are responsible for

Financial Management Technology and Management Marketing Program Development Continuous Quality Improvement (CQI)

Environmental assessment

Involves examining the needs of target populations that guide the development and promotion of a new product or service

Organizational assessment

Involves examining what will influence the development and promotion of a new product or service. This includes identifying strengths and weaknesses through a SWOT (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, threats) analysis

Marketing communication

Involves packaging and promoting a product so the target populations and other key stakeholders have a clear understanding of what the product or service is and how it may be accessed

Program evaluation

The ongoing process of assessing the impact and quality of program processes and outcomes and making continuous improvements in efficiency and effectiveness

Program Implementation

The process of initiating intervention first in trial format and then in a more formal and sustained manner

An important consideration in the manager-leader connection is that of..

Value-based leadership