Management FINAL EXAM REVIEW

A disadvantage of using compressed work schedules is that _____. a. employees put too much effort in a single day, and they tend to perform at lower levels b. it makes it difficult for employees to attend routine personal businesses c. employees have to work additional hours all five days of a week d. some individuals develop resentment as they feel constrained by their job schedules e. it gives employees more personal control over the times they work

a

A manager should set clear and reasonable expectations and send clear and straightforward cues in order to avoid _____. a. role ambiguity b. role dynamism c. intrarole conflict d. storming e. interrole conflict

a

Abbott, a shoe manufacturing company, strives to keep its workers satisfied. The company allows flexible time shifts and offers family-centered benefits. According to the Michigan studies, management is demonstrating _____ behavior. a. employee-centered leader b. consideration c. job-centered leader d. initiating-structure e. authoritative

a

According to Maslow's hierarchy, _____ needs include the need that people have for recognition, positive self-image, and self-respect. a. esteem b. security c. achievement d. self-actualization e. belongingness

a

According to the motivation framework, after a worker notices an unfilled need, the next step is a. searching for ways to satisfy the need. b. evaluating need satisfaction. c. identifying a need deficiency. d. choosing a behavior that satisfies the need. e. determining future needs.

a

According to the path-goal theory, if people perceive that they are lacking in abilities, they are most likely to prefer _____ to help them understand path-goal relationships better. a. directive leadership b. achievement-oriented leadership c. participative leadership d. supportive leadership e. result-oriented leadership

a

According to the two-factor theory, which of the following is a hygiene factor that influences an employee's satisfaction or dissatisfaction? a. Working conditions b. Advancement and growth c. Recognition d. The work itself e. Achievement

a

Ana is a police detective and is just as good a detective as her male counterparts. Because she is female, many of her counterparts assume that she will type up their reports as well as her own. She is increasingly feeling underrewarded for her efforts. In terms of _____, she will decrease her inputs by refusing to do additional work and try to reduce the gap between work and rewards. a. equity theory b. two-factor theory c. reinforcement theory d. hierarchy of needs theory e. expectancy theory

a

Armen is required to follow a forty-hour work schedule,but he can work up to 10 hours per day and leave by lunchtime on Friday. This reflects a _____. a. compressed work schedule b. telecommuting arrangement c. job sharing arrangement d. traditional work schedule e. flexible work schedule

a

Brianne, a senior engineer, prefers to work in a job that provides her the opportunity to interact with people and make new friends on the job. Brianne has a need for _____. a. affiliation b. esteem c. power d. security e. achievement

a

Competition for scarce resources, especially funding, can often lead to which type of conflict within an organization? a. Intergroup b. Intrapersonal c. Cohesion d. Socialization e. Interorganizational

a

During the _____ stage of group development, group members begin to recognize and accept their roles, and understand the roles of other members. a. norming b. storming c. conforming d. performing e. forming

a

Employees at GreenTech Inc. complete their schedules on time as every hour they take in excess may lead to a corresponding loss of pay. Their behaviors are strengthened through _____. a. avoidance b. positive reinforcement c. incentives d. punishment e. extinction

a

In Fiedler's model, the most favorable situations are those that have _____. a. good leader-member relations, highly structured tasks, and strong leader position power b. poor leader-member relations, unstructured tasks, and weak leader position power c. good leader-member relations, unstructured tasks, and weak leader position power d. good leader-member relations, unstructured tasks, and strong leader position power e. poor leader-member relations, highly structured tasks, and strong leader position power

a

In the Ohio State studies, employees of supervisors who ranked high on initiating structure a. were high performers. b. had low productivity. c. were confused about the leader-subordinate role. d. reflected low absence rates. e. expressed high levels of satisfaction.

a

In which way does avoidance act as a reinforcement? a. By allowing escape from undesirable consequences b. By eliminating consequences c. By providing a desirable consequence d. By ignoring behavior that needs to be changed e. By providing undesirable consequences

a

Lisette has just moved to a new city. In order to meet new people, she joined a local book club. She did this for _____. a. needs satisfaction b. interpersonal attraction c. norm conformation d. group goals e. instrumental benefits

a

Nour's group gets along well and never experiences any conflict. All group members agree when someone has a new suggestion or idea. If no conflict is ever experienced, what might be the outcome for the group? a. Complacency b. High performance c. Interdependence d. Creativity e. Hostility

a

One reason organizations create teams is to _____. a. capitalize on the knowledge and motivation of workers b. relieve workers of decision-making responsibility c. strengthen the role of managers as supervisors d. assert control over employees' actions e. limit flexibility

a

Sales have been somewhat flat this month, so the sales manager has established a contest among the sales people. If the overall sales reach a certain level, then the salesperson with the highest net sales will get a reward. In this situation, the sales manager is _____ conflict. a. stimulating b. resolving c. eliminating d. confronting e. controlling

a

The sales department at Midwest Textiles has been together for years, and when they meet their identified objectives, they move on to new ones. Which type of group is the sales department considered to be? a. Functional group b. Quality circle c. Informal group d. Task force e. Interest group

a

When a person has an internal locus of control, which leadership style will likely be best for them? a. Participative b. Directive c. Coercive d. Supportive e. Achievement-oriented

a

Which of the following approaches to identifying a leader is a person using if he votes for a politician based on his communication skills, intelligence, appearance, and assertiveness? a. Trait approach b. Vroom's decision tree approach c. Path-goal theory d. LPC theory e. Fiedler's contingency theory

a

Woojin believes his union will protect him from getting fired, and he believes that the only way to get a promotion is if the person above him retires or dies. Woojin has _____. a. low effort-to-performance expectancy, and low performance-to-outcome expectancy b. low effort-to-performance expectancy, and high performance-to-outcome expectancy c. high effort-to-performance expectancy, and high performance-to-outcome expectancy d. high effort-to-performance expectancy, and low performance-to-outcome expectancy e. zero valence

a

Woojin wears a shirt and tie to work every day, even though it isn't required. He also asked to be placed on high-profile projects so that he can be linked to successful work. Which of the following is Woojin using? a. Impression management b. Political behavior c. Ethnocentrism d. Transformational leadership e. Strategic leadership

a

A large technology firm is opening a new office in a different country. When the management finds out that the work has been stalled, a project manager, with high personal values, is asked to bribe a local official, in order to fix the delay. The project manager is likely to experience _____ conflict. a. interrole b. person-role c. group-role d. intersender e. intrasender

b

Chandra owns a delivery business. When Chandra's delivery drivers are experiencing a great deal of interpersonal conflict, Chandra reminds them that cooperation with one another is necessary for the continued profitability of the firm, and for their job security. Chandra is controlling conflict by _____. a. changing established procedures b. focusing workers' attention on superordinate goals c. using appropriate coordination techniques d. matching personalities and work habits of worker e. expanding the resource base

b

Eva reviews daily reports to identify errors. Then she meets with representatives from the purchasing and inventory departments to discuss ways to eliminate or prevent recurring problems.Which type of motivational strategy is Eva's organization using by allowing her to make decisions about her work? a. Extinction b. Participation c. Job-sharing d. Flexibility e. Compression

b

How can confrontation be used within an organization when seeking a solution to a problem? a. To control the conflict b. To resolve the conflict c. To evaluate the quality of the conflict d. To maintain the conflict e. To stimulate the conflict

b

Interpersonal problem solving refers to the resolution of conflict using _____. a. negotiation b. confrontation c. avoidance d. compromise e. smoothing

b

Mihee, the chief nurse in a hospital, sets challenging goals for her subordinates because she has confidence in her fellow nurses. Based on the path-goal theory, what kind of leader behavior is Mihee exhibiting? a. Relationship-oriented b. Achievement-oriented c. Task-oriented d. Bureaucratic e. Employee-centered

b

Paramita is a manager who is extremely intent on getting the job done. She does not show much consideration for her staff, and she expects them to work late as needed to meet deadlines and achieve goals. According to the Leadership Grid, Paramita's style reflects what type of management? a. Country club b. Authority-compliance c. Team d. Middle-of-the-road e. Impoverished

b

Rabeya gives her employees a lot of freedom as to how they get their work done and the goals they set for themselves. She also allows them to make decisions that will allow them to resolve issues that arise. What does Rabeya use to motivate her employees? a. Participation b. Empowerment c. Positive reinforcement d. Flexibility e. Behavior modification

b

Tariq Lennox demonstrates high moral standards with every decision he makes and inspires others to follow suit. From the given information, we can say that he has _____ power. a. legitimate b. referent c. technological d. coercive e. expert

b

The CEO at Green Inc. has established that employees should adhere to a vertical communication process and a fixed work flow system, and she strictly monitors these processes. The steps taken by the CEO at Green Inc. reflect the _____ behavior of leaders suggested by the Ohio State studies. a. employee-centered b. initiating structure c. job-centered d. authoritative e. consideration

b

The leader-member exchange (LMX) model of leadership _____. a. indicates there is only one way to achieve maximum results from employees b. stresses the importance of variable relationships between supervisors and each of their subordinates c. suggests that managers can use four types of leader behavior to clarify subordinates' paths to goal attainment d. is recommended for situations when time is of the highest importance in making a decision e. involves being friendly and approachable, showing concern for subordinate welfare, and treating members as equal

b

The process of establishing a role structure begins with the _____ role. a. controlled b. expected c. enacted d. perceived e. sent

b

Ugar wants to reward positive behaviors, but he wants to do so in a way that is most effective. What should Ugar do to reward his employees for those behaviors he wants to encourage? a. He should provide reinforcements after a fixed number of observed behaviors. b. He should provide reinforcements using a variable-ratio number of observed behaviors. c. He should provide reinforcements at variable intervals. d. He should provide reinforcements every time a desired behavior occurs. e. He should provide reinforcements at fixed intervals.

b

What is a counterproductive side effect of using punishment as a reinforcement method? a. Empowerment b. Resentment c. Participation d. Commitment e. Motivation

b

Which type of conflict occurs when there is a conflict between the roles one plays in different teams and one's permanent role in a functional group? a. Intrasender b. Interrole c. Intersender d. Intrarole e. Person-role

b

A technology firm creates a group whose only purpose is to develop a pre-launch marketing strategy for a new product. The group will disband one month after the product is launched. This is an example of a(n) ________ group. a. work team b. interest c. task d. change e. functional

c

According to Fiedler, a task is structured when it is _____. a. routine, difficult to understand, and unambiguous b. irregular, difficult to understand, and unambiguous c. routine, easy to understand, and unambiguous d. irregular, difficult to understand, and ambiguous e. routine, easy to understand, and ambiguous

c

Although she could have refused the project, Marah agreed to work on it because she knows that if she does well, her manager will consider her for a promotion. Which type of power is Marah's manager using? a. Coercion b. Expert appeal c. Instrumental compliance d. Inspirational appeal e. Legitimate request

c

As a property, leadership can be best defined as _____. a. the ability to adjust to and understand changes in the workplace b. the ability to shape employee behavior without using force c. a set of characteristics found in people who can influence the behavior of others d. a set of belief that supports the practice of interpersonal risk taking in teams e. the practice of empowering employees to participate in organizational decision making

c

Based on the Michigan studies, Rensis Likert argued that the _____ behavior generally tends to be more effective. a. initiating structure b. job-centered leader c. employee-centered leader d. authoritative e. considerate

c

Dane has been appointed leader of a project task force. He has legitimate power in this position. The task is unstructured. Also, Dane has weak leader-member relations. According to Fiedler's LPC theory, what type of leadership style is appropriate in this situation? a. Transformational leadership b. Participative c. Task-oriented d. Relationship-oriented e. Concern for people

c

Emily thinks Alex is a narcissist who only wants to talk about himself, and therefore tries to avoid him. They have _____. a. person-role conflict b. pooled interdependencies c. interpersonal conflict d. intergroup conflict e. sequential interdependencies

c

In the two-factor theory, the factors that influence the satisfaction continuum, which are related specifically to work content, are called _____ factors. a. hygiene b. security c. motivation d. environmental e. esteem

c

Leo told an inappropriate joke at the staff meeting, and his coworker ignored it by not laughing or acknowledging it. What was she using to change this behavior? a. Distortion b. Punishment c. Extinction d. Positive reinforcement e. Avoidance

c

Nour's group gets along well and never experiences any conflict. All group members agree when someone has a new suggestion or idea. If no conflict is ever experienced, what might be the outcome for the group? a. High performance b. Creativity c. Complacency d. Interdependence e. Hostility

c

Paramita is a manager who is extremely intent on getting the job done. She does not show much consideration for her staff, and she expects them to work late as needed to meet deadlines and achieve goals. According to the Leadership Grid, Paramita's style reflects what type of management? a. Impoverished b. Middle-of-the-road c. Authority-compliance d. Team e. Country club

c

Petra knows what is expected of her at work, and she has procedures and precedents to rely on when she is uncertain. Which of the following does Petra experience a high degree of? a. Leader-member relations b. Mutual trust c. Task structure d. Position power e. Favorableness

c

Punishment involves the use of _____ power. a. expert b. referent c. coercive d. reward e. legitimate

c

The more a manager uses coercive power, the more likely he is to encourage _____. a. tolerance b. cordiality c. resentment d. sympathy e. good will

c

The nursing staff in the operating room at the local hospital are an example of a(n) _____. a. problem-solving team b. virtual team c. functional group d. task group e. interest group

c

The top management of a beverage manufacturing company has put together a team to handle the marketing of its new health drink. However, the team members are unable to agree on the best way to equitably divide the group tasks. In addition, two group members are trying to take over the leadership role, and this has led to more conflict. This group is at the _____ stage of group development. a. forming b. norming c. storming d. reforming e. performing

c

When a person has an internal locus of control, which leadership style will likely be best for them? a. Coercive b. Achievement-oriented c. Participative d. Directive e. Supportive

c

Which of the following approaches to identifying a leader is a person using if he votes for a politician based on his communication skills, intelligence, appearance, and assertiveness? a. LPC theory b. Path-goal theory c. Trait approach d. Fiedler's contingency theory e. Vroom's decision tree approach

c

Which type of power is power granted through the organizational hierarchy? a. Referent b. Reward c. Legitimate d. Expert e. Coercive

c

Which type of reinforcement would a speeding ticket be? a. Variable-interval b. Fixed-ratio c. Punishment d. Avoidance e. Extinction

c

A(n) _____ group is a permanent group created by the organization to accomplish a number of organizational purposes with an unspecified time horizon. a. problem-solving b. virtual c. interest d. functional e. task

d

According to Vroom's decision tree approach to leadership, for a given problem statement, if the decision significance, importance of commitment, and leader expertise are all high, but the likelihood of commitment and group support are both low, the recommended decision-making process is _____. a. delegate b. decide c. facilitate d. consult (group) e. consult (individually)

d

At Mawly Enterprises, the staff working in R&D, who are expected to be creative and innovative, often come to work wearing shorts and T-shirts or other extremely casual attire. The production staff tends to wear business casual clothing, while the marketing staff and sales reps almost always wear suits. This illustrates a lack of _____between groups. a. norm dynamism b. norm variation c. socialization d. norm generalization e. cohesiveness

d

Carolyn, a manager, discusses and reasons with the Board of Directors of her company until they agree to let her try her new strategic plan for a trial period. Carolyn is using _____ in the given situation. a. inducement b. passive aggression​ c. an obligation d. persuasion e. coercion

d

Cheri and Aaron both wanted to work part time, and they found a lawyer who was willing to split one full-time paralegal job between the two of them so that Cheri works mornings and Aaron works afternoons. This arrangement is known as________. a. flextime b. participation c. behavior modification d. job sharing e. reinforcement

d

Darcy joined a group supporting literacy in elementary schools because the teachers in the group all shared his outlook on primary education. He joined for _____. a. group activities b. need satisfaction c. groupthink d. interpersonal attraction e. instrumental benefits

d

During the interview process, Olesia told a highly qualified candidate that if they accepted the position, the company would cover the cost of relocation and provide an additional bonus. What did Olesia use to encourage the candidate to accept the position? a. Referent power b. Obligation c. Persuasion d. Inducement e. Coercion

d

Each week control inspectors at McHeinz Inc. randomly select items from an assembly line for inspection and compliment the workers for every product that meets their expectations on quality. However, they vary the number of items they inspect each time. This motivates the employees to put in more effort to ensure that all the items are of the required quality. Which reinforcement schedule are the quality control inspectors using? a. Variable-interval b. Fixed-interval c. Fixed-ratio d. Variable-ratio e. Variable-fixed

d

Geert believes that if he and his team complete their project under budget and time constraints, they will all receive a bonus. Geert also believes this might result in a promotion for him. Which of the following does this scenario illustrate? a. Equity theory b. Maslow's esteem needs c. The Porter-Lawler extension d. Performance-to-outcome expectancy e. Two-factor theory

d

If subordinates perceive themselves to have a lot of abilities, they are most likely to _____. a. resent managers who delegate work b. support a controlling leader c. resent participative leadership d. resent directive leadership e. support an authoritarian leader

d

Interpersonal problem solving refers to the resolution of conflict using _____. a. avoidance b. negotiation c. compromise d. confrontation e. smoothing

d

Juslio put in extra hours to complete an important project on time after unanticipated complications threw it off schedule. In recognition of his efforts, he received a bonus. This motivates him to put in more hard work and better performances. The organization has used _____ to strengthen his behavior. a. avoidance b. extinction c. punishment d. positive reinforcement e. distortion

d

Juwan's team is working on a complex project with a very tight schedule and a strict budget. When team members feel stressed out by the demands, they often go to Juwan to vent or let off steam. Juwan is filling a _____ on his team. a. task specialist role b. norm establishment c. norm generalization d. socioemotional role e. monitor

d

Leo told an inappropriate joke at the staff meeting, and his coworker ignored it by not laughing or acknowledging it. What was she using to change this behavior? a. Punishment b. Avoidance c. Positive reinforcement d. Extinction e. Distortion

d

Managers can stimulate conflict by _____. a. enhancing coordination of interdependence b. focusing employee attention on superordinate goals c. expanding the resource base of the organization d. placing employee groups in competitive situations e. matching personalities and work habits of employees

d

Marco thrives on setting goals for himself, and he has a strong need for specific and immediate feedback. Which need does this fulfill for Marco? a. Security. b. Power. c. Esteem. d. Achievement. e. Affiliation.

d

Stitches, Inc. is a specialty clothing manufacturer. Clothing is produced in bulk quantities and then customized with monograms and other unique embellishments before final shipment. Employees on the custom stitching line are compensated for each individual item completed. What type of reward system is used in the custom stitching department? a. Scanlon plan b. Gainsharing program c. Overtime d. Piece-rate incentive plan e. Merit pay plan

d

The OB Mod program starts by_______. a. tying target behaviors to specific kinds of reinforcement b. determining the appropriate ratio required for rewards c. establishing an interval schedule for reinforcement d. specifying behaviors that are to be increased or decreased e. identifying available rewards

d

Verbal reprimands, written reprimands, disciplinary layoffs, fines, demotion, and termination are examples of _____ power possessed by managers. a. referent b. expert c. reward d. coercive e. legitimate

d

Which of the following is true of conflict among groups? a. Conflict is always short lived and does not last for more than a couple of days. b. A high degree of conflict among team members always results in high performance levels. c. Conflict occurs between two or more individuals and not among groups or organizations. d. A moderate level of conflict among group members can spark creativity and initiative. e. Conflict is always detrimental to organization

d

Which type of conflict occurs when a single source sends clear but contradictory messages? a. Interrole b. Intrarole c. Intersender d. Intrasender e. Person-role

d

Which type of leader behavior, identified by the path-goal theory, primarily involves setting challenging goals, expecting subordinates to perform at high levels, encouraging subordinates, and showing confidence in subordinates' abilities? a. Supportive b. Directive c. Participative d. Achievement-oriented e. Relationship-oriented

d

Workers at Windlock Works Inc. were instructed by their supervisor to bring quality defects down to 1 per 1 million pieces, a 350 percent improvement, in the next three months. The workers are most likely to be challenged by goal _____. a. acceptance b. specificity c. congruity d. difficulty e. conformity

d

According to Herzberg's two-factor theory of motivation, which of the following is a hygiene factor on the job? a. The work itself b. Responsibility c. Achievement d. Wages and benefits e. Interpersonal relations

e

According to Tannenbaum and Schmidt's leadership continuum, what is a manager who uses the strongest level of boss-centered leadership likely to do? a. Seek suggestions and incorporate them in the decision. b. Permit subordinates to function within limits. c. Present a problem and make decisions. d. Present an idea and invite questions. e. Make a decision and announce it

e

According to expectancy theory, in order for motivated behavior to occur, which condition must be met? a. There must be both intrinsic and extrinsic rewards. b. Performance must be based on areas of personal satisfaction. c. All effort will result in a certain, desired outcome. d. The sum of the valence must be below zero. e. A person must believe that if effort is expended, high performance will result.

e

According to the Porter-Lawler extension, when would a person most likely be satisfied with rewards? a. When goals are particularly challenging and effort is required b. When they result in social equity c. When the reward is greater than the effort required to achieve it d. When they are greater than the perceived input e. When they are perceived as equitable

e

According to the expectancy theory, which of the following conditions must be met for motivated behavior to occur? a. Every outcome must have a negative valence. b. Performance-to-outcome expectancy must be less than zero. c. The sum of the valences for an outcome must be less than zero. d. The individual must believe that effort and performance are unrelated. e. Effort-to-performance expectancy must be greater than zero.

e

Alberto complimented Daniel on his project updates two weeks in a row. Then he waited a month to compliment him again. Not knowing when Alberto will drop by for inspection, Daniel keeps his projects updated regularly. What reinforcement schedule is he using? a. Variable-ratio b. Fixed-interval c. Fixed-ratio d. Fixed-variable e. Variable-interval

e

Dane has been appointed leader of a project task force. He has legitimate power in this position. The task is unstructured. Also, Dane has weak leader-member relations. According to Fiedler's LPC theory, what type of leadership style is appropriate in this situation? a. Concern for people b. Participative c. Transformational leadership d. Relationship-oriented e. Task-oriented

e

Elena is getting to know the other members of her project team. A group structure is beginning to emerge as the members establish some basic ground rules and figure out acceptable behaviors and roles. This group is in the _____ stage of development. a. conforming b. storming c. norming d. performing e. forming

e

If employees at LevelTech are "caught in the act" of doing good work, they receive a $100 prepaid debit card. The managers all have a number of these cards, and they can hand them out whenever they want to. Employees never know when one of the managers may drop by and "catch" them. Which type of reinforcement schedule is being used in this company? a. Fixed-interval b. Extinction c. Variable-ratio d. Punishment e. Variable-interval

e

In group role structure, the _____ role comprises the messages and cues that group members use to communicate their expectations to another member. a. received b. enacted c. expected d. intrasender e. sent

e

In the context of the Vroom's decision tree approach, when managers present a problem to their group at a meeting, get their suggestions, and then make the decision, they follow the _____ decision-making style. a. delegate b. facilitate c. decide d. consult individually e. consult group

e

Jewel works as part of a team that is engaging, and she enjoys being a part of it. Even though the team members enjoy working with each other, they are all committed to performing at a high level. When cohesiveness and performance norms are high, what is the likely outcome? a. Restricted performance b. Role ambiguity c. Autocratic leadership d. Intrarole conflict e. High performance

e

Junhua is in charge of maintaining all the computers in the organization. Additionally, whenever an employee has a problem with their computer, they call Junhua. What type of power does Junhua have in this organization? a. Reward b. Referent c. Legitimate d. Coercive e. Expert

e

Mary knows that Akua and Dominik do not work well together. Mary assigns the two men separate work areas. She is controlling conflict by _____. a. increasing competition among individuals b. focusing employees' attention on higher-level goals c. using appropriate coordination techniques d. expanding the resource base e. matching personalities and work habits of employees

e

Trini always keeps the interim deadlines in mind as well as her team's final project due date. She makes sure that the team meets those interim dates, whether it is by encouraging more work hours, finding additional resources, or some other solution. Trini is filling a _____ role. a. socioemotional b. norm establishment c. tension relief d. monitor e. task specialist

e

When a leader has a high degree of charisma and loyalty, they also have a high degree of _____ power. a. reward b. legitimate c. coercive d. expert e. referent

e

Which of the following can make an informal leader a desirable asset in a group? a. Ability to carry out either the task role or the socioemotional role, but not both b. The appointment to the role by the organization c. Ability to counter goals and norms of the organization d. Offering socioemotional support to team members e. Referent or expert power

e

Windmere allows its administrative employees to arrive any time between 7:00 a.m. and 9:00 a.m., and to leave any time between 4:00 p.m. and 6:00 p.m., as long as they work an eight-hour day. This arrangement is known as________. a. traditional schedule b. a nine-eighty schedule c. empowerment d. compressed work schedule e. flextime

e