Mancini Test 2 Fall 2019
What are two main uses for type 1 muscle fibers?
1) postural maintenance (such as holding head upright) 2) endurance exercises (like marathon running)
How many ATP are produced in glycolysis?
2 ATP
What happens when glucose gets broken down?
2 ATP are produced
What is the pH of gastric juice/hydrochloric acid?
2-2.5
How many ATP are produced in aerobic metabolism?
30 or more
What is the pH in the rumen?
6.4-6.5
In order for bacteria to ferment stuff, what pH do they need?
A pH of around 6
What three VFAs does fermentation produce?
Acetic Propionic Butyric
What 3 volatile fatty acids (VFA's) do the bacteria in the rumen make through fermentation?
Acetic acid Propionic acid butyric acid
Is the TCA cycle part of aerobic or anaerobic metabolism?
Aerobic
Type 1 (slow twitch) muscle fibers use _____ respiration
Aerobic
Type 2 (fast twitch) muscle fibers use _______ respiration
Anaerobic
What are the two ways to make energy?
Anaerobic metabolism (no oxygen) aerobic metabolism (needs oxygen)
Are the bacteria in the rumen aerobic or anaerobic?
Anaerobic—they don't require oxygen
What is the medical term for "tying up?"
Azoturia
What does the fermenting in the rumen?
Bacteria
What type of digestion happens in the hindgut?
Bacterial fermentation
In ruminants such as cows, why does fermentation by bacteria have to occur in the rumen before the contents hit the abomasum (true stomach)?
Because the bacteria would be killed in the low pH, acidic environment of the abomasum.
How are hemoglobin proteins able to transport oxygen?
Because they carry Fe (iron) atoms that bind oxygen
What do Iron (Fe) atoms do
Bind oxygen
When belching is impossible or ineffective, cows can suffer from _______.
Bloat
What does fermentation do?
Break down food (forage/hay) and make fatty acids
What does -lytic or -lysis mean?
Breakdown
What is an indication that myoglobin has made its way into the bloodstream or urine?
Brown blood and urine. Urine is the color of Coke
The process of fermentation allows the cow to convert ________ into ________
Cellulosic fiber energy
Slow twitch muscles are suited for what types of sports?
Endurance type sports
What are the three VFA's used to create?
Energy
The foregut comes right after the ________
Esophagus
Fast twitch muscles are suited for what types of sports?
Explosive type sports
Type 2 is _____ twitch
Fast
What is the chemical symbol for Iron?
Fe
When you feed a cow you are really doing what?
Feeding the micro-organisms in her rumen.
How many carbons does butyric acid have?
Four
What breaks down food (grains) in the foregut?
Gastric acids and enzymes
What is in the abomasum of a ruminant and also in our stomachs?
Gastric juices/hydrochloric acid
What gets broken down in glycolysis?
Glucose
What's another term for anaerobic metabolism?
Glycolysis
What contains iron?
Hemoglobin and myoglobin
Anaerobic energy production
High in fast twitch and low in slow twitch
Generation of speed and power
High in fast twitch and low in slow twitch
Contraction velocity and relaxation velocity
High in fast twitch muscles and low in slow twitch muscles
Fatigue resistance
How long a muscle can contract for. If a muscle is slower it takes longer to fatigue.
What are two types of cell growth?
Hyperplasia Hypertrophia
How can myoglobin get into the blood stream and urine?
If the horse is overworked, the muscle can break down, releasing myoglobin into the bloodstream and urine
Where are soluble carbohydrates found?
In grains
Where are insoluble carbohydrates found?
In grass and hay
Where is hemoglobin found?
In the blood stream
Where are soluble carbohydrates, proteins, and fats digested in the horse?
In the foregut
Where are the insoluble carbohydrates digested in the horse?
In the hindgut
Where is myoglobin found?
In the muscle
Where does fermentation occur?
In the rumen
What binds oxygen?
Iron (Fe) in the hemoglobin and myoglobin
Where does enzyme digestion occur in ruminants vs horses?
It occurs in the small intestine for both
Aerobic energy production
Low in fast twitch and high in slow twitch
Mitochondrial and myoglobin content
Low in fast twitch and high in slow twitch
aerobic metabolism
Metabolism that can proceed only in the presence of oxygen.
What are the gases produced in the rumen during fermentation?
Methane and carbon dioxide
Wherever you find myoglobin, the muscle fiber has more ________
Mitochondria
Slow twitch muscle fibers have both ______ and ______
Mitochondria myoglobin
What does myo- mean?
Muscle
In general, myoglobin is just found in the _______ and not in the ________.
Muscle blood
What are the symptoms of azoturia in the appearance of a horse?
Muscle cramping. There is massive contraction of the muscle groups along the back and rump of the horse. The muscles contract and do not relax. The horse will appear to be nailed to the floor in the back end while seemingly being able to move the front end without any problems.
What gives color to muscles?
Myoglobin
Does myoglobin transport oxygen?
No
Does the process of glycolysis require oxygen?
No
What causes Azoturia?
Overworking muscles
Because there is very little _______ present in the rumen, the bacteria there must obtain _______ from their food ______________
Oxygen Energy Anaerobically (without oxygen)
Fatigue occurs how quickly in fast vs slow twitch muscles?
Quickly in fast twitch and slowly in slow twitch
Where are soluble carbohydrates digested in the cow?
Reticulum
What is the scientific term for "tying up?"
Rhabdomyolosis
What does -globin mean?
Round protein
Hemoglobin and myoglobin are both __________
Round proteins
Where does the process of fermentation take place in a cow?
Rumen
Where acid digestion of food for the horse and the ruminant take place?
Ruminant - abomasum Horse - stomach
Type 1 is _____ twitch
Slow
What are the parts of the foregut?
Stomach and small intestines (and opening to esophagus)
Why can't horses can't vomit or burp?
The cardiac sphincter is strong and won't let things up.
What are the parts of the hindgut where insoluble carbohydrates are digested?
The cecum and colon
Which is the biggest of the four chambers in the stomach?
The rumen
Are hemoglobin and myoglobin water-soluble or not?
They ARE water-soluble
What do rabbit nests look like?
They are low to the ground and look like dead grass
Do slow twitch muscle fibers have more or less myoglobin than fast?
They have MORE myoglobin.
How many carbons does propionic acid have?
Three
How are fermentation gases expelled?
Through belching
Function of the Rumen
To digest and store food
What does Hemoglobin do?
Transports oxygen through the blood from the lungs to the muscle
How many carbons does acetic acid have?
Two
Which type of muscle fibers are more efficient over long periods of time?
Type 1 (slow twitch)
Which type of muscle fiber fatigues more quickly?
Type 2
Which type of muscle fiber is better for short bursts of speed?
Type 2
Is a pH of 2-2.5 acidic or alkaline?
Very acidic
What does VFA stand for?
Volatile Fatty Acid
Round proteins are ______-soluble
Water
Is "tying up"painful?
Yes
TCA Cycle
a series of metabolic reactions that use oxygen to break down carbs, fats, and proteins and produce ATP
What does hemo- mean?
blood
Gastric juice
digestive secretions of the stomach glands consisting chiefly of hydrochloric acid and mucin and the enzymes pepsin and rennin and lipase
What are the two biggest killers of rabbits in the wild?
dogs and lawnmowers
Myostatin
inhibits muscle growth
What happens during fermentation?
microorganisms convert carbohydrates into volatile fatty acids and gases.
What are the two types of skeletal muscle fibers?
slow twitch and fast twitch
Which types of muscles take longer to fatigue (have more fatigue resistance)?
slow twitch muscles
What does myoglobin do?
stores oxygen in muscle cells
Abomasum
true stomach of ruminants