Mangement 300 Final Exam

Which is not true regarding emotions?

Emotional intelligence suggests that people can "catch" emotions from those around them.

are based on social identity, such as gender or race, and are organized to focus on concerns of employees from that group

Employee affinity groups

may include cognitive ability tests, physical ability tests, personality inventories, and other assessments.

Employee tests

Similar to product brand, except that rather than promoting a specific product, its aim is to make an organization seem like a highly desirable place to work.

Employer brand

A test given to employees to evaluate their abilities, can include cognitive ability, physical ability, personal inventories, and assessments

Employment test

Legislation is passed to stop discriminatory practices that are unfair to specific groups and to define enforcement agencies for these laws.

Equal Employment Opportunity

Which is not a characteristic of a high authoritarianism leader?

Equality in organizational status

is the belief that one's own group and culture are inherently superior to other groups and cultures.

Ethnocentrism

is the belief that groups and subcultures are inherently equal

Ethnorelativism

Which best explains introspection?

Examining the effects of our actions and behavior, looking at the consequences for ourselves and others

Which of the following characteristics is not generally classified as a feminine trait associated with interactive leadership?

Exclusiveness

Innovation Strategies

Exploration Cooperation Innovation roles

Big five personality factors

Extroversion Agreeableness Conscientiousness Emotional stability Openness to experience

A transactional leader is distinguished by a special ability to bring about innovation and change by creating an inspiring vision, shaping values, building relationships, and providing meaning for followers.

False

Servant leadership is associated with women's style of leading. t/f

False

When the level of stress is high relative to a person's coping resources, stress can be a positive force, stimulating desirable change and achievement.

False

t/f An employee selection approach in which the organization and the applicant attempt to match each other's needs, interests, and values is known as human resource planning.

False

t/f An external attribution says that characteristics of the individual caused the person to behave in a certain way, whereas an internal attribution places the cause on aspects of the situation.

False

t/f The most common method of training is social learning that involves using social media tools to network and learn

False

t/f Two basic leadership behaviors identified as important for leadership are attention to tasks and attention to the organization.

False

Company Strategy:

Find the Right People -Planning -Using recruiting procedures -Selecting from applicants -Welcoming new employees to the organization

What is a tendency to underestimate the influence of external factors on another person's behavior and to overestimate the influence of internal factors?

Fundamental attribution error

When evaluating others, we tend to underestimate the influence of external factors and overestimate the influence of internal factors

Fundamental attribution error

This form involves sexual remarks and actions that are not intended to lead to sexual activity but that are directed toward a coworker based solely on gender and reflect on the entire group.

Generalized sexual harassment

is an invisible barrier that exists for women and minorities that limits their upward mobility in organizations

Glass ceiling

, in which a manager gives an employee the same rating on all dimensions, even if his or her performance is good on some dimensions and poor on others.

Halo effect

The performance evaluation error in which a manager gives an employee the same rating on all dimensions, even if his or her performance is good on some dimensions and poor on others.

Halo effect

Which is a characteristic of the traditional boss?

Has well defined roles, rules and regulations

Which of the following is not a strategic issue concern to HR managers?

Hiring people that will produce the highest amount of goods for the lowest pay

Means that several departments (e.g. marketing, research, and manufacturing) work closely together to develop new products

Horizontal linkage model

The economic value of the combined knowledge, experience, skills, and capabilities of an employee.

Human Capital

Top Three factors for maintaining competitive success

Human Capital Customer Relationships Product and Service Innovation

The design and application of formal systems in an organization to ensure the effective and efficient use of human talent to accomplish organizational goals.

Human Resources Management (HRM)

The forecasting of HR needs and the projected matching of individuals with expected vacancies

Human Resources planning

refers to the economic value of the combined knowledge, experience, skills, and capabilities of employees.

Human capital

__________ refers to the design and application of formal systems in an organization to assure the effective and efficient use of human talent to accomplish organizational goals.

Human resource management

: A person who sees the need for change and is passionately committed to making it happen.

Idea champion

Mechanism that provides a safe harbor where ideas from employees throughout the company can be developed without interference

Idea incubator

Though not sexually threatening, the behavior causes discomfort in a coworker, whose reaction in avoiding the harasser may limit his or her freedom and ability to function in the workplace

Inappropriate/offensive sexual harassment

is the degree to which an employee feels like an esteemed member of a group in which his or her uniqueness is highly appreciated

Inclusion

Somaya has been working at Think Pink, a clothing company for girls, for about five years. Her supervisor trusts her to make decisions and to come up with brilliant marketing ideas at the beginning of every season. Somaya's ideas are quite ingenious, and she always manages to develop a socially relevant theme to go along with the brand. Somaya is most likely a(n):

Independent critical thinker

Buying setup companies to get innovative products and services, and usually the talent that created them.

Innovation by acquisition

An arrangement whereby an intern, usually a high school or college student, exchanges his or her services for the opportunity to gain work experience.

Internship

reflecting on our experiences, examining the effects of our actions and behavior, looking at the consequences for ourselves and others, and asking, "What can I learn?" is a valuable use of time that too many managers overlook.

Introspection

refers to the process of determining the value or worth of jobs within an organization through an examination of job content.

Job Evaluation

A systematic process of gathering and interpreting information about the essential duties, tasks, and responsibilities of a job (and context within which it is performed)

Job analysis

Which is the systematic process of gathering and interpreting information about the essential duties, tasks, and responsibilities of a job?

Job analysis

is a systematic process of gathering and interpreting information about the essential duties, tasks, and responsibilities of a job, as well as about the context within which the job is performed.

Job analysis

A clear and concise summary of the specific tasks, duties, and responsibilities of a job.

Job description

which is a clear and concise summary of the specific tasks, duties, and responsibilities

Job description

Claudette works for a new eco-friendly fashion line in Vienna, Austria. After studying environmental science and economics in Canada, she decided that she wanted to live in Europe and pursue a career related to sustainable development. When the opportunity to work in eco-friendly fashion came up in Vienna, Claudette knew that this was the change and experience she needed to live a purposeful life. Claudette loves her job and is motivated to do well. Which of the following concepts illustrates Claudette's feelings about her work?

Job satisfaction

reflects the degree to which a person finds fulfillment in his or her job

Job satisfaction

Which is true regarding job satisfaction?

Job satisfaction leads to greater performance.

Outlines the knowledge, skills, education, physical abilities, and other characteristics needed to perform the job adequately

Job specification

which outlines the knowledge, skills, education, physical abilities, and other characteristics needed to perform the job adequately

Job specification

Which type of compensation is linked to the specific tasks that an employee performs?

Job-based pay

OD approach that brings together people from different parts of the org (often including outside stakeholders) to discuss problems or opportunities and plan for change.

Large-group intervention

Which is an area related to personality that is of particular interest to managers?

Locus of control Authoritarianism Machiavellianism Problem-solving styles

which is characterized by the acquisition of power and the manipulation of other people for purely personal gain

Machiavellianism

The tendency to direct much of one's behavior toward the acquisition of power and the manipulation of others for personal gain is called:

Machiavellianism.

Top three factors for Maintaining Competitive Success

-Human Capital (71%) -Customer Relationships (66%) -Product and Service Innovation (52%)

Force-Field Analysis

-Kurt Lewin: "Change= a result of the competition between driving and restraining forces" -A technique for determining which forces drive a proposed change and which forces restrain it

Current Strategic Issues of Particular Concern to Managers

1) Hiring the right people to become more competitive on a global basis 2) Hiring the right people for improving quality, innovation, and customer service 3) Knowing the right people to retain after mergers, acquisitions, or downsizing 4 ) Hiring the right people to apply new information technology (IT) for e-business

Two type HR cases

1) Quid Pro Quo - easy, quick to prove 2) Hostile Environment- harder to prove 3 Elements -Unwelcome -Sexual in nature -Hostile Environment -Intent -Standard? Objective or Subjective? (recipient of conduct... rare)

Three Steps of OD

1) Unfreezing -People are made aware of the problems and need for change -Uses a change agent (OD specialist who contracts with an organization to help managers facilitate change) 2) Changing: The "intervention" stage of OD when change agents teach people new behaviors and skills and guide them in using them in the workplace. 3) Refreezing: The stage of OD when people have incorporated new values, attitudes, and behaviors into their everyday work and the changes become institutionalized in the culture.

Approximately how many people in the United States miss work each day as a result of stress?

1,000,000

HR approach in which the organization and the individual attempt to match each other's needs, interests, and values.

Matching model

is an HR approach in which the organization and the individual attempt to match each other's needs, interests, and values.

Matching model

3 basic principles of self-management

1. Clarity of mind 2. Clarity of objectives 3. Organized system

4 basic components of emotional intelligence

1. Self-awareness 2. Self-management 3. Social awareness 4. Relationship Management

What percentage of workers strongly trust top management of the organization they are employed with?

20%

A __________ is a process that uses multiple raters, including self-rating, to assess employee performance and guide development.

360 job feedback

A process that uses multiple raters, including self-rating as a way to increase awareness of strengths and weaknesses and guide employee development.

360-degree feedback

Incorporating structures and processes that are appropriate for both the creative impulse and the systematic implementation of innovations

4. Ambidextrous Approach:

According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics approximately what percent of American workers have part-time, contract or other types of non-standard positions rather than full-time jobs?

40%

The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, imposes a fee on firms that have over how many employees?

49

Requires that an employer take positive steps to guarantee equal employment opportunities for people within protected groups.

Affirmative action

Baby boomers continue to affect the workplace as this massive group of workers progresses through its life stages.

Aging workers

Jael is a trusting and forgiving individual who gets along with others because she is good-natured and cooperative. Which of the Big Five personality factors does she possess?

Agreeableness

Suzanne is a passive, yet independent critical thinker. She focuses primarily on complaining about her boss but will not offer constructive feedback. She is capable but not willing to participate in developing solutions. What type of follower is Suzanne?

Alienated

The __________ is a passive, yet independent critical thinker.

Alienated follower

Used to collect information about the applicant's education, previous job experience, and other background characteristics.

Application form

When established companies (i.e. Facebook, Google, Yahoo, LinkedIn) buy early-stage start-ups, often shutting them down, simply to acquire their engineering talent.

Aqui-hiring

Which is not a characteristic of Level 5 leaders?

Are very open and outspoken leaders

are judgments about what caused a person's behavior—something about the person or something about the situation

Attributions

__________ leadership refers to individuals who know and understand themselves, who espouse and act consistent with higher order ethical values, and who empower and inspire others with their openness.

Authentic

Which type of leader has a high degree of self-discipline, builds positive and enduring relationships, and shows compassion for others?

Authentic leader

is the belief that power and status differences should exist within the organization

Authoritarianism

Encouraging the flow of ideas from lower levels and making sure that they get heard and acted upon by top executives

Bottom-up approach

says that a perceived high degree of social support from family and friends protects one from the potentially adverse effects of stressful events

Buffering hypothesis

Cabinets and Bins is a new storage furniture company that is in the process of recruiting staff. The CEO of the company wants to market his company as an environment that is highly creative and encourages staff to think critically. How can the CEO attract and recruit the right kind of workers?

By developing a strong employer brand

Miles is a marathoner who travels internationally to compete. In a conversation with a friend, Miles expresses that he thrives off the stress of competing and pushes himself harder in situations where he knows he will be running with the world's best marathoners. Identify the kind of stress Miles has described.

Challenge stress

Which leaders are often less predictable because they create an atmosphere of change, and they may be obsessed by visionary ideas that excite, stimulate, and drive other people to work hard?

Charismatic

__________ generates awareness and acceptance of a group's purpose and mission and gets employees to see beyond their own needs and self-interest for the good of the group.

Charismatic leader

Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC)

Civil Rights Act of 1964

Sadia recently submitted a resume and cover letter to a small marketing firm and is invited for an interview. At her interview; however, the company representative is short with her and does not give her ample time to respond to his questions. Sadia suspects that she is being discriminated against because she is Muslim and is wearing a hijab. Which of the following laws will protect Sadia in the event she decides to press charges against the firm?

Civil Rights Act, Title VII

The basic principles for self-management include:

Clarity of mind

The harasser coerces a coworker into sexual activity by using the threat of power (through recommendations, grades, promotions, and so on) to jeopardize the victim's career

Coercion w threat of punishment

measure an applicant's thinking, reasoning, verbal, and mathematical abilities

Cognitive ability tests

Leroy has always been a goal-oriented worker who meets all deadlines without challenge. He is usually the team member who envisions the bigger picture and helps others accomplish their tasks. However, he often makes silly mistakes that his colleagues and managers have to fix. What can Leroy do to address this blind spot?

Complete regular self-assessments so he can improve in certain areas

Maya is the store manager for a popular fast food chain. Having taken several courses in leadership development and managing teams, she is committed to ensuring that her staff work in a nurturing environment that promotes growth, acknowledgement, and reward. She wants her employees to be content because she believes that it is the only way they will provide quality customer service. Maya's behavior can be described as:

Consideration

Which federal regulation requires continued health insurance coverage (paid by employee) following termination?

Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act

Which law requires continued health insurance coverage (paid by employee) following termination?

Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act (COBRA)

People who work for an organization, but not on a permanent or full-time basis.

Contingent workers

an in-house training and education facility that offers broad-based learning opportunities for employees—and frequently for customers, suppliers, and strategic partners as well—throughout their careers

Corporate training

In-house training and education facility that offers broad-based learning opportunities for employees- and frequently for customers, suppliers, and strategic partners as well.

Corporate university

Advantages to internal recruiting

Costs less Higher employee committment

Six Thinking Hats

Created by Edward de Bono -Encourages negative and critical thinking with positive and creative thinking White: Neutral and concerned with objective things Red: Emotional response Green: Generates new ideas, alternatives, etc. Black: Negative, pessimistic, critical Yellow: Optimistic, focuses on values and benefits Blue: Group facilitation, leader usually assumes this hat

Generation of novel ideas that might meet perceived needs or respond to opportunities for the organization

Creativity

An approach in which many people contribute to the innovation process via the internet

Crowdsourcing

A major shift in the norms, values, and mindset of an entire organization.

Culture change

Which is not a technique for reducing stress?

Dedicate personal time volunteering

Martin is manager at Anderson Arches, Inc. most of his subordinates have high levels of experience, education, and readiness to accept responsibility for their own tasks. Based on the situational model, which leadership styles would be best for Martin?

Delegating

Women generally scored lower than men on which leadership ability?

Developing a strategic perspective

Teaching people broader skills that are not only useful in their present jobs, but also in their future jobs

Development

If someone acts out their prejudicial attitudes toward people who are the targets of their prejudice

Discrimination

Occurs when hiring and promotion decisions are made based on criteria that are not job-relevant.

Discrimination

the hiring or promotion of applicants based on criteria that are not job relevant

Discrimination

Innovations in products or services that typically start small and end up completely replacing an existing product or service technology for producers and consumers.

Disruptive Innovation

is defined as all the ways in which people differ

Diversity

which provides a broader and deeper base of ideas, opinions, and experiences for problem solving, creativity, and innovation

Diversity of perspective

According to the EEO guidelines which question is unacceptable to ask an applicant?

Do you rent or own your home?

Managers who want to maintain or improve profitability or market share by stimulating employee performance should use:

Merit-based system

a culture that accepts only one way of doing things and one set of values and beliefs, which can cause problems for minority employees.

Monoculture

Disparity between existing and desired performance levels.

Need for change

A __________ is a situational variable that counteracts a leadership style and prevents the leader from displaying certain behaviors.

Neutralizer

Provides resources from which individuals and groups can draw to develop new ideas, products, or businesses.

New Venture Fund

A unit separate from the mainstream organization that is responsible for initiating and developing innovations

New venture team

Broad, open-ended questions and permits applicant to talk freely with minimal interruption.

Nondirective interview

Jon was hired as a new manager and worked closely with Christine, a supervisor who had worked for the company for over a decade. For the first few weeks, Jon shadowed Christine and learned company policies and procedures through hands-on experiences. At the end of his first three months, Jon received a performance appraisal interview from Christine. He recalls feeling defeated after his evaluation because Christine gave him poor scores in most of the areas. He believes that Christine ranked him poorly because he was young and was just learning how to adjust to his new position. Identify the training method employed here, as well as Christine's performance evaluation error.

On-the-job training, stereotyping

Process in which an experienced employee is asked to teach a new employee how to perform job duties

On-the-job-training

Extending the search for and commercialization of new ideas beyond the boundaries of the organization and even beyond the boundaries of the industry.

Open Innovation

The adoption of a new idea or behavior by an organization

Organizational change

refers to an employee's loyalty to and engagement with the organization

Organizational commitment

A planned, systematic process of change that uses behavioral science knowledge and techniques to improve an organization's health and effectiveness through its ability to cope with environmental changes, improve internal relationships, and increase learning and problem solving capabilities.

Organzation development

An interview in which the candidate meets with several interviewers who take turns asking questions

Panel interview

The __________ follower exhibits neither critical, independent thinking nor active participation.

Passive

A change in the attitudes and behaviors of a few employees.

People change

is the cognitive process that people use to make sense out of the environment by selecting, organizing, and interpreting information from the environment

Perception

errors in perceptual judgment that arise from inaccuracies in any part of the perception process

Perceptual distortions

Observing and assessing employee performance, recording the assessment, and providing feedback to the employee

Performance appraisal

refers to observing and assessing employee performance, recording the assessment, and providing feedback to the employee.

Performance appraisal

is the set of characteristics that underlie a relatively stable pattern of behavior in response to ideas, objects, or people in the environment.

Personality

that measure qualities such as strength, energy, and endurance may be used for jobs such as delivery drivers

Physical ability tests

means that an organization accommodates several subcultures

Pluralism

is the tendency to view people who are different as being deficient

Prejudice

which refers to people who go to work but are too stressed and distracted to be productive

Presenteeism

Gives applicants all pertinent and realistic information, both positive and negative, about a job and the organization

Realistic job previews

Activities or practices that define the characteristics of applicants to whom selection procedures are ultimately applied.

Recruiting- Talent Acquisition -Internal Recruiting -Promote-For-Within -External Recruiting

What type of leader power influences employees to obey their superiors because they admire, respect, and identify with him or her?

Referent

Based on the contingency leadership model, which type of leaders are more effective in situations of moderate favorability?

Relationship-oriented leaders

Creating innovative, low-cost products for emerging markets and then quickly and inexpensively repackaging them for sale in developed countries

Reverse Innovation:

which means that people are unclear about what task behaviors are expected of them

Role ambiguity

occurs when an individual perceives incompatible demands from others.

Role conflict

Which is not a characteristic of a transactional leader?

Sacrifices themselves to inspire others

Which of the following is an example of compensation?

Salary Vacation days Health insurance Salary and vacation days only

Assessing skills, abilities, and other attributes of applicants in an attempt to determine the fit between the job and each applicant's characteristics

Selection process

Obstacles of organizational change?

Self Interest -The fear of personal loss -Lack of understanding and trust -Uncertainty -Different Assessments and Goals

A person who has a sense of __________ is conscious of the internal aspects of his/her nature, such as personality traits, beliefs, emotions, and perceptions, and appreciates how his/her patterns affect other people.

Self awareness

is the ability to engage in self-regulating thoughts and behavior to accomplish all your tasks and handle difficult or challenging situations.

Self management

also means regularly reflecting on our thoughts and feelings

Self-assessment

which uses self-inquiry and reflection to gain insights into oneself from the results of scores on self-assessment instruments such as those throughout this text.

Self-assessment

means being aware of the internal aspects of one's nature, such as personality traits, beliefs, emotions, and perceptions, and appreciating how your patterns affect other people

Self-awareness

means that people give themselves too much credit for what they do well and give external forces too much blame when they fail

Self-serving bias

4 problem-solving styles?

Sensation-Thinking Intuitive-Thinking Sensation Feeling Intuitive Feeling

The highest level of sexual harassment, these acts would, if reported to the police, be considered felonies or misdemeanors

Sexual crimes and misdemeanors

Which structured interview asks people to describe how they might handle a hypothetical situation?

Situational

A separate informal, highly autonomous, and often secretive group that focuses on breakthrough ideas.

Skunkworks

The ability to understand others and practice empathy is called:

Social awareness

Which is not a component of emotional intelligence?

Social control

Using social media tools to network and learn informally

Social learning

basically means learning informally from others by using social media tools, including mobile technologies, social networking, wikis and blogs, virtual games, and so forth

Social learning

Attempt to "purchase" sex is what form of sexual harassment?

Solicitation w promise of reward

describes the psychological experience of a person who, when engaged in a task, is aware of a stereotype about his or her identity group suggesting that he or she will not perform well on that task

Stereotype threat

rigid, exaggerated, irrational beliefs associated with a particular group of people

Stereotypes

A rater places and employee into a class or category based on a few traits or characteristics

Stereotyping

is an individual's physiological and emotional response to external stimuli that place physical or psychological demands on the individual and create uncertainty and lack of personal control when important outcomes are at stake

Stress

produce some combination of frustration (the inability to achieve a goal, such as the inability to meet a deadline because of inadequate resources)

Stressors

Uses a set of standardized questions that are asked of every applicant so comparisons can be made easily

Structured interview -Biographical -Behavioral -Situational

OD change agents survey employees to gather their opinions regarding corp. values, leadership, participation, cohesiveness, and other aspects of the org, then meet with small groups to share results and brainstorm solutions.

Survey Feedback

Which is not a way to enhance self-awareness?

Taking a personality test

An organization development (OD) intervention that enhances cohesiveness by helping groups of people learn to work together as a team

Team building

Stagecoach is the name of a company that operates bus and rail services in the United Kingdom. Which of the following is an external factor that could influence work forecasting for Stagecoach?

The availability of applicants who can drive for the company

It has been determined that the appropriateness of a trait or set of traits for leaders depends on:

The leadership situation

29. Implementation Tactics

Top Management Support *crucial -Communication & Education -Participation -Negotiation -Coercion

One of the major concerns of employees who work in HRM is to develop human capital. What is one of the best ways a manager can develop human capital?

Train unskilled workers so they can efficiently perform their tasks.

Typically used to refer to teaching people how to perform tasks related to their present jobs

Training

Expert power is one of the five sources of power. t/f

True

t/f All leaders use power to influence people and accomplish organizational goals.

True

t/f Elements of the new social contract include a focus on the worker's future employability, as well as on the worker's sense of personal responsibility.

True

t/f Emotion can be thought of as a mental state that arises spontaneously within a person based on interaction with the environment rather than through conscious effort and is often accompanied by physiological changes or sensations.

True

t/f Three basic principles for self-management are clarity of mind, clarity of objectives, and an organized system.

True

t/f Uncertainty about what behaviors are expected of a person in a particular position is called role ambiguity.

True

pattern includes extreme competitiveness, impatience, aggressiveness, and devotion to work. David Sacks, founder and CEO of Yammer, for example, says he is "in a perpetual state of frustration over the product

Type A behavior

individuals typically live with less stress unless they are in high-stress situations

Type B behavior

is a behavior pattern that reflects few of the Type A characteristics and includes a more balanced, relaxed approach to life.

Type b behavior

Today's workforce is in a state of flux as a blend of four generations presents new management challenges, with people staying healthy and working longer not only in the United States, but in China, Brazil, Russia, and elsewhere

Unprecedented generational diversity

which means that they recognize individual differences and see these differences with an appreciative attitude

Value differences

W.L. Gore is the company that created Gore-Tex among other innovative products. Gore employees, referred to as associates, don't have titles or bosses in the traditional sense. Instead, associates commit to projects that they believe are worth their time. At Gore, few leaders are appointed; leaders simply emerge as needed. Gore more than likely adheres to the __________ theory of leadership

Visionary

All of the following are essential parts of any definition of leadership except:

coercive power.

The Leadership Grid uses two leader behaviors, known as:

concern for people and concern for production.

Temporary workers, contract employees, or leased employees are all examples of __________ workers.

contingent

The impact of charismatic leaders comes from all the following except:

creating change in both followers and the organization.

A(n)__________ is a mental state that arises spontaneously within a person based on interaction with the environment rather than through conscious effort and is often accompanied by physiological changes or sensations.

emotion

can be thought of as a mental state that arises spontaneously within a person based on interaction with the environment rather than through conscious effort and is often accompanied by physiological changes or sensations

emotion

means that managers who express positive emotions such as happiness, enthusiasm, and appreciation trigger positive emotions in employees

emotional contagion

A guide for managing your time includes all except:

enhance your mind

Suppose that after forecasting the needs of the company, the president and human resource managers at Stagecoach decide to restructure the organization and to develop two high-level positions: one to oversee marketing and the other to oversee the expansion of the company in other European countries. They are looking for individuals who understand the organization's mission and values. Which of the following would be most advantageous for Stagecoach?

internal recruiting

Leadership is reciprocal because:

it occurs among people.

refers to how people perceive the cause of life events—whether they place the primary responsibility within themselves or on outside forces

locus of control

is a higher-ranking organizational member who is committed to providing upward mobility and support to a protégé's professional career

mentor

Managers can reduce employee stress by doing all the following except:

monitoring employee's personal lives

According to research, which trait is most common to top executives?

optimism

__________ refers to loyalty to and engagement with one's work organization.

organizational commitment

Which of the following enables individuals to screen and select the various objects and stimuli that vie for their attention?

perception

A change in the organization's product or service outputs. e.g.- Whirlpool 2 oven range, Amazon Kindle Fire

product change

A change in the organization's production process- how the organization does its work.

product change

refers to activities or practices that define the desired characteristics of applicants for specific jobs.

recruiting

Type A behavior pattern is characterized by all of these except:

relaxed lifestyle

In the Blake and Mouton leadership grid, which is the most effective leadership style?

team management

Xavier has been working for a local market for about 6 months now and admires the manager in his department because she is extraverted, bold, and extremely creative. Because Xavier struggles with his shyness and has a difficult time making new friends, he respects anyone who is outgoing. Even though other staff members have complained about the manager's abrupt and confrontational behavior, Xavier thinks she can do no wrong. Xavier's perceptions are a result of:

the halo effect

In general, early research found a __________ relationship between personal traits and leader success.

weak