Manhattan1000

catalyst

Causer of change Ex:- The young manager was a catalyst at the stodgy old company—once he introduced employee laptops, telecommuting, and mobile workstations, even the most conventional of employees totally changed the way they worked. / Reaching 500 pounds on the scale was a catalyst for Marcus to really change his lifestyle.

grievous

Causing grief or suffering; very serious, grave; flagrant, outrageous Ex:- While people certainly do injure themselves on hot stoves, such burns rarely compare to the grievous injuries sustained by people who do not observe safety procedures with twelve-gallon deep fryers.

polemic

Controversial argument, esp. one attacking a specific idea Ex:- Laura Kipnis's 2003 book Against Love: A Polemic has been called "shocking" and "scathing," Perhaps Kipnis used the word polemic in the title to indicate that she's making an extreme argument as a means of starting a debate. After all, who's really against love?

pith

Core, essence; significance or weight Ex:- I can only stay at this meeting for a minute—can you get to the pith of the issue now, and discuss the details after I leave? / This presentation has no pith—there's no central point and nothing I didn't already know.

enumerate

Count or list; specify one-by-one Ex:- The Bill of Rights enumerates the basic rights held by every citizen of the United States. / I don't have time to enumerate all the steps involved in baking a cake—just find a recipe on the internet!

**offset

Counteract, compensate for (verb); a counterbalance (noun) Ex:- Property taxes did go up this year, but the hit to our finances was offset by a reduction in fees paid to our homeowners association.

polarized

Divided into sharply opposed groups Ex:- The school board was used to rationally discussing issues, but when it came to the teaching of evolution in schools, the board was polarized, immediately splitting into two camps, with the discussion devolving into a shouting match within minutes.

beneficent

Doing good Ex:- The billionaire had been a mean and stingy fellow, but after his death, his beneficent widow gave all his money to charity, even accompanying the donations with handwritten notes thanking the charities for all the good work they did.

furtive

Done secretly; stealthy, sly, shifty Ex:- As a spokesperson for a popular diet plan, the actress had to be quite furtive about eating junk food, even hiding her M&Ms in a breath mint container lest the paparazzi snap photos of the inside of her car.

querulous

Given to complaining, grumbling Ex:- Norma had been happy to be a grandmother, but was somewhat less happy when a querulous child was dropped off on her doorstep—"I don't want to come inside," "I don't like sandwiches," "It's too cold in the bathroom." Would the whining and moaning ever stop?

jingoism

Excessive, loud patriotism and aggressive, warlike foreign policy Ex:- He is such a jingoist that he's always yelling at the TV, calling even the most conservative commentators "wimps" for failing to suggest that we simply nuke, burn, pillage, and otherwise extirpate our so-called enemies.

dissonance

Harsh, inharmonious sound; cacophony; disagreement Ex:- After allowing her sixth-grader's heavy metal band to practice in her living room, Mrs. Rosen decided she'd better get used to dissonance.

reap

Harvest, such as by cutting; gather; get as a result of one's effort Ex:- He worked night and day in the strange new country, never stopping to rest, for he knew he would reap his reward when his family greeted him as a hero for all the money he had sent back home.

resurgent

Having a revival, renewing, rising or surging again Ex:- Burlesque has experienced a resurgence in the last decade, as young women dress in old-fashioned finery and perform routines appropriate for the vaudeville halls or nightclubs of previous decades.

pungent

Having a sharp taste or smell; biting, stimulating, sharp Ex:- The new assistant chef received some rather pungent criticism from the head chef for her idea to make feta cheese soup, which the customers found much too pungent.

orotund

Full, rich, and clear (of the voice or speaking); pompous, bombastic Ex:- The actor James Earl Jones has long been sought after for voiceover work as well as acting jobs because of his dignified, orotund voice.

droll

Funny in an odd way Ex:- The play was a droll production—not laugh-out-loud hilarious, but funny especially because it was so strange. Who's ever seen a fairy be mistaken for a block of cheese?

livid

Furiously angry, enraged Ex:- Diane was livid when she discovered that her daughter had borrowed her wedding dress to wear to an '80s party. "I have never been angrier in my life," she said.

garner

Gather and store; amass, collect Ex:- The publisher sent copies of the soon-to-be-published manuscript to reviewers, hoping to garner acclaim and publicity for the book.

largess or largesse

Generosity, the giving of money or gifts (esp. with the implication that the giver is a bit superior to the recipient) Ex:- While I did attend a tony private school, my parents were actually quite poor—I was at that school through the largesse of my grandfather.

munificent

Generous, giving liberally Ex:- The elderly titan of industry was notoriously miserly, sometimes called "the cheapest man alive." But his wife was quite munificent, and after his death, she used his fortune to support numerous charities and to buy a house for their longtime maid.

unsparing

Generous, lavish (as in not sparing any help or gifts to others); unmerciful, harsh (as in not sparing any criticism) Ex:- The mother was unsparing in praising her son—so he was in for quite a shock when his new teacher told him his work was substandard.

ingenuous

Genuine, sincere, not holding back; naive Ex:- Multilevel marketing scams prey on the ingenuous, those who really think there's someone out there who just wants to help them get rich.

**adumbrate

Give a rough outline of; foreshadow; reveal only partially; obscure Ex:- When I took on the lead role in the movie, I agreed not to give away the plot, but I suppose I could give a brief adumbration of the premise.[umbrate - cast a shadow on]

abjure

Give up, renounce; repudiate, recant, or shun (especially formally or under oath) Ex:- To become a citizen of the United States, you must abjure loyalty to the nation of your birth. / Since enrolling in that nutrition class, she has abjured sugar and saturated fats.

latent

Potential; existing but not visible or active Ex:- Certain experts believe that some people have a genetic propensity for addiction; however, if such a person never comes into contact with drugs, the propensity for addiction can remain latent for life.

approbation

Praise or approval, especially formal approval Ex:- In her speech for class president, she won the approbation of her peers by promising not only to save the prom, but to raise enough money to make it free for everyone.

kudos

Praise, honor, congratulations Ex:- Kudos on your amazing GRE score! said the teacher. / While the critics weren't impressed, the play received plentiful kudos from the audience.

idyllic

Presenting a positive, peaceful view of rural life (as poetry or prose); pleasant in a natural, simple way Ex:- An action-packed vacation wasn't their style—for their honeymoon, they enjoyed a quiet idyll in a cabin in the woods, just watching the deer and enjoying nature.

obviate

Prevent, eliminate, or make unnecessary Ex:- Adding protective heel taps to your dress shoes can obviate the need to take them to the shoe repair store later, once the heels have worn down.

kindle

Ignite, cause to begin burning; incite, arouse, inflame Ex:- It's hard to kindle a campfire when it's so damp out. / Although they were apart, the lovers' passion was only further kindled by the love letters they wrote to one another.

insensible

Incapable of feeling; unconscious, unaware Ex:- Very intoxicated people can be insensible to pain, leading to serious problems as they injure themselves and don't realize it. / I cannot believe that, while I was insensible after the operation, you put funny hats on me and took pictures! You are insensible to shame!

foment

Incite, instigate, stir up, promote the growth of; apply medicated liquid to a body part Ex:- The revolutionary group was quietly fomenting a rebellion, galvanizing student radicals, leading unions in revolutionary songs, and anonymously pasting incendiary posters in every quarter of the city.

levity

Lightness (of mind, spirit, or mood) or lack of seriousness, sometimes in an inappropriate way Ex:- My late uncle Bill loved practical jokes and absolutely would have approved of the iPod mix my aunt played at the wake, which added a little levity by segueing from "Amazing Grace" to the party anthem "Let's Get It Started."

seraphic

Like an angel; serene, spiritually carried off or transported Ex:- The gospel choir looked seraphic in their shimmering white robes.

sporadic

Occasional, happening irregularly or in scattered locations Ex:- Her attendance was sporadic at best, so when she flounced into class after a two-session absence, she discovered that not only was everyone working on group projects, but that the professor hadn't even thought to assign her to a group.

diurnal

Occurring every day; happening in the daytime (rather than at night) Ex:- While many Americans rarely have a sit-down family meal, in many other cultures, dining as a family is a diurnal affair. / Wall Street is a diurnal neighborhood—hectic in the day, but quiet once people pile on the rush hour trains to go home.

impasse

Position or road from which there is no escape; deadlock Ex:- If the union won't budge on its demands and the transit authority won't raise salaries, then we are at an impasse.

abridge

Reduce or lessen; shorten by omitting parts throughout while retaining the main idea Ex:- Our romantic vacation was abridged when the babysitter called to say that the kids were sick and we should come home. / Audio books are almost always abridged, since few people want to listen to a 200-hour book.

balk

Refuse to proceed or to do something Ex:- At the company retreat, he reluctantly agreed to participate in the ropes course, but balked at walking over hot coals as a "trust exercise."

molt

Shed or cast off, esp. to regularly shed skin, feathers, etc. (as a snake) Ex:- Wow, the special effects in that movie were really cool! The actress grew scales all over her body and then molted, leaving behind a scaly skin covering shaped like an entire woman, and then she looked like herself again.

refulgent

Shining, radiant Ex:- Her new engagement ring was refulgent—she was so happy with it. I'll bet she polished it every night.

luminous

Shining, radiant, well-lit; brilliant or enlightening Ex:- Use our new light-reflecting shimmer blush for a luminous complexion! / We are conferring this honorary degree on the author in appreciation for sharing his luminous intellect with the world. He is truly a luminary.

fawn

Show affection or try to please in the manner of a dog; try to win favor through flattery and submissive behavior Ex:- Although he was only president of a chain of grocery stores, he was used to being fawned over like a king or rock star. "You are truly king of the low-priced produce world," said the regional manager. "May I wash your car for you?"

demur

Show reluctance or object, especially for moral reasons Ex:- When asked to name her favorite professor in the department, she demurred—she was pretty sure that, if she said anything, it would come back to haunt her. (demure - to shy, modest)

politic

Shrewd, pragmatic; tactful or diplomatic Ex:- Celebrities have to watch what they say, as even an offhand comment can end up splashed across the covers of magazines. When the starlet was asked what she thought of her ex-husband marrying the swimsuit model he left her for, she gave the politic reply, "I wish both of them the best."

eschew

Shun, avoid, abstain from Ex:- As a vegan, he eschewed not only meat and dairy but also anything made of leather.

balloon

Swell or puff out; increase rapidly Ex:- During the dot-com bubble, the university's investments ballooned to three times their former value.

distend

Swell, expand, stretch, bloat Ex:- The emergency room doctor constantly saw people who came in with distended bellies, sure that they had appendicitis; usually, it was just gas.

oscillate

Swing back and forth; waver, change one's mind Ex:- I wish we had air conditioning, but at least I replaced our old fan with this oscillating one that swings side to side and blows air on the whole room. / Stop oscillating and pick a restaurant! Seriously—Indian or Thai?

efficacy

The quality of being able to produce the intended effect Ex:- Extensive trials will be necessary to determine whether the drug's efficacy outweighs the side effects. / I am having trouble cutting my steak with this butter knife; I'm going to ask the waiter for a more efficacious implement.

pellucid

Transparent, translucent; clear, easy to understand Ex:- He decided that the cove's pellucid waters were an excellent place to teach his daughter to swim, reasoning that, if she started to sink, he would easily be able to see where she was.

laconic

Using few words, concise Ex:- The boss was famously laconic; after allowing his employees to present their new plan for an entire hour, he finally responded, "Confirmed."

judicious

Using good judgment; wise, sensible Ex:- In his will, the old titan of industry left little to his hard-partying younger son, and left the bulk of his estate to the more judicious older son, with instructions that the older son see that the rest of the family was taken care of.

**volatile

Varying, inconstant, fleeting; tending to violence, explosive Ex:- Following the sudden revolution, the political environment in the country was so volatile that anything could have started a riot. / Stock prices are by nature volatile—if you want a "safe and steady" investment, try mutual funds.

august

Venerable, majestic; inspiring admiration Ex:- I welcome you to this august institution, where presidents and Nobel Prize winners have received the fruits of erudition, said the university president (rather bombastically) to the new crop of first-year students.

vituperate

Verbally abuse, rebuke or criticize harshly Ex:- All couples fight, but your girlfriend vituperates you so severely that I'm not sure she loves you at all. Verbal abuse is actually a pretty good reason to break up.

craven

Very cowardly, lacking courage Ex:- The nervous soldier feared he would turn craven in his first firefight, but he actually acted quite bravely.

wary

Watchful, motivated by caution, on guard against danger Ex:- Be wary of anyone who tells you that "anyone" can get rich with some special plan or scheme.

vacillate

Waver in one's mind or opinions, be indecisive Ex:- In need of a good used car, I was vacillating between the Ford and the Hyundai until a recommendation from a friend helped me decide.

irresolute

Wavering, not sure how to proceed, not firm in one's decision-making Ex:- If we were voting on the bill this moment, we'd have enough votes to pass it. But many of our supporters are irresolute—we're worried that when lobbyists get to them, they'll quickly change their minds.

belie

Contradict or misrepresent Ex:- The actress's public persona as a perky "girl next door" belied her private penchant for abusing her assistants and demanding that her trailer be filled with ridiculous luxury goods. / The data belie the accepted theory—either we've made a mistake, or we have an amazing new discovery on our hands!

contentious

Controversial; prone to causing arguments, especially gratuitous or petty ones Ex:- The death penalty is a contentious issue. / My uncle is so contentious that every attempt I made to introduce an uncontroversial topic met with failure—he ranted and raved about the weather, trees, math, and my daughter's enjoyment of oatmeal.

castigate

Criticize severely; punish in order to correct Ex:- At the grocery store, the mother attracted stares when she castigated—rather than merely admonished—her child for throwing a box of instant oatmeal.

chauvinism

Fanatical patriotism or blind enthusiasm for military glory; undue or biased devotion to any group, cause, etc. Ex:- He's such a chauvinist that he denies that any other nation could be better than ours at anything—he insists our wine is better than France's, our ski slopes are better than Norway's, and even that we grow more rice than China! Absurd.

abdicate

Formally give up the throne (or some other power or responsibility) Ex:- King Edward VIII of England famously abdicated the throne in order to marry an American divorcée. / Parents can be charged with neglect for abdicating their responsibilities towards their children.

artless

Free of deceit or craftiness, natural, genuine; lacking skill or knowledge, crude, uncultured Ex:- Children can be so artless that, when you try to explain war to them, they say things like, "But isn't that mean?"/ His artless attempt at negotiating a raise began with "I need more money, please" and ended with "Okay, sorry I asked."

concede

Give in, admit, yield; acknowledge reluctantly; grant or give up (such as giving up land after losing a war) Ex:- The negotiations were pointless, with each side's representatives instructed by their home countries to make no concessions whatsoever. / Quebec was a French concession to Britain in the Treaty of Paris in 1763. / I suppose I will have to concede the argument now that you've looked up evidence on Wikipedia.

bureaucracy

Government characterized by many bureaus and petty administrators or by excessive, seemingly meaningless requirements Ex:- Some nations have a worse reputation for bureaucracy than others—in order to get a visa, he had to file papers with four different agencies, wait for hours in three different waiting rooms, and, weeks later, follow up with some petty bureaucrat who complained that the original application should've been filed in triplicate.

cacophony

Harsh, discordant, or meaningless mixture of sounds Ex:- The first day of elementary school marching band practice was nothing but cacophony, as students who hadn't learned to play their instruments at all nevertheless banged on or puffed air into them.

bygone

Past, former (adj); that which is in the past (usually plural noun) Ex:- At the nursing home, the time to reminisce about bygone days was pretty much all the time. / It's tempting to spend our whole high school reunion talking about bygones, but instead, let's toast to the future!

copious

Plentiful, bountiful Ex:- Although she took copious notes in class, she found that she was missing a big picture that would have tied all the information together. / The fertile, copious land yielded a rich harvest.

coffer

Chest for storing valuables; financial resources, a treasury Ex:- The dishonest employee called it "dipping into the company coffers," but the arresting officer called it "embezzlement." / Rather than rent a safety-deposit box, I keep my priceless antique coins in a coffer here at home.

cardinal

Chief, most important Ex:- The cardinal rule of Fight Club is that you don't talk about Fight Club.

**arrogate

Claim or take presumptuously or without the right to do so Ex:- In order to build the oil pipeline, the government arrogated the land of many small farmers who are still fighting for compensation. / The bride's mother arrogated the right to decide on the venue, the food, and even the wedding dress!

pretentious

Claiming or demanding a position of importance or dignity, esp. when unjustified; showing off, creating a deceptive, false show of worth Ex:- Josie found her date's habit of constantly dropping French phrases into conversation to be incredibly pretentious, especially since he knew she didn't speak French. He sure did sound fancy, though.

exonerate

Clear from blame or accusation; free from a responsibility Ex:- When the defendant was exonerated after a long trial, his family wept for joy.

exculpate

Clear from guilt or blame Ex:- The security camera footage showing Mr. Murphy to have been in a casino the entire night turned out to be just the evidence needed to exculpate him of robbing a bank 50 miles away.

lucid

Clear, easy to understand; rational, sane Ex:- After surgery, it'll take at least an hour until she's lucid—it's nothing to worry about, but patients sometimes talk complete nonsense until the anesthesia wears off and their speech becomes lucid.

limpid

Clear, transparent; completely calm Ex:- Hawaii was amazing! The water was crystal clear—so limpid that when you were scuba diving, you could see ahead for what seemed like miles! / After two years meditating in religious seclusion, he had a totally limpid attitude, affected by nothing from the outside world.

guile

Clever deceit, cunning, craftiness Ex:- The game of poker is all about guile, manipulating your own body language and patter to lead other players to erroneous conclusions about the cards you're holding.

clamber

Climb awkwardly or with difficulty, scramble Ex:- The hiker had spent the last hour plodding lethargically up the side of the mountain, but when she caught sight of the summit, she excitedly began to clamber up even the steepest inclines.

**levy

Collect tax from, wage war on, or enlist for military service; (verb); act of colleting tax or amount owed, or the drafting of troops into military service (noun) Ex:- When England levied yet another tax on the colonists, the colonists were pushed one further step towards levying war. Soon, the worried British began to levy troops.

**incorporate

Combine, unite; form a legal corporation; embody, give physical form to Ex:- When a business incorporates, it becomes a separate legal entity—for instance, the business can declare bankruptcy without the owners doing so. / Local legend has it that ghosts can incorporate on one night of the year and walk among the living.

succeeding

Coming after or following Ex:- After the sale of the company, you will receive 5% of the profits from the current year, and 1% in all succeeding years. / In 1797, George Washington was succeeded by John Adams.

empirical

Coming from, based on, or able to be verified by experience or experimentation; not purely based on theory Ex:- The Ancient Greeks philosophized about the nature of matter (concluding, for instance, that everything was made of earth, water, air, and fire) without any empirical evidence—that is, the very idea of conducting experiments hadn't been invented yet. / People always knew empirically that when something is dropped, it falls to the ground; the theory of gravity later explained why.

nascent

Coming into existence, still developing Ex:- The violin teacher was always very encouraging with children. All children sound terrible the first couple of years, so she offered plenty of praise to encourage nascent talents.

imperious

Commanding, domineering; acting like a high-ranking person; urgent Ex:- Her friend were peeved by her imperious attitude and talked about her while she was in the ladies' room: "Who does she think she is, not only picking the bar and the meeting time but also telling us where to sit?"

mundane

Common, ordinary, everyday Ex:- Dominique had been excited to visit France for the first time, but she was soon disappointed at how mundane the stay with her relatives was: they shopped at the market, cooked dinner, chatted with one another, and occasionally went shopping.

grouse

Complain or grumble (verb); a reason for complaint (noun) Ex:- By the end of the trip, everyone was annoyed by Lena's grousing—the bus ride was too bumpy, the food was too spicy, the air conditioning was too dehydrating, etc.... / Don't be offended, but I've got a grouse about the way you're handling this project.

stark

Complete, total, utter; harsh or grim; extremely simple, severe, blunt, or plain Ex:- The designer's work is appreciated for its stark beauty, but most people prefer to live in a cozier, more welcoming home—the kind with carpets and pillows, for instance. / She is stark raving mad! / The stark reality is that we will have to begin burning our furniture for warmth if we are to survive.

profligate

Completely and shamelessly immoral, or extremely wasteful Ex:- The billionaire software developer was so disgusted with his profligate daughter's spending that he cut her off—she had bought champagne for an entire nightclub full of strangers one too many times.

equanimity

Composure, evenness of mind; mental or emotional stability, esp. under stress Ex:- Having worked for many years in mental hospitals, her equanimity was unparalleled—you could throw a chair or a bowl of spaghetti at her, and she would just say, "Settle down, now."

solicitous

Concerned or anxious (about another person), expressing care; eager or desirous; very careful Ex:- A solicitous host, Derek not only asked each person how he or she was doing, but asked by name about everyone's spouses and kids. / Solicitous of fame, she would do anything to get near celebrities.

stymie or stymy

Block, hinder, or thwart (verb); an obstacle (noun) Ex:- Sara feared that her learning disability would stymie her success in college, but the support services offered were excellent, and she was fine academically; the thing that really stymied her college career was poor time management.

hardy

Bold, brave, capable of withstanding hardship, fatigue, cold, etc. Ex:- While the entire family enjoyed the trip to South America, only the hardier members even attempted to hike to the top of Ecuador's tallest volcano.

skirt

Border, lie along the edge of, go around; evade Ex:- Melissa spent all of Thanksgiving skirting the issue of who she was dating and when she might get married and make her mother a grandmother. It was exhausting changing the subject two dozen times! / The creek skirts our property on the west, so it's easy to tell where our farm ends.

exhaustive

Comprehensive, thorough, exhausting a topic or subject, accounting for all possibilities; draining, tending to exhaust Ex:- The Standard Book of British Birds provides an exhaustive treatment of the subject—you will find that not a single British bird has been omitted. / The rebels finally surrendered after an exhaustive siege that left them without ammunition or even food.

circumspect

Cautious, prudent; careful to consider the circumstances and consequences Ex:- Luann immediately forked over an initiation fee to become a vitamin distributor, but her more circumspect brother had a list of at least 20 questions he wanted answered before he would consider joining.

expurgate

Censor; remove objectionable or offensive parts Ex:- When the girl discovered that her ninth-grade class had been reading an expurgated version of Romeo and Juliet, she immediately checked the original out from the library so she could read all the "forbidden" parts.

vicissitude

Changes or variations over time, esp. regular changes from one thing to another Ex:- While she scrubbed pots and pans, she pondered the vicissitudes of life—she once had a house full of servants, and now was a maid herself.

idiosyncrasy

Characteristic or habit peculiar to an individual; peculiar quality, quirk Ex:- Sometimes, the richer people get, the more idiosyncratic they become. After he made his first billion, he began traveling with a pet iguana, sleeping in an oxygen chamber, and, oddly, speaking with a slight Dutch accent.

usury

Charging interest on a loan, esp. charging illegally high or excessive interest Ex:- I can't see how that payday lending place is even legal—a person borrowing $100 will end up paying over $150 interest in just a few months! Isn't that usury? I don't know how that place is skirting the law.

winsome

Charming, engaging, esp. in a sweet and innocent way Ex:- It's hard for some to believe that Lindsay Lohan was once the winsome young starlet in Freaky Friday.

bilk

Cheat or defraud Ex:- The con artist bilked many elderly people out of their savings, promising to cure illnesses from diabetes to cancer with only 36 monthly payments of $99.99—for which the victims received nothing but useless placebo pills.

sanguine

Cheerfully optimistic, hopeful; reddish, ruddy (as in rosy-red cheeks indicting health or vitality) Ex:- She had three papers due in three days, but she maintained her typically sanguine attitude. "Things always just work out for me," she said, happily.

ephemeral

Lasting only a short time, fleeting Ex:- Thank you for this jacket that says 'Eugene's Girl,' said Marie, "but I fear that your love will prove to be ephemeral—over the last two years, I've seen four other girls in school with the same jacket. Do you buy them in six-packs?"

perennial

Lasting through the years or indefinitely, enduring; recurring Ex:- Fighting over the bathroom is a perennial problem in our house—there are eight of us, and we're homeschooled, so we're all pretty much always here.

table

Lay aside to discuss later, often as a way to postpone discussion indefinitely Ex:- I see we're not going to agree on whether to scrap our entire curriculum and develop a new one, so let's table that discussion and move on to voting on the budget.

lethargic

Lazy, drowsy, or sluggish Ex:- I do love the Golden Corral's reasonably priced buffet, but I feel so lethargic after I eat my weight in mac-and-cheese and hand-carved turkey.

indolent

Lazy, slothful Ex:- Having worked all his life, the CEO was constantly frustrated with his indolent son, who used his inherited wealth as an excuse to sunbathe and party.

vanguard

Leading units at the front of an army; leaders in a trend or movement, people on the "cutting edge"; the forefront of a trend or movement Ex:- While Google has won the search engine wars, in 1994, Yahoo was on the vanguard of search technology.

adulterate

Make impure by adding inappropriate or inferior ingredients Ex:- Some bars adulterate top-shelf liquor by pouring cheaper brands into the more expensive brands' bottles.

augment

Make larger Ex:- If you memorize the definitions on all of these flashcards, you will have notably augmented your vocabulary!

pastiche

Mix of incongruous parts; artistic work imitating the work of other artists, often satirically Ex:- The slickly-produced boy band's first album was deeply unimaginative, just a pastiche of every other boy band album ever produced.

hodgepodge

Mixture of different kinds of things, jumble Ex:- The comedian's book wasn't a proper memoir, but more a hodgepodge of old bits, personal stories that went nowhere, random political opinions, and childhood photos.

deride

Mock, scoff at, laugh at contemptuously Ex:- The manager really thought that deriding his employees as "stupid" or "lazy" would motivate them to work harder; instead, it motivated them to constantly hide his office supplies as an act of revenge.

paragon

Model of excellence, perfect example Ex:- Unlike his sister, he was a paragon of responsibility, taking in her three children when she went to jail, and even switching jobs so he could be there to pick them up from school.

paradigm

Model or pattern; worldview, set of shared assumptions, values, etc. Ex:- Far from being atypically bawdy, this limerick is a paradigm of the form—nearly all of them rely on off-color jokes.

repudiate

Reject, cast off, deny that something has authority; Refuse to accept or be associated with Ex:- If you receive an erroneous notice from a collections agency, you have 30 days to repudiate the debt by mail. / As part of becoming an American citizen, Mr. Lee repudiated his former citizenship.

egalitarian

Related to belief in the equality of all people, esp. in political, economic, or social spheres Ex:- After moving to a more liberal part of the country, the couple was pleased to have neighbors who shared their views of egalitarian marriage—for instance, men and women could be found in equal proportions downshifting to part-time work to make time for childcare.

vintage

Related to items of high quality from a previous era, old-fashioned, antique (adj); the wine of a particular year (noun) Ex:- He didn't want just any vintage Darth Vader action figure—he wanted a particular vintage, the 1978 telescoping lightsaber one. / She special-ordered her favorite vintage of the Côtes du Rhône, then turned to her George Clooney-lookalike husband and joked that she liked men of a certain vintage as well.

synoptic

Relating to a synopsis or summary; giving a general view Ex:- The movie studio had interns read screenplays and write up synoptic outlines for the executives to review.

rustic

Relating to country life, unsophisticated; primitive; made of rough wood (adj); a rural or uncultured person (noun) Ex:- For their honeymoon, they eschewed fancy hotels and instead chose a rustic cabin in the woods. / Grandpa was a true rustic—I was happy to have him visit, but not so happy to find him urinating outside in a bucket when we have several perfectly nice bathrooms.

grandiloquent

Relating to lofty speech, esp. to the point of being pompous, overblown, bombastic Ex:- After memorizing 1,000 vocabulary flashcards for the GRE, Derek couldn't help but become a little grandiloquent, declaring his desire to "abscond from my familial domicile and satisfy my penchant for erudition." "You can do that later," said his mother, "but now it's your turn to do the dishes."

pathological

Relating to or caused by disease; relating to compulsive bad behavior Ex:- She thought her skin darkening was simply a result of the sun, but it was actually pathological, the result of a serious disease. / I can't believe you stole from the Make a Wish Foundation—you're pathological!

peripheral

Relating to or making up an outer boundary or region; not of primary importance, fringe Ex:- My main goal is to get into a good grad school. Whether it has good fitness facilities is really a peripheral concern.

monastic

Relating to or resembling a monastery (where monks or nuns live), esp. by being quiet, secluded, contemplative, strict, and/or lacking luxuries Ex:- Christine decided that the only way she was going to finish her Ph.D. was to live a monastic lifestyle: she broke up with her boyfriend, cancelled her cable service, left the house only when necessary, and ultimately had a draft of her dissertation a few months later.

prophetic

Relating to prophesy, predicting, ominous Ex:- While most of the country was consumed with irrational optimism about the economy, this particular journalist possessed an almost prophetic pessimism—not only did she predict the crash, she even predicted the month it actually happened.

terrestrial

Relating to the Earth or to land; worldly Ex:- Mr. and Mrs. Daruza were certain they had seen a UFO, plus aliens running around in the night. What they really saw was an especially dense flock of birds in the air, and some mundane, terrestrial animals on the ground.

disseminate

Scatter, spread about, broadcast Ex:- Many plants use attractive fruits to disseminate their seeds—animals eat the fruit and excrete the seeds, allowing new plants to grow. / In the 1760s, revolutionary ideas were disseminated via pamphlets such as Thomas Paine's "Common Sense."

disperse

Scatter, spread widely, cause to vanish Ex:- Because the demonstrators didn't have a permit, the police showed up with megaphones, demanding loudly that the crowd disperse. / Get the hose so I can disperse the dirt on our driveway.

erudite

Scholarly, knowledgeable; possessing deep, often systematic, knowledge Ex:- Some have said that Americans dislike erudite leaders; while German leaders frequently have Ph.D.'s, even speaking a foreign language is considered pretentious by many American voters.

gouge

Scooping or digging tool, like a chisel, or a hole made with such a tool (noun); cut or scoop out; force out a person's eye with one's thumb; swindle, extort money from (verb) Ex:- I was happy with this new video game console for a day or two, until I saw it advertised all over town for half the price and realized I'd been gouged. / He loves gory horror films, where people's eyes are gouged out and gross stuff like that.

sardonic

Scornfully or ironically mocking, cynically derisive Ex:- A sardonic movie critic is one thing, but a sardonic film professor is another—I really wish Professor Dahl wouldn't sarcastically cut down his students the way he does cheesy horror films. / Dorothy Parker wrote sardonically, "If you want to know what God thinks about money, just look at the people he gave it to."

covert

Secret, veiled, undercover Ex:- The soldier trained to be part of covert operations, moving silently and remaining out of the enemy's sight.

specious

Seemingly true but actually false; deceptively attractive Ex:- All squares are rectangles, all candy bars are rectangles, therefore all squares are candy bars is clearly a specious argument.

eclectic

Selecting the best of everything or from many diverse sources Ex:- Eclectic taste is helpful in being a DJ—crowds love to hear the latest hip-hop mixed with '80s classics and other unexpected genres of music. / The restaurant features an eclectic menu—if you don't like artisanal pasta or steak frites, try the chow mein!

axiom

Self-evident truth requiring no proof; universally or generally accepted principle Ex:- Given the last decade of research into the brain—as well as our own experience trying to function while deprived of sleep or food—we must take as axiomatic that the brain is influenced by the body.

autonomous

Self-governing, independent Ex:- As leader of an autonomous region, the newly-elected president was received as a peer by some world leaders, although he was not entitled to send a representative to the United Nations. / It is normal for young people to desire greater autonomy as they grow up.

relegate

Send or commit to an inferior place, rank, condition, etc.; exile, banish; assign (a task) to someone else Ex:- After the legal associate offended one of the partners, he found himself relegated to working on minor—even unwinnable—cases. / This protest is occurring because we refuse to be relegated to the fringes of society—we demand full inclusion!

discrete

Separate, distinct, detached, existing as individual parts Ex:- Be sure to use quotation marks and citations as appropriate in your paper in order to keep your ideas discrete from those of the experts you are quoting. / The advertising agency pitched us not on one campaign, but on three discrete ideas.

sycophant

Servile flatterer, parasitic person who fawns in order to get ahead Ex:- Stop being such a sycophant. I don't need you to compliment my tie or get me coffee; I just need you to do your job without bothering me.

obsequious

Servile, very compliant, fawning Ex:- Sammy thought he could get ahead by being obsequious, but instead, his boss gave a promotion to someone he viewed as more of a peer; truthfully, he thought Sammy's sucking up was pretty pathetic.

**appropriate

Set aside or authorize (such as money) for a particular purpose; take for one's own use Ex:- The school board appropriated money for new textbooks. / In putting together the perfect outfit for Career Day at her high school, Mackenzie appropriated her mother's stethoscope and her little brother's stuffed pig, making it clear to everyone that she wanted to be a veterinarian.

semantic

Relating to the different meanings of words or other symbols Ex:- Bob said plastic surgery should be covered under the health care plan, and Marion said it shouldn't, but it turns out that their disagreement was purely semantic—what Bob meant was reconstructive surgery and what Marion meant was cosmetic surgery.

vernal

Relating to the spring; fresh, youthful Ex:- Alma's favorite part of gardening was the vernal reawakening that followed a frozen winter.

germane

Relevant and appropriate, on-topic Ex:- This is a business meeting, not a social club—let's keep our comments germane to the issue of the new campaign.

net

Remaining after expenses or other factors have been deducted; ultimate (adj); to bring in as profit, or to catch as in a net (verb) Ex:- In one day of trading, my portfolio went up $10,000 and down $8,000, for a net gain of $2,000. / All those weeks of working weekends and playing golf with the boss ought to net her a promotion.

contrite

Remorseful; feeling sorry for one's offenses or sins Ex:- He would have punished his son more severely for breaking his car's windshield in a "rock throwing contest," but the boy seemed truly contrite.

revamp

Renovate, redo, revise (verb); a restructuring, upgrade, etc. (noun) Ex:- I have my whole room decorated in Twilight: Eclipse paraphernalia. When Breaking Dawn comes out, I will surely have to revamp my decor.

polyglot

Speaking or composed of many languages (of a person, book, etc.); a person who knows several languages Ex:- New York's public service announcements often take the form of polyglot posters in the subway, suggesting in six languages that readers give up their seats for pregnant women or those with disabilities.

stipulate

Specify; make an open demand, esp. as a condition of agreement Ex:- Before taking the job, Owen stipulated in his contract that he would be able to leave early on Fridays to attend religious services.

eulogy

Speech of praise or written work of praise, esp. a speech given at a funeral Ex:- While it was hard for Xing to write a eulogy for his friend, he was pleased to be able to tell others at the funeral some wonderful things about him that they hadn't known. / The review of the book was pure eulogy—usually, this publication runs more balanced articles.

dispatch

Speed, promptness; send off or deal with in a speedy way Ex:- So, you want to be a bike messenger? I need messengers who approach every delivery with alacrity, care, and dispatch—if the customers wanted their packages to arrive slowly, they'd use the post office. / Acting with all possible dispatch, emergency services dispatched a rescue squad to the scene.

listless

Spiritless, lacking interest or energy Ex:- I'm too tired to care about homework," mumbled the listless child, staring blankly at the wall. "Maybe if someone brought me a glass of milk and a cookie...

panoply

Splendid, wide-ranging, impressive display or array Ex:- Our old cafeteria had only premade salads, but the new cafeteria has a salad bar with a panoply of toppings.

permeate

Spread or penetrate throughout Ex:- Under the Emperor Constantine, Christianity began to permeate every sector of public life.

diffuse

Spread widely, disseminate (verb); dispersed, widely spread out, or wordy and going off-topic (adj) Ex:- The spy attempted to root out the dissenters at the gala, but he was only able to detect a diffuse sense of discontent all around the room. / It will be very difficult to diffuse the power among the people when transitioning from autocracy to democracy.

glower

Stare in an angry, sullen way Ex:- He couldn't figure out why his girlfriend was glowering at him throughout dinner. "Oh," he finally realized, "Is it your birthday? Oh, and I forgot you hate seafood. Sorry about the fishsticks."

standing

Status, rank, reputation (noun); existing indefinitely, not movable (adj) Ex:- As he had feared, his divorce greatly reduced his standing as a relationship expert. / I'm disappointed that you don't want to leave your current job, but I want you to know that you have a standing invitation—as long as I'm the boss, you have a job here anytime you want one. / While the U.S. has a standing army (that is, an army that is not disbanded in times of peace), Costa Rica's constitution actually forbids a standing military.

preternatural

Supernatural, exceptional Ex:- While Tiger Woods has been mired in scandal, his preternatural golfing talent is still undeniable. / Dad was convinced that the house was haunted, but I doubted that the strange sounds were due to preternatural causes—as it turned out, we had a raccoon in the basement.

replete

Supplied in abundance, filled, gorged (used with with) Ex:- This essay is replete with errors—I don't think you even bothered to use spellcheck, much less carefully edit your work.

buttress

Support or encourage (verb); a support or prop, esp. projecting from and supporting the wall of a building (noun) Ex:- A self-defense class really helped to buttress Elaine's confidence. / David used his Ph.D. as a buttress against criticism. "I have a doctorate," he would say. "I just don't think you can understand."

substantiate

Support with evidence or proof; give a material existence to Ex:- You say you were at home when the crime occurred two towns over—is there anyone who can substantiate your claim? / Your business ideas are interesting, but you never substantiate them—you haven't put a single plan into action.

document

Support with evidence, cite sources in a detailed way, create documentary evidence of Ex:- Journalists embedded with military units are able to document a war as it happens. / It's hard to deny her conclusion when her book is so well documented—she cites a relevant scientific study on practically every page.

corroborate

Support, add evidence to Ex:- You're telling me you were 30 miles away riding a roller coaster when the school was vandalized? I have a hard time believing that—is there anyone who can corroborate your story?

**outstrip

Surpass, exceed; be larger or better than; leave behind Ex:- Our sales figures this quarter have outstripped those of any other quarter in the company's history.

**forfeit

Surrender or lose as a result of an error, crime, or failure to fulfill an obligation Ex:- The rules are clear, said the umpire. "This is a co-ed league, and if your team doesn't have at least three women, you forfeit. Sorry, everybody, no game today!" / If you are found guilty of defrauding this casino, the forfeiture of your winnings will be only the first of the consequences coming your way.

leery

Suspicious or wary Ex:- You should be leery of any business opportunity that requires a startup fee and a "sponsor"—you might find yourself sucked into a scam.

turgid

Swollen, inflated; or, metaphorically "inflated," such as in overblown, pompous speech Ex:- His prose was so turgid he used the phrase "synchronous repast" to mean a lunch break. / Jimmy carefully carried the turgid water balloons to the balcony, ready for a serious splash attack on members of the rival fraternity.

gauche

Tactless, lacking social grace, awkward, crude Ex:- It is terribly gauche to put ketchup on your steak and then talk with your mouth full as you eat it. That's the last time I ever bring you to a nice place.

doff

Take off (such as clothes), put aside; remove one's hat as a gesture Ex:- Before the spring break revelers could consider doffing their clothes, they saw the sign: "No skinny dipping." / In my grandfather's day, it was considered polite to doff your hat when a lady entered the room; to us today, lifting your hat a few inches off your head and then putting it right back seems to some like a silly way to show respect.

itinerant

Traveling from place to place, esp. as part of a job Ex:- In rural areas in the 1940s, it was common that a small town would lack its own doctor, instead being seen by an itinerant family physician who made rounds to many such towns.

cosset

Treat as a pet, pamper Ex:- The cosseted toddler was lovingly wrapped up in his snow gear, so much so that he could barely even move his arms enough to make his first snowball.

lionize

Treat like a celebrity Ex:- Being a chef has long been a prestigious profession, but it is only in the last decade or so that "celebrity chefs" have been lionized and given their own television shows.

flout

Treat with disdain, contempt, or scorn (usually of rules) Ex:- He flouted the boarding school's curfew so blatantly that, on his way back from a party that lasted past midnight, he actually stopped by the headmaster's house to say hello to his daughter.

hoodwink

Trick, deceive Ex:- Pretending to be the building's landlord, the shyster was able to hoodwink 11 people into paying deposits on a vacant apartment—of course, he absconded with the money, leaving the victims without their money or a place to live.

chicanery

Trickery, deception by knowingly false arguments Ex:- The defense lawyer's strategy for getting her client acquitted by knowingly misinterpreting words in an obscure precedent was nothing but chicanery. / Nice try, passing off last week's homework as this week's by changing the date at the top. I've had enough of your chicanery, young man!

trifling

Trivial, not very important; so small as to be unimportant; frivolous, shallow Ex:- Luis broke up with Cara because she was always obsessed with some trifling matter—he tried to talk about foreign aid dependency, and she changed the subject to what the actress Katie Holmes dressed her daughter Suri in for a shopping trip. / The young heiress was so wealthy that she considered the salary from her internship a mere trifle, and didn't even notice when her paycheck was days late.

nominal

Trivial, so small as to be unimportant; in name only, so-called Ex:- A notary public will certify a document for a nominal fee, usually under $3. / The country has a nominal president, but his detractors say he's just a puppet leader for the more powerful countries providing foreign aid.

veracity

Truthfulness, accuracy; habitual adherence to the truth Ex:- I question the veracity of your story—I just don't think you've been to outer space. / She was known for her veracity only because she had no choice—she was a terrible liar.

ruminate

Turn over in the mind, reflect on; chew cud (as a cow) Ex:- Oh, I just don't know about that...let me ruminate on it for a few days and I'll get back to you.

tortuous

Twisting, winding, complex; devious, not straightforward Ex:- If I can follow your tortuous logic, you're saying that people who want the new law protecting the environment are actually hurting the environment because the majority of people deliberately do the opposite of laws? What? / The children found the tortuous path of the roller coaster both terrifying and exciting.

unequivocal

Unambiguous, clear, absolute; having only one possible meaning Ex:- Although Chuck denied he had a problem, his family was unequivocal in demanding that he check into rehab. Chuck knew there was no getting around it this time. / Mark equivocated, going back and forth on the issue, but his brother Ben was unequivocal—he knew what he wanted and went and got it.

impartial

Unbiased, fair Ex:- Judge Gonzales removed himself from the case because, having a personal connection to the school where the shooting took place, he did not think he could be appropriately impartial.

disinterested

Unbiased, impartial; not interested Ex:- Let's settle this argument once and for all! We'll get a disinterested observer to judge who can sing the highest note!

dispassionate

Unbiased, not having a selfish or personal motivation; calm, lacking emotion Ex:- The defendant tearfully described how much her young child needed her at home, but the judge, who dispassionately sentenced her to 10 years for selling drugs, was unmoved.

quandary

Uncertainty or confusion about what to do, dilemma Ex:- He knew it sounded like the plot of a cheesy movie, but he really had accidentally asked two girls to the prom, and now he was in quite a quandary.

immutable

Unchangeable Ex:- Studies of the brains of stroke patients have shown that our identities are not fixed and immutable; rather, physical injuries to the brain can drastically change our personalities.

esoteric

Understood by or intended for only a few; secret Ex:- In his first year of university-level physics, he felt he was merely memorizing information found in every textbook on the subject; by his fourth year, he spent his days poring over esoteric journal articles that few people had ever read or understood.

tacit

Understood without being said; implied, not stated directly; silent Ex:- Her parents never told her she could smoke, but they gave their tacit consent when they didn't say anything about the obvious smell coming from her bedroom.

**stolid

Unemotional, showing little emotion, not easily moved Ex:- Dad is so stolid that we can't get a rise out of him no matter what we do—Jody got a tattoo, Max declared himself a communist, and Helen won a Rhodes Scholarship. No response! Dad just nods and says "Alright, then."

ingrate

Ungrateful person Ex:- You ingrate! I have slaved at this laundromat to pay for your college education, and you quit two weeks before graduation to become a Marxist revolutionary, and then you tell me I'm the enemy of the working class?

inadvertent

Unintentional; characterized by a lack of attention, careless Ex:- In attempting to perfect his science project, he inadvertently blew a fuse and plunged his family's home into darkness.

catholic

Universal, broad-minded Ex:- Some precursors to the Constitution (such as documents governing the colonies) enumerated the rights of male property holders only. The U.S. Constitution took a more catholic approach, declaring that "All men are created equal." Today, policy writers would probably take catholicism a step further and write "All people."

hapless

Unlucky, unfortunate Ex:- Hiring this hapless new office manager was a mistake—he's always losing and breaking things, as though bad luck simply follows wherever he goes.

wan

Unnaturally pale, or showing some other indication of sickness, unhappiness, etc.; weak, lacking forcefulness Ex:- Are you okay? You're looking wan. / Bryan's wan attempt at asking for a raise was easily brushed off by his boss.

erratic

Unpredictable; Inconsistent, wandering, having no fixed course Ex:- When someone engages in erratic behavior, family members often suspect drug use or mental illness. However, sometimes the person is just building a top-secret invention in the garage!

fractious

Unruly, troublemaking; irritable Ex:- The Students for Progressive Action were a fractious bunch, always fighting with one another over exactly which progressive action should take priority.

precarious

Unstable, insecure, dangerous Ex:- Recognizing that his position at the company was precarious, Sanjay requested that his bonus structure be formally written down as a contract, rather than dangled over him as a mere verbal promise.

indefatigable

Untiring, not able to become fatigued Ex:- The boxer was indefatigable; round after round, he never lost speed or energy, even after he had thoroughly defatigated his opponent.

edify

Uplift, enlighten, instruct or improve in a spiritual or moral way Ex:- Look, Son, I'm glad that you're reading, but I really wish you would read something more edifying than that magazine that gives tips for winning at violent video games.

goad

Urge on (as cattle) with a pointed or electrically charged stick; spur on, stimulate, encourage Ex:- He never forgave his friends for goading him into spray-painting the school with them. While the effect was temporarily hilarious, he lost a scholarship over the incident.

equivocate

Use unclear language to deceive or avoid committing to a position Ex:- Not wanting to lose supporters, the politician equivocated on the issue, tossing out buzzwords related to each side while also claiming more study was needed.

ribald

Using or relating to obscene or vulgar humor Ex:- Nearly all limericks are based on ribald humor—hence, the constant rhymes with "Nantucket." / The movie's humor was so ribald that a PG-13 rating was assigned, and Joey's mother covered up his eyes nearly every time a woman was on the screen.

profound

Very insightful, penetrating deeply into a subject; pervasive, intense, "down to the very bottom"; at the very bottom Ex:- Certain fish that live in the dark, profound depths of the ocean have long since evolved to have sightless eyes. / He was profoundly disappointed when the project he had worked on for 15 years failed.

stentorian

Very loud and powerful (generally of a human voice) Ex:- The substitute teacher had a hard time calling the rowdy class to order. He poked his head into the hallway and flagged down the football coach walking by, who shut down the chaos immediately with a stentorian "Sit down and shut up!"

hoary&&&&&&&&&&&

Very old, gray or white as from old age Ex:- Hoary with age, his white beard making his age obvious even from the top of the bleachers, the old man surprised everyone when he was able to make a free throw. / Dad, I've heard your hoary old college fraternity stories a hundred times.

ardent

Very passionate, devoted, or enthusiastic Ex:- He was an ardent heavy metal lover and became offended anytime someone referred to Poison as a "hair band." / They were so in love that not even meeting each other's awful relatives could dampen their ardor.

exacting

Very severe in making demands; requiring precise attention Ex:- The boxing coach was exacting, analyzing Joey's footwork down to the millimeter and forcing him to repeat movements hundreds of times until they were correct.

diaphanous

Very sheer, fine, translucent Ex:- The wedding dress was a confection of diaphanous silk, made of at least ten layers of the thin fabric, each layer of which was so fine you could see through it.

transgression

Violation of a law, moral rule, order, etc.; sin Ex:- His transgression was so serious that his family disowned him: no one would be visiting him in prison.

invective

Violent denunciation; accusations, insults, or verbal abuse Ex:- Although the money was good, she quit her job after nearly having a nervous breakdown from her boss's invective.

**estimable

Worthy of esteem, admirable; able to be estimated Ex:- As the first black president of the Harvard Law Review, Barack Obama presented an estimable resume when he ran for president in 2008. / Riding a roller coaster is safer than driving on the highway, but there is still an estimable risk.

parry

Deflect or avoid (esp. a blow or attack); skillfully evade (a question) Ex:- When asked by a reporter if rumors of his infidelity were true, the candidate parried, answering that he had always supported legislation bolstering the sanctity of marriage.

abase

Degrade or humble; to lower in rank, status, or esteem Ex:- After messing up at work, the man faced a thorough abasement from his boss; when he realized he had forgotten his own wedding anniversary, he further abased himself in front of his wife.

perfunctory

Done superficially, without much care, or merely as routine Ex:- She did a really perfunctory job on this PowerPoint. Sure, it has a dozen slides, but most of them just say things like "Sales—Ways to Improve" in Times New Roman on a white background. Maybe she's planning to fill in the details later.

virulent

Extremely infectious, poisonous, etc.; hateful, bitterly hostile Ex:- Racism is a virulent force that corrupts schools, workplaces, and the basic machinery of democracy. / Discipline in the classroom is one thing, but the teacher's virulence towards misbehaving students was enough to get her suspended from teaching.

static

Fixed, not moving or changing, lacking vitality Ex:- The anthropologist studied a society in the Amazon that had been deliberately static for hundreds of years—the fiercely proud people disdained change, and viewed all new ideas as inferior to the way of life they had always practiced.

panache

Flair, style, swagger; a flamboyant or grand way of acting Ex:- Not only did he quit, but he did so with panache, actually delivering a PowerPoint presentation that we thought would be about the budget, but which turned out to be quite obscene. He then pulled out a flask, guzzled its contents, and walked out. That guy's kind of a legend.

lissome

Flexible, supple, agile Ex:- The actress exercised and stretched every day, but was ultimately told by the casting director that she wasn't lissome enough to play a ballet dancer. The actress had to agree—"I walk like an ogre," she said.

inundate

Flood, cover with water, overwhelm Ex:- As the city was inundated with water, the mayor feared that many evacuees would have nowhere to go. / I can't go out—I am inundated with homework!

fatuous

Foolish, silly, esp. in a smug or complacent manner Ex:- Sadly, every philosophy class seems to have one person who responds to every discussion, from metaphysics to ethics, with the fatuous question, "But what if we don't really exist?"

e.g.

For example, such as Ex:- He was positively traumatized by the romantic comedies his girlfriend made him watch (e.g., He's Just Not That into You).

dictum

Formal or authoritative pronouncement; saying or proverb Ex:- A stitch in time saves nine is an old dictum meaning that it's easier to solve a problem before it gets too big. / The king's dictum stated that each feudal lord must provide a certain number of soldiers within three weeks' time.

panegyric

Formal or lofty expression of praise Ex:- Lincoln enthusiasts were excited that a new biography was to be published, and many hoped that new light would be cast on certain controversies. However, the book was pure panegyric, nothing but heroic tales, uncritically presented.

phalanx

Formation of soldiers carrying shields close together for defense; any very close group of people Ex:- To even enter the embassy, the diplomats had to make their way through a phalanx of protestors.

erstwhile

Former, previous (adj); in the past, formerly (adv) Ex:- A novelist and erstwhile insurance salesman, he told us his story of the long road to literary success, before he was able to quit his day job.

shard

Fragment of some brittle substance, esp. a sharp fragment of pottery, glass, etc. Ex:- Seeing her broken plate-glass window, Mrs. Chadhury bravely grabbed a shard of glass to defend herself against a possible burglar.

aseptic

Free from germs Ex:- It is very important to perform surgery in an aseptic environment, lest a patient contract sepsis (a systemic infection) and die.

disabuse

Free someone from a mistake in thinking Ex:- Do you really believe that toilets flush one way in the Northern hemisphere and another way in the Southern? Any physicist would be happy to disabuse you of that silly notion.

bonhomie

Friendliness, open and simple good heartedness Ex:- By the end of the summer, the campers were overflowing with bonhomie, vowing to remain Facebook friends forever.

gambol

Frolic; skip or leap playfully Ex:- Watching the children gambol in the park like frisky little lambs, she wondered how they could have so much energy.

fecund

Fruitful, fertile; capable of abundantly producing offspring, vegetation, or creative or intellectual work Ex:- Rabbits are quite fecund; if you've got two, you'll soon have forty. / While some novelists seem to return to the same themes over and over, Bredlaw's fecund mind produced whole new universes for every story he wrote.

aggregate

Gather together, amount to (verb); constituting a whole made up of constituent parts (adj) Ex:- While some of the company's divisions did better than others, in aggregate, we made a profit. / Concrete is created when crushed rock or glass is aggregated with cement; in aggregate, concrete is stronger than cement alone.

tawdry

Gaudy, cheap or cheap-looking; indecent Ex:- Tara modeled her prom look after something she saw in a Pussycat Dolls video. Her mom didn't care for it, but her grandmother found it downright tawdry.

flag

Get tired, lose enthusiasm; hang limply or droop Ex:- Our grandmother is so physically fit that she was ready to make the rounds of the entire amusement park again after lunch, while most of us were flagging and just wanted to sit.

render

Give, submit, surrender; translate; declare formally; cause to become Ex:- When you render your past due payments, we will turn your phone back on. / Only in her second year of Japanese, she was unable to render the classic poem into English. / The judge rendered a verdict that rendered us speechless.

morose

Gloomy, sullen Ex:- She had always been a happy child, but once she hit high school and decided to become a goth, she adopted a morose attitude to match her all-black clothing.

digress

Go off-topic when speaking or writing Ex:- Grandpa digressed quite a bit while you were in the kitchen—he was telling us an old war story, but somehow now he's ranting about how nobody celebrates Arbor Day anymore. That digression could take awhile.

misanthrope or misanthropist

Hater of humankind Ex:- He is such a misanthrope that when some Girl Scouts going door to door asked if he'd like to sponsor a hungry child overseas, he replied, "The fewer people in the world, the better," and shut the door in their faces!

militate

Have a great effect, weigh heavily (often as militate against) Ex:- While his resume was stellar, his speech impediment militated against his performance in job interviews.

mannered

Having a particular manner, esp. an artificial one Ex:- Although he grew up in rural Ohio, sometime before he got his own makeover show on television he adopted a mannered way of speaking, as though he had grown up in some very odd corner of Victorian England.

*predisposed

Having an inclination or tendency beforehand; susceptible Ex:- Some autoimmune disorders don't kill the patient directly, but rather make the patient predisposed to contracting other, potentially fatal illnesses. / His defense attorney argued that his abusive childhood predisposed him to a life of crime.

prescient

Having foreknowledge or foresight, seeing the future Ex:- Mariposa swears she's prescient—she thinks she sees the future in her dreams. / The science fiction novel, published in 1955, was strangely prescient—it pictures the year 2000 as having no flying cars, but a communication system known as the "interconnect," used largely for online shopping and wasting time.

discerning

Having good judgment or insight; able to distinguish mentally Ex:- In an age in which we are bombarded with advertising, it's important to be a discerning consumer. For instance, the term "all natural" is not federally regulated and doesn't have to mean anything at all, so a smart shopper still reads ingredients.

principled

Having high moral standards Ex:- Donna was only an intern, but she was also quite principled—although she knew it would kill her shot at a full-time job, she was the one who alerted the authorities when asked to violate federal law via corrupt accounting practices.

perspicacious

Having penetrating insight or good discernment Ex:- A good detective is shrewd and perspicacious, judging when someone is lying, noticing things the rest of us would ignore, and making connections that allow an investigation to move forward.

verisimilar

Having the appearance of truth, probable Ex:- It's a verisimilar story, sure, but where's the proof?

**entitlement

Having the right to certain privileges; believing, sometimes without cause, that one deserves or has a right to certain privileges Ex:- Many bosses complain about young people's sense of entitlement—raised on a steady diet of praise from parents and teachers, these young people are shocked to be expected to "pay their dues" at a new job.

salubrious

Healthful, promoting health Ex:- After spending her twenties smoking and drinking, Jessica recognized the necessity of adopting a more salubrious lifestyle, but found it difficult to cut back.

ponderous

Heavy; bulky and unwieldy; dull, labored Ex:- The book assigned by her professor was a ponderous tome, more a reference book than something you could read straight through. She was so bored she thought she would die.

zenith

High point, culmination Ex:- At the zenith of her career, the actress could command $5 million per film. Now, she is mostly seen in made-for-TV movies.

magnanimous

High-minded, noble, lofty; generous in forgiving others, free of resentment Ex:- The twins were so different from one another—while Andrea was petty and vengeful and would hold a grudge for years, Marina was quite magnanimous, easily forgiving insults or slights, and simply rising above the petty bickering and cliquish behavior of our high school.

**apposite

Highly appropriate, suitable, or relevant Ex:- He searched his brain for an apposite word to describe wealthy Americans' addiction to consumer goods, until he discovered the neologism "affluenza."

insinuate

Hint, suggest slyly; introduce (an idea) into someone's mind in a subtle, artful way Ex:- Where's your boyfriend? You didn't leave him home alone, did you? asked Ming. "Are you insinuating something?" asked Helen. "If you have something to say, just say it."

impede

Hold back, obstruct the progress of Ex:- I didn't realize business school would be entirely group work—sadly, there's always at least one person in every group who impedes the group's progress more than helps it.

searchingly

In a searching or penetrating manner; while examining closely or probing for answers Ex:- I'm fired? said Ron, looking searchingly at his boss. "I thought I was like a son to you." / Breaking up is hard to do, but the searching look of her brokenhearted soon-to-be-ex-boyfriend was just too much.

hotly

In an intense, fiery, or heated way Ex:- The issue of how evolution should be taught in schools was hotly disputed by members of the school board, religious leaders, and parent groups.

conversely

In an opposite way; on the other hand Ex:- I am not here to argue that lack of education causes poverty. Conversely, I am here to argue that poverty causes lack of education.

pristine

In an original, pure state; uncorrupted Ex:- Having grown up in a rural area, Billy had been in plenty of forests where people regularly left beer cans and shotgun shells behind. So it truly took his breath away, after hiking hours through the Himalayas, to visit a pristine forest, seemingly untouched by humans.

interplay

Interaction, reciprocal relationship or influence Ex:- Bilingual readers will enjoy the interplay of English and Spanish in many of the poems in this anthology of the work of Mexican-American poets.

construe

Interpret or translate Ex:- I don't know how you construed my comment as an insult. All I said was, "Wow, I never knew you could sing."

per se

Intrinsically; by itself; in itself Ex:- The policy isn't sexist, per se, but it has had a disproportionate impact on women that deserves further study.

**prologue

Introductory part to a book, play, etc. Ex:- The novel's prologue gives some historical background so that the main story can be better understood in context.

preamble

Introductory statement, preface Ex:- The Preamble to the Constitution is a brief introduction that begins, "We the People of the United States, in Order to form a more perfect Union..." / The unusual outfit the pop star wore to her first awards ceremony was a mere preamble to a career of full-blown crazy dressing.

investiture

Investing; formally giving someone a right or title Ex:- The former dean had her academic robes dry cleaned in preparation for her investiture as university president.

extraneous

Irrelevant; foreign, coming from without, not belonging Ex:- This essay would be stronger if you removed extraneous information; this paragraph about the author's life doesn't happen to be relevant to your thesis. / Maize, which originated in the New World, is extraneous to Europe.

irascible

Irritable, easily angered Ex:- I spent my entire childhood tiptoeing around so as not to anger my irascible mother, Joe told his therapist.

nettle

Irritate, sting, or annoy Ex:- His first year in college, my little brother failed gym. How is that even possible? I always remind him about it just to nettle him. Of course, he usually strikes back by reminding me of that time I crashed an amusement park's go-cart.

grating

Irritating; harsh or discordant (of a noise); scraping Ex:- Folding jeans at the mall finally became unbearable when her kindly old supervisor was replaced with a young woman whose grating tone made commands like "Fold faster and then clean up this display!" sound like nails on a chalkboard.

dovetail

Join or fit together Ex:- When the neuroscientist married an exercise physiologist, neither thought they'd end up working together, but when Dr. Marion Ansel received a grant to study how exercise improves brain function and Dr. Jim Ansel was assigned to her team, the two found that their careers dovetailed nicely.

jocular

Joking or given to joking all the time; jolly, playful Ex:- He's certainly a jocular fellow—if we were friends, I'm sure I'd find his antics amusing, but as his professor, I do wish he'd contribute some serious comments to the class discussion instead of his constant stream of jocular comments.

facetious

Joking, humorous, esp. inappropriately; not serious, concerned with frivolous things Ex:- When I said, "Sure, you can take anything in my house as a souvenir of this study session," I was being facetious! I would like my nightgown back now. / He's a facetious person—I doubt he will take your offer of a spiritual quest very seriously.

mirth

Jollity, merriment; amusement or laughter Ex:- Nothing could beat the mirth of the office holiday party—once everyone had heard how fat their bonuses would be, the delighted staff formed a conga line and drank and danced the night away.

peripatetic

Journeying from place to place; traveling on foot Ex:- He quit his office job to become a peripatetic musician, traveling from town to town playing in bars and sleeping on couches.

blithe

Joyous, merry; excessively carefree (so as to ignore more important concerns) Ex:- Delighted about making the cheerleading team, she blithely skipped across the street without looking, and just narrowly avoided being hit by a bus.

arbiter

Judge, umpire, person empowered to decide matters at hand Ex:- Professional mediators arbitrate disputes. / The principal said, "As the final arbiter of what is and is not appropriate in the classroom, I demand that you take down that poster of the rapper Ice-T and his scantily-clad wife Coco."

deem

Judge; consider Ex:- You can take the black belt exam when I deem you ready, and not a moment before, said the karate instructor.

discriminating

Judicious, discerning, having good judgment or insight Ex:- He is a man of discriminating tastes—all his suits are handmade in Italy, and I once saw him send back an entree when he complained that black truffle oil had been substituted for white. The chef was astounded. / You can tell a real Prada bag by the discriminating mark on the inside.

incipient

Just beginning; in a very early stage Ex:- The movie producer was devastated when, due to legal trouble over the screenplay, the incipient project was crushed before it had even begun shooting.

inchoate

Just begun, undeveloped, unorganized Ex:- The first few weeks of language class went well, but her inchoate French was all but useless when she found herself at an academic conference in Quebec.

warranted

Justified, authorized (warrant can mean to justify or a justification, but can also mean to vouch for or guarantee) Ex:- The pundit's comments don't even warrant a response from our organization—they were mere name-calling, not suitable for public discourse. / Your criticism of Anne is unwarranted—as your assistant, she has done everything you've asked her to do. / He doesn't have his documents with him, but I'll warrant that he is indeed a certified forklift operator.

puerile

Juvenile, immature Ex:- The retiring film critic decried the puerile humor common in so many modern American movies, pointing out that the classic comedies of the '40s were so much smarter and less reliant on jokes about bodily functions.

acumen

Keen, quick, accurate insight or judgment Ex:- His political acumen allowed him to bargain behind the scenes and get bills passed despite being in the minority party.

**log

Keep a record of, write down; travel for or at a certain distance or speed (verb); a written record (noun) Ex:- Lawyers who bill by the hour have to be sure to log all the time they spend on every client's case. / You cannot get your pilot's license until you have logged 40 hours of flight time.

conversant

Knowledgeable about or experienced with Ex:- For an opera singer, she is unusually conversant in physics—she just explained to everyone the purpose of the Large Hadron Collider.

arcane

Known or understood by only a few; obscure, secret Ex:- To win at Jeopardy, you must be full of arcane knowledge. / The wizard's shop was full of arcana, from Latin-to-Ancient Greek dictionaries to entire books on magic spells relating only to elephants.

diffident

Lacking confidence, shy Ex:- Natasha was so diffident that she never believed her comments could be worth anything in class, even when she knew the answer.

desultory

Lacking consistency or order, disconnected, sporadic; going off topic Ex:- Lulu said she'd been studying for the GRE for a year, but she had been doing so in only the most desultory way—a few vocab words here and there, then nothing for a month, and practice tests whenever she felt like it, which was rarely. / Don't mind my daughter—there's no need to let a toddler's desultory remarks pull an adult conversation off track.

trite

Lacking freshness and originality, lacking effectiveness due to overuse, cliché Ex:- The topic of your speech is "Children are the Future"? That's pretty trite. Maybe you should think harder and come up with something original.

banal

Lacking freshness and originality; cliché Ex:- The drama professor despaired at reading another banal play from his uninspired students. "Oh look," he said sarcastically, "yet another young person has decided to write a play about a young person breaking free of society's constraints. Can you see me yawning?"

tome

Large or scholarly book; one of the volumes in a set of several books Ex:- When she discovered that the books she needed for her paper were in the university's online system, she ended up lugging some truly impressive tomes back from the library—she actually had to stop and rest twice on the way home.

laudable

Worthy of praise Ex:- When a major discount mart fired several employees for subduing a gunman, most people considered the action a laudable act of heroism, but the discount chain fired the employees for "violating company policies." Nevertheless, the mayor lauded the former employees in a medal-granting ceremony.

egress

An exit or the action of exiting Ex:- It is against the fire code to put those boxes there—you can't block a primary or secondary egress from the building.

missive

Letter, written message Ex:- While Don was overseas fighting in World War II, he lived for the missives from the wife he had left behind.

incarnadine

Blood red or flesh-colored Ex:- The police took the body to the morgue; all that was left at the murder scene was an incarnadine stain on a pillow.

coterie

Close or exclusive group, clique Ex:- The pop star never traveled anywhere without a coterie of assistants and managers.

plucky

Brave, spirited Ex:- Feminist critics have commented that today's romantic comedies tend to feature passive, helpless female leads, whereas the romantic comedies of the 1940s featured plucky heroines who took the lead in cleverly solving problems. / While the police hit a dead end, a band of plucky children was able to find the stolen bicycle.

**onerous

Burdensome, oppressive, hard to endure Ex:- Doctors are often faced with the onerous task of telling waiting families that their loved one has died.

admonish

Mildly scold; caution, advise, or remind to do something Ex:- She was an exacting boss who upbraided an employee for jamming the copier, yet she merely admonished her five-year-old for the same offense.

enervate

Weaken, tire Ex:- After taking the SAT in the morning and playing in a soccer game in the afternoon, Trina was truly enervated before the prom even began. "You dance like a grandmother with osteoporosis," said her date.

ascertain

Find out with certainty Ex:- Hopefully, the investigation will allow us to ascertain who is at fault here.

bombastic

(Of speech or writing) far too showy or dramatic than is appropriate; pretentious Ex:- Professor Knutsen's friends joked that he became quite bombastic after a few drinks, once asking a woman in a bar, "Is your daddy an aesthete? Because you are the epitome of ineffable pulchritude." She replied, "I'm not impressed by your bombast." High-sounding but with little meaning; inflated

sobriquet

A nickname Ex:- James Brown, often referred to with the sobriquet "The Godfather of Soul," scored numerous smash hits and was also known for his feverish dancing.

surly

Bad-tempered, hostile, unfriendly, or rude Ex:- This diner is terrible. My eggs are overcooked, and our surly waitress actually told me, "If you don't like it, scram."

plethora

Excess; excessive amount Ex:- She had a plethora of excuses, but there is simply no justification for arriving to class drunk.

**accede

Agree, give consent; assume power (usually as "accede to") Ex:- While the Englishman was a strong believer in democracy, he had to accede that watching Prince Charles someday accede to the throne would indeed be exciting.

hallmark

A mark indicating quality, purity, genuineness, etc.; any distinguishing characteristic Ex:- Signature red soles are the hallmark of Christian Louboutin's shoes. / Fast-paced rhymes, an angry tenor, and personal attacks on celebrities are hallmarks of Eminem's music.

repast

A meal (noun); to eat or feast (verb) Ex:- After a light repast in a country inn, the men got back on their horses and rode away.

spectrum

A broad range of nevertheless related qualities or ideas, esp. those that overlap to create a continuous series (as in a color spectrum, where each color blends into the next in a continuous way) Ex:- A test showed she was partially colorblind—she did see blues and greens, but was unable to perceive some other colors on the spectrum. / A "dialect continuum" is a spectrum of dialects of a language where speakers in different dialect groups can understand some, but not all, of the other groups—for instance, people in the west can understand people in the middle, and people in the middle can understand people in the east, but people in the west and the east cannot talk to one another.

yoke

A burden or something that oppresses; a frame for attaching animals (such as oxen) to each other and to a plow or other equipment to be pulled, or a bar across a person's shoulders to help carry buckets of water, etc. (noun); to unite together or to burden (verb) Ex:- The speaker argued that humanity had traded the yoke of servitude to kings and tyrants for the yoke of consumerism, which enslaves us just as much in the end.

metamorphosis

A complete change or transformation (in biology, a change such as a caterpillar becoming a pupa and then a butterfly) Ex:- Many reality show competitions are based on the idea of a contestant undergoing a metamorphosis, such as through dieting, exercise, life coaching, rehab, or plastic surgery—or all of the above.

subpoena

A court order requiring a person to appear in court and give testimony Ex:- Lea was served with a subpoena requiring her to testify against her former colleague.

malediction

A curse Ex:- Sheila thought the fortune teller was her friend, but when she didn't pay her bill, the fortune teller cast a hex on her, a malediction intended to cause terrible things to befall her.

**abyss

A deep and vast space or cavity; anything profound(intense) or infinite Ex:- Walking a tightrope over an active volcano, the acrobat was terrified of falling into the abyss. / Now recovering, the patient remembered her experience with clinical depression as an abyss of hopelessness.

dirge

A funeral or mourning song or poem Ex:- It was supposed to be a wedding march, but when the organist started playing, the reluctant bride thought the song sounded more like a dirge for her former, carefree life.

rift

A gap or fissure (such as in rock), a break in friendly relations Ex:- Olaf's Swedish family was offended when he married a Norwegian girl—so offended that it caused a rift that lasted for decades. / The hikers considered the rift in their path, wondering if it would be possible to leap across.

maxim

A general truth or fundamental principle, esp. expressed as a proverb or saying Ex:- My favorite maxim is "seize the day!" How much would it cost to get that on a tattoo? How much more for "curiosity killed the cat"?

lampoon

A harsh satire (noun); ridicule or satirize (verb) Ex:- As a Democrat, said Bob, "I can't say I appreciated watching that comedian in the Obama mask lampoon the State of the Union address."

sinecure

A job or position that pays while requiring little or no work Ex:- It's a wealthy university—it's sort of understood that professors who relocate to campus are rewarded with sinecures for their spouses, whether those spouses have any qualifications or not. / In medieval times, a sinecure was a paying position for a priest but without an attachment to a parish where he would actually have to show up and do something.

**slew

A large number or quantity Ex:- As soon as we switched software packages, we encountered a whole slew of problems.

demagogue

A leader who lies and gains power by arousing the passions and especially prejudices of the people Ex:- Political demagogues lie and twist the facts, depending more on their natural charisma and ability to determine exactly what their audience wants to hear than any actual understanding or perspicacity.

echelon

A level, rank or grade; the people at that level Ex:- Obtaining a job on Wall Street doesn't guarantee access to the upper echelon of executives, where multimillion dollar bonuses are the norm. / I'm not sure I'm cut out to analyze poetry; I find it hard to dig beyond the most accessible echelon of meaning.

modicum

A little bit or limited quantity Ex:- In her first five years in Hollywood, she experienced only a modicum of success as an actress, appearing twice in commercials and once as a waitress onDesperate Housewives.

layperson

A person who is not a member of the clergy or not a member of a particular profession (such as medicine, law, etc.) Ex:- The actress Jenny McCarthy has written a book about autism. While her experience as a parent is interesting to anyone in a similar situation, it's still important to remember that McCarthy is a layperson, not a doctor.

disposition

A person's general or natural mood; tendency Ex:- She was possessed of a kind and helpful disposition—she wouldn't just help you move, she'd bring home-baked muffins to the affair. / I could really use some help in the kitchen, if you are so disposed.

gradation

A progression, a process taking place gradually, in stages; one of these stages Ex:- The hill's gradation was so gradual that even those on crutches were able to enjoy the nature trail. / The short story's language graded from the vernacular to the erudite so gradually that you practically didn't realize until the end that the speaker had become educated almost before your eyes.

hierarchy

A ranked series; a classification of people according to rank, ability, etc.; a ruling body Ex:- The activist, accustomed to groups ruled by consensus, was quite surprised to find that the Eco-Action Coalition was led by a strict hierarchy—members followed orders from district leaders, district leaders from regional leaders, and regional leaders from the national head.

platitude

A shallow, overused statement; cliche Ex:- Everyone who knew my mother knows she was an atheist, so I can't imagine why people at her funeral would think we'd enjoy their soppy platitudes about Mom's "being in a better place now."

strut

A structural support or brace Ex:- Looking out the window of the small biplane, Maureen could see the struts, the vertical connectors between the lower and upper sets of wings.

whitewash

A substance used to whiten walls, wood, etc. (noun); deception, covering up of wrongs, errors, misdeeds, etc. (verb) Ex:- The journalist accused the government of trying to whitewash the scandal, implying that the officials covered up the incident out of concern for national security rather than to protect themselves.

nuance

A subtle difference in tone, meaning, expression, etc. Ex:- People with certain cognitive disabilities cannot understand the nuances of nonliteral speech. For instance, "You can come if you want to, but it's really going to be mostly family" means that you shouldn't try to come.

dogma

A system of principles laid down by an authority; established belief Ex:- It is part of the dogma of modern education that there are multiple intelligences that are equally valuable; try to suggest that some people just aren't that smart, and you'll find yourself a pariah. / Dogmatic people will never change their minds, even in the face of evidence.

makeshift

A temporary, often improvised, substitute (noun); improvised for temporary use (adj) Ex:- Lost in the woods for over 24 hours, the children were eventually found sleeping under a makeshift tent made from branches and old plastic bags. / I don't have a ladder, but I can stack up some boxes as a makeshift.

interregnum

A time in between two reigns or regimes during which there is no ruler; a period during which government does not function; any period of freedom from authority or break or interruption in a series Ex:- When the king died with no heir, his ministers ruled in the interregnum as the nobles argued over which of the king's nephews should rule next. / In the interregnum between Madonna and Lady Gaga, there was no single female pop star who commanded such titanic audiences.

scintilla

A tiny bit or trace Ex:- With not one scintilla of food in the house, the pioneer woman resorted to desperate means, boiling weeds and even shoe leather to feed her children.

fledgling

A young bird that has just recently gotten its feathers, an inexperienced person (noun); new or inexperienced (adj) Ex:- The zoo's EagleCam will hopefully be able to catch the moment the fledglings fly out of the nest for the very first time! / The Society of Engineers is available for Career Day presentations in elementary schools, where we hope to encourage fledgling talents in the applied sciences.

delimit

Fix, mark, or define the boundaries of Ex:- The role of an executive coach is delimited by our code of conduct—we may not counsel people for psychological conditions, for instance.

curmudgeon

Bad-tempered, difficult person; grouch Ex:- The college students' party was hampered by constant complaints from a curmudgeonly neighbor who insisted that making noise after 8pm was unreasonable, and called the police over a single beer can on his lawn.

malleable

Able to be bent, shaped, or adapted Ex:- The more malleable the material, the easier it is to bend into jewelry—and the easier it is to damage that jewelry. / My mother is a little too malleable—she said she liked all the things her first husband liked, and now she says she likes all the things her second husband likes.

plastic

Able to be shaped or formed; easily influenced Ex:- A young child's mind is quite plastic, and exposure to violent movies and video games can have a much greater effect on children than they typically do on adults.

intelligible

Able to be understood, clear Ex:- You are doing a disservice to all music by listening through those horrible speakers! None of the lyrics are even intelligible! I'll bet you have no idea what this song is even about!

pallid

Abnormally pale (as skin); lacking color or vitality Ex:- When Eric left the office mid-day, we knew from the pallor that had overtaken him that he really was getting sick. / We need this blog to really hit hard against the special interest groups ruining our country, and your pallid writing isn't doing it—you're going to bore people to death with this wimpy prose.

lavish

Abundant or giving in abundance; marked by excess (adj); give very generously (verb) Ex:- Anita wanted to live as she imagined Beyoncé lived, and ran up huge credit card bills pursuing a lavish lifestyle she could scarcely afford. / Although her rich banker boyfriend lavished gifts on her, she didn't want to be with someone she didn't really love.

profuse

Abundant, extravagant, giving or given freely Ex:- It didn't mean anything at all to me, giving my old microwave to the family next door, but the woman's profuse thanks made me think that maybe the family was having some financial troubles. / She came home on Valentine's Day to an apartment decorated with a profusion of flowers.

dither

Act indecisively (verb); a state of fear or trembling excitement Ex:- Stop dithering, said the mother to her daughter. "Pick which sweater you want so I can pay for it and we can get out of here." / The haunted house brought the children to a dither from which it was difficult for their parents to calm them down.

implication

Act of implying or that which is implied; close connection, esp. in an incriminating way Ex:- When the boss said, "Times are tight around here, I just think you should know," the implication was that maybe we should start looking for new jobs. / She implicated her boyfriend in the robbery after less than 20 minutes of interrogation.

orthodox

Adhering to a traditional, established faith, or to anything customary or commonly accepted Ex:- I appreciate that the new dentist thinks that my oral health can be improved through yoga, but I really prefer a more orthodox approach to dental care.

**glib

Adj. (of words or the person speaking them) Fluent and voluble but insincere and shallow Ex:- She was the worst teacher he had ever encountered, giving glib responses to every question. "Can you help me with this algebra problem?" he asked. "Oh, just solve for x," she said, and walked away.

felicitous

Admirably appropriate, very well-suited for the occasion; pleasant, fortunate, marked by happiness Ex:- What a felicitous occasion! said the new grandfather, arriving at the hospital with an "It's a Girl!" balloon. The new father found the balloon remarkably felicitous, especially since the baby's gender had been announced less than an hour ago.

proxy

Agent, substitute, person authorized to act on behalf of another Ex:- She was in the hospital, but certainly didn't want to miss voting on the proposal, so she sent a proxy to the board meeting to vote "yes."

hermetic

Airtight, sealed, isolated; reclusive; pertaining to alchemy, occult; esoteric, cryptic Ex:- These packaged meals are hermetically sealed—they'll last years in storage, but once opened, you need to finish the contents within a couple of days. / While writing hundreds of vocabulary flashcards, the GRE instructor lived a hermetic lifestyle, her skin growing pallid and her social network drastically shrinking.

dismiss

Allow to disperse or leave; fire from a job; put aside or reject, especially after only a brief consideration Ex:- Before I dismiss class, said the teacher, "I want to remind you of the importance of dismissing biases in your research by ruling out or adjusting for factors other than the variable you are testing that may have led to your results."

likewise

Also, in addition to; similarly, in the same way Ex:- Chip was baffled by all the silverware set before him, so when his host began eating salad with the smallest, leftmost fork, Chip did likewise.

albeit

Although, even though Ex:- The village leader was illiterate albeit highly intelligent. / The trip was exciting, albeit brief.

rescind

Annul, repeal, make void Ex:- The governor rescinded his proclamation making September 10th "Pastafarian Day" once someone told him it wasn't a real religion.

phlegmatic

Apathetic, sluggish, not easily excited or made emotional Ex:- A phlegmatic child, he declined to participate in the youth soccer league. He preferred to stay at home, mostly sitting outside poking at dirt with a stick, and occasionally stopping for naptime.

savor

Appreciate fully, taste or smell with pleasure Ex:- As a parent, it's important to take a step back and really savor the special moments—those children will grow up sooner than you think!

ersatz

Artificial, synthetic; being an inferior substitute Ex:- I hate this health food restaurant! I do not want to eat some ersatz meatballs made of textured vegetable protein!

dormant

Asleep, inactive, on a break Ex:- Some famous writers' skills have lain dormant until quite late in life; Laura Ingalls Wilder didn't publish Little House on the Prairie until she was 65.

ascribe

Assign or credit to a certain cause or source Ex:- He ascribed his good grades to diligent studying. / The young boy ascribed to his imaginary friend all the powers he wished he had himself—being able to fly, having dozens of friends, and never having to eat his broccoli.

supposition

Assumption, hypothesis, something that has been supposed Ex:- In order to test our supposition that customers will buy our product if they associate it with celebrities, let's send free samples to some popular young starlets, track mentions in the press, and see if our sales increase accordingly.

simultaneous

At the same time Ex:- It is rare in a duel that the two shooters draw their guns simultaneously and actually kill each other in an instant.

impugn

Attack the truth or integrity of Ex:- I hate to impugn the motives of the volunteers, but I think that some of them are here for personal gain, not to help.

assail

Attack violently, assault Ex:- One strategy for winning in boxing is to simply assail your opponent with so many blows that he becomes disoriented. / The debate team assailed the opposition with more evidence than they could respond to.

besiege

Attack, overwhelm, crowd in on or surround Ex:- The regiment was besieged by attackers on all sides and finally surrendered. / I cannot go out this weekend—I am besieged by homework!

iconoclast

Attacker of cherished beliefs or institutions Ex:- A lifelong iconoclast, Ayn Rand wrote a controversial book entitled The Virtue of Selfishness.

propitiate

Attempt to reconcile with, satisfy, or reduce the animosity of (a person who is angry, offended, etc.) Ex:- The ancient Greeks would often attempt to propitiate angry gods by sacrificing animals to them.

meretricious

Attractive in a vulgar or flashy way, tawdry; deceptive Ex:- The singer performed her concert draped in what looked from far away like precious jewels. Up close, though, the fan could see that the accessories were just meretricious plastic, glittery junk, like what little girls buy at the mall.

hedge

Avoid commitment by leaving provisions for withdrawal or changing one's mind; protect a bet by also betting on the other side Ex:- While he coaxed and cajoled us all into seeing "the best movie ever," he hedged once we were in the theater: "I don't know if you all like this sort of thing," he said. "I mean, you can make up your own minds." / When the professor called on him to take a stand on the issue, he hedged for fear of offending her: "Well, there are valid points on both sides," he said.

presumptive

Based on inference or assumption; providing reasonable grounds for belief Ex:- The dictator's favorite nephew is the presumptive heir to power, but anything could happen. / He's the presumptive winner of the election—we haven't counted all the votes, but at this point it's almost mathematically impossible for the other guy to win.

denote

Be a name or symbol for Ex:- The company's brand denotes quality; the marketing team has done a fantastic job of associating the company's image with fine service. / There's nothing in the denotation of "crotchety" (grumpy, having strong and irrational preferences) that indicates any particular group of people, but due to the expression "crotchety old man," the word connotes, for many people, an image of an especially unpleasant male senior citizen.

antedate

Be older than, precede in time; assign to an earlier date Ex:- Dinosaurs antedate the first human beings by about 65 million years. / Jamal didn't get around to writing the "Best Vocabulary Words of 2010" blog post until January 3rd, but he antedated the post for December 31st so at least the infrequent readers wouldn't notice.

spearhead

Be the leader of Ex:- Lisa agreed to spearhead the "healthy office" initiative, and was instrumental in installing two treadmills and getting healthy food stocked in the vending machines.

ossify

Become bone or become hard like bone; become inflexible in attitudes, opinions, etc. Ex:- I remember having many broad-ranging discussions with him back in college, but since then, his opinions have ossified—sadly, he is now the most close-minded person I know.

mendicant

Beggar, or religious follower who lives by begging Ex:- Having joined a mendicant order, the friar had vowed not to own property, and instead to subsist on the donations of the faithful.

tyro

Beginner Ex:- Kenneth felt called to work as a missionary, but he was really a tyro in the field, and was unprepared for many of the questions people asked him.

neophyte

Beginner, novice; person newly converted to a religion Ex:- It was totally outrageous of our law firm to send a neophyte into the courtroom to defend our case against a team of experienced attorneys.

decorous

Behaving with propriety and good taste; polite Ex:- Miss Etiquette writes an advice column about decorum. One writer asked, "What's the most decorous way to tell guests exactly what I want for my wedding?" Miss Etiquette replied, "Young lady, there is no decorous way to solicit gifts, and even asking that question is entirely indecorous of you."

credibility

Believability, trustworthiness Ex:- Many famous "experts" with "Dr." before their names are not medical doctors at all. Any television "doctor" who turns out to have a Ph.D. in botany, for instance, ought to suffer a serious drop in credibility.

plausible

Believable; having the appearance of truth Ex:- When three doctors treating crash victims were suddenly stricken with what looked like the effects of nerve gas, hospital officials posited "hysteria" as the culprit—hardly a plausible explanation, as emergency room doctors are accustomed to seeing horrific things every day.

denigrate

Belittle, attack the reputation of Ex:- Many jokes in the Meet the Parents trilogy come from Robert De Niro's character denigrating Ben Stiller's character for being a male nurse.

disparage

Belittle, put down; bring shame upon, discredit Ex:- An ad hominem attack is a logical fallacy in which the arguer disparages his opponent rather than addressing the opponent's ideas. / Your shoplifting arrest has disparaged this family!

intrinsic

Belonging to the essential nature of a thing Ex:- Despite all this high-tech safety equipment, skydiving is an intrinsically dangerous proposition. / Communication is intrinsic to a healthy relationship.

moreover

Besides; in addition to what was just stated Ex:- You are fired. Moreover, the police are coming to arrest you for theft.

optimal

Best, most desirable or favorable Ex:- Many believe that the U.S. Constitution's genius lies in its striking and optimal balance between freedom and order.

treacherous

Betraying trust, not faithful or trustworthy; not dependable; dangerous or deceptive Ex:- Betraying one's country for money is the most base of acts—his treachery cost the lives of several soldiers whom he had pledged to fight alongside. / The small boat was capsized in the treacherous waters.

partial

Biased, prejudiced, favoring one over others; having a special liking for something or someone (usually partial to) Ex:- Although I grew up in New York, I've always been partial to country music. / His lawyers are appealing on the grounds that the judge was partial to the plaintiff, even playing golf with the plaintiff during the trial.

diatribe

Bitter, abusive attack or criticism; rant Ex:- I'd stay out of the living room for a while—Grandpa's on another one of his diatribes about how it's un-American to call a large coffee a "venti." You can hear him ranting from here!

tirade

Bitter, abusive criticism or verbal attack Ex:- I hate that television show where that commentator goes on angry tirades about all the liberal conspiracies taking over America. Even my conservative friends find his ranting embarrassing.

reproach

Blame, disgrace (noun); criticize, express disappointment in (verb) Ex:- I'm not really enjoying my foreign study program. My host mom reproached me in Spanish—it sounded really harsh, but I couldn't really understand her, and I have no idea what I did wrong!

amalgamate

Blend, merge, or unite Ex:- The Amalgamated Transit Union is so called because it contains many local unions of bus operators, subway operators, baggage handlers, etc. / When turning her life story into a memoir, she amalgamated two important relatives into a single character, even amalgamating their names (Mary and Rose) into the character "Aunt Mary Rose."

implode

Burst inward Ex:- The startup struggled for years before it simply imploded—the management team broke into factions, all the clients were scared off, and employees who hadn't been paid in weeks began taking the office computers home with them in retribution.

inter

Bury (a dead body) or place in a tomb Ex:- After the funeral, the body will be interred in the cemetery. / Occasionally, a criminal investigation requires disinterring, or exhuming, a body for autopsy; this can be upsetting to family members who have already buried their loved one.

**elicit

Call forth, bring out, evoke Ex:- The touchdown elicited wild cheers from the crowd. / While the death of Ellen's elderly cat was indeed sad, Ellen's constant, mournful looks whenever anyone mentioned any animal at all were nothing but a play to elicit sympathy.

convoke

Call together, as to a meeting Ex:- The dean has convoked this gathering to discuss the Honor Code.

halcyon

Calm and peaceful, carefree; prosperous, successful, happy Ex:- Installing drywall wasn't the career he'd planned for—every day he reminisced about the halcyon days of his high school football career, when he was treated like a god, and he had not a care in the world other than the next big game.

mollify

Calm or soothe (an angry person); lessen or soften Ex:- The cellular company's billing practices were so infuriating to customers that the customer service representatives spent every workday mollifying angry customers.

imperturbable

Calm, not able to be upset or agitated Ex:- Having seen pretty much everything, the kindergarten teacher was truly imperturbable: a morning containing a discipline problem, two bathroom accidents, one fight, and one temper tantrum didn't bother her in the least.

viable

Capable of living (or growing, developing, etc.); practical, workable Ex:- I have three screenplay ideas, but the studio head said only one was commercially viable. Apparently, it's important to have a human lead character and a satisfying ending. / Due to leaps forward in technology, premature babies are considered viable earlier and earlier—currently around 24 weeks.

pathogenic

Capable of producing disease Ex:- Many common and legal food additives are pathogenic, known to lead to diabetes or even cancer.

overshadow

Cast a shadow over, darken; dominate, make to seem less important Ex:- She was a straight-A student who excelled at field hockey, but she still felt overshadowed by her older sister, who won a national science competition for her work on cancer in mice, and also had time to become a pole vaulting champion and model who walked in Fashion Week.

**offhand

Casual, informal; done without preparation or forethought; rude in a short way, brusque Ex:- I was pretty happy with my salary until my coworker Deena mentioned offhandedly that she was thinking about buying a house now that she made six figures.

coagulate

Cause a liquid to become solid or semisolid Ex:- Hemophilia is a medical condition in which the blood doesn't coagulate, meaning that a hemophiliac can easily bleed to death from a small wound. / When making jam, use pectin to get the fruit to coagulate.

deflect

Cause to curve; turn aside, esp. from a straight course; avoid Ex:- The purpose of a shield is to deflect arrows or bullets from an enemy./ Every time he was asked a difficult question, Senator Warrington deflected by changing the topic, saying he'd answer later, or even—insincerely, it seemed—calling for a moment of prayer.

precipitate

Cause to happen suddenly or prematurely; fling, plunge, or hurl down Ex:- Mr. and Mrs. Rosen had been considering a move to Florida for years, but the sudden destruction of their house in a hurricane precipitated their decision to finally make the move. / "Stay away from the precipice!" said the mother to her child. "I wouldn't want my darling son to be precipitated to his doom!"

soporific

Causing sleep; sleepy, drowsy (adj); something that causes sleep (noun) Ex:- I was excited to take a class with Professor Baria because I had enjoyed her books, but sadly, she is a better writer than speaker—her lectures are soporific. / I was so distressed after the crash that the doctor gave me a soporific—and, sure enough, I was able to think more clearly after sleeping.

metaphysical

Concerned with abstract thought, related to metaphysics (branch of philosophy concerned with explaining the nature of being and of the world); very subtle or abstruse Ex:- My poetry class has all kinds. In contrast to Gary's poetry about dogs and horses, Neil's poetry is very metaphysical, exploring the relation of mortal humans to a timeless universe. It's a little over Gary's head.

compendium

Concise but complete summary; a list or collection Ex:- I could hardly bring my whole collection of poetry books on vacation, so instead, I brought a lightweight poetry compendium containing a few selections each from 30 or so poets thought to represent various styles and eras. / This movie review is unusually compendious—although a scant 500 words, it tells every single thing that happens in the entire film.

précis

Concise summary, abstract Ex:- Just as scientific journals publish abstracts of their articles online (and then charge for access to the full version), the entrepreneur decided to publish a précis of her whitepaper online, while charging for access to the full version.

terse

Concise, brief and to the point (sometimes to the point of rudeness) Ex:- Hoping to talk to her doctor at length about her condition, she was disappointed to be treated so tersely by a doctor who simply renewed her prescription and disappeared.

patronizing

Condescending, having a superior manner, treating as an inferior Ex:- I'm not surprised that Professor McDougal used to teach kindergarten. His patronizing tone has been driving me crazy. Not only does he assume we can barely add or subtract, he also makes us put our heads down and have a moment of silence.

propriety

Conforming to good manners or appropriate behavior; justness Ex:- The parent questioned the propriety of the punishment meted out to her son—sitting in a corner all day seemed a little harsh for using the pencil sharpener at the wrong time. / Saying the accounting firm was complicit in "financial impropriety" was a rather polite way to refer to the fraud it committed against its investors.

confound

Confuse, frustrate; mix up or make worse Ex:- He was positively confounded by a map that seemed to show "East Bethlehem" as being to the west of "West Bethlehem." / He was already a little flummoxed in regards to differential equations, but reading an incorrectly-edited Wikipedia page on the topic only confounded the problem.

welter

Confused mass or pile, jumble; confusion or turmoil (noun); roll around, wallow, toss about, writhe (verb) Ex:- It said "thrift store," but inside it was just a welter of used clothing, draped everywhere and even lying in piles. / By the time the teacher broke up the fight, it was already pretty much over—the loser was weltering on the floor. / They struggled to keep the sailboat afloat on the weltering sea.

extrapolate

Conjecture about an unknown by projecting information about something known; predict by projecting past experience Ex:- No, I've never been to Bryn Mawr, but I've visited several small, private women's colleges in the Northeast, so I think I can extrapolate.

**sentient

Conscious; experiencing sensation or perceiving with the senses Ex:- Tia became a vegan because she refused to eat any sentient creature. / Look at the mold in your fridge! Let it grow any more, it might become sentient!

collude/collusion

Conspire; cooperate for illegal or fraudulent purposes Ex:- After two competing software companies doubled their prices on the same day, leaving consumers no lower-priced alternative, the federal government investigated the companies for collusion.

confer

Consult, compare views; bestow or give Ex:- A Ph.D. confers upon a person the right to be addressed as "Doctor" as well as eligibility to pursue a tenure-track professorship. / Excuse me for a moment to make a call—I can't buy this car until I confer with my spouse.

fallacious

Containing a fallacy, or mistake in logic; logically unsound; deceptive Ex:- The formal study of logic can enable a student to more easily identify fallacious reasoning and, furthermore, to point out its fallacies.

speculate

Contemplate; make a guess or educated guess about; engage in a risky business transaction, gamble Ex:- During the Gold Rush, speculators bought up land, sometimes with borrowed funds, expecting to prospect the land for gold and get rich quickly. / She speculated that, in zero gravity, showers would have to exist as closed rooms in which a giant bubble of water formed, and a person got inside it.

scurvy

Contemptible, mean Ex:- Our neighbor is so scurvy that he deliberately broke my little brother's bicycle because, as he said, "You kids are too loud!"

**paradox

Contradiction, or seeming contradiction that is actually true Ex:- Kayla was always bothering the youth minister with her paradoxes, like "If God is all-powerful, can He make a burrito so big He can't eat it?" A seemingly absurd or self-contradictory statement or proposition that when investigated or explained may prove to be well founded or true.

discordant

Harsh or inharmonious in sound; disagreeing, incongruous Ex:- In a graduation ceremony full of hopeful and congratulatory speeches, the salutatorian's address about the terrible economy struck a discordant note.

emulate

Copy in an attempt to equal or be better than Ex:- The ardent Star Trek fan emulated Captain Kirk in every way possible—his brash and confident leadership might have gotten him somewhere, but the women he tried to impress weren't so impressed.

pusillanimous

Cowardly, timid Ex:- He was so pusillanimous that not only was he afraid to ask his boss for a raise, he was even afraid to tell the waitress that he didn't like sugar in his tea.

machination or machinations

Crafty schemes or plots Ex:- It's cute to think that teen idols became famous because their talent was simply so great that the music industry reached out to them, but usually, any teen idol is the product of intense coaching and parental machinations.

**wily

Crafty, cunning, characterized by tricks or artifice Ex:- The wily criminal stole eight laptops by simply walking into a branch of a large company, introducing himself as the laptop repairman, and waiting for people to hand him their computers. / She was quite offended when her coworker suggested that she use her "feminine wiles" to make the sale.

impute

Credit, attribute; lay blame or responsibility for (sometimes falsely) Ex:- The ineffectual CEO was nevertheless a master of public relations—he made sure that all successes were imputed to him, and all of the failures were imputed to others.

grovel

Creep or crawl with one's face to the ground, prostrate oneself as a token of subservience, degrade or abase oneself Ex:- Most of the laid-off employees packed their things and left the building—only one was seen groveling, literally on his knees asking his boss not to fire him and even offering to wash the boss's car.

juncture

Critical point in time, such as a crisis or a time when a decision is necessary; a place where two things are joined together Ex:- We are at a critical juncture in the history of this organization: either we can remain a nonprofit, or we can register as a political action committee and try to expand our influence. / The little canoe started to sink when it split at the juncture between the old wood and the new material used to repair it.

squelch

Crush, squash; suppress or silence; walk through ooze or in wet shoes, making a smacking or sucking sound Ex:- The repressive government squelched the rebellion immediately. / Ew, I just squelched a slug in my bare feet!

crafty

Cunning, skillful in deception or underhanded schemes Ex:- A crafty play in basketball is the "head-fake"—moving the head in one direction slightly prior to running in the other direction, to try to get a tiny head start on a disoriented pursuer.

imprecation

Curse; prayer for harm to come to someone Ex:- The haunted house features a "wicked witch" chanting imprecations at all who pass through.

mores

Customs, manners, or morals of a particular group Ex:- An American in Saudi Arabia should study the culture beforehand so as to avoid violating deeply conservative cultural mores.

abscission

Cutting off; sudden termination; the separation of leaves, petals, or other parts from a plant or animal Ex:- The abscission of leaves from the trees is normal in fall. / An inflamed appendix calls for an immediate surgical abscission.

quotidian

Daily; everyday, ordinary Ex:- He was so involved in his quest for spiritual enlightenment that he regularly forgot more quotidian concerns—sure, he meditated for six hours today, but he hasn't done laundry in weeks.

mar

Damage, spoil, ruin Ex:- The interior designer's secret was to buy furnishings and fixtures that had been marred on the shop floor and therefore were sold at steep discounts; she would then fix the defects herself or add additional aging effects to the pieces.

aspersions

Damaging remarks, defamation, slander Ex:- He could no longer work with his duplicitous business partner, who acted friendly to his face but then spewed aspersions about him behind his back. / If you asperse me one more time, I will sue you for libel!

duplicity

Deceit, double-dealing, acting in two different ways for the purpose of deception Ex:- The campaign worker's duplicity finally came to light when it was discovered that, despite rising to a trusted position within the local Workers Party, he was actually a registered National Party member and was feeding information back to his cronies.

**gainsay

Declare false, deny; oppose Ex:- The professor is quite doctrinaire—she's been known to lower the grade of any student who dares gainsay her. [gain-, against (from Old English gegn-) + sayen, to say]

embellish

Decorate, add ornamentation; enhance (a story) with fictional or fanciful details Ex:- Every time she tells that story, she embellishes it quite a bit—at first, she was lost in the woods, and then she was found. The part with the grizzly bear was added later. / The Christmas sweater was embellished with festive jingle bells!

ingrained

Deep-rooted, forming part of the very essence; worked into the fiber Ex:- Religious observance had been ingrained in him since birth; he could not remember a time when he didn't pray five times a day.

counterproductive

Defeating the purpose; preventing the intended goal Ex:- The candidate's attempt to win swing votes in Ohio was actually counterproductive—following his speech in Toledo, his poll numbers actually went down 5%.

debase

Degrade; lower in quality, value, rank, etc.; lower in moral quality Ex:- You have debased yourself by accepting bribes. / Members of the mainstream church argued that the fringe sect was practicing a debased version of the religion, twisting around its precepts and missing the point. / I can tell from the weight that this isn't pure gold, but rather some debased mixed metal.

forestall

Delay, hinder, prevent by taking action beforehand Ex:- Our research has been forestalled by a lack of funding; we're all just biding our time while we wait for the university to approve our grant proposal.

hyberbole

Deliberate exaggeration for effect Ex:- Oh, come on. Saying "That movie was so bad it made me puke" was surely hyperbole. I strongly doubt that you actually vomited during or following The Back-Up Plan.

negate

Deny or refute; make void or cause to be ineffective Ex:- Darling, if you add "I promise to try to work things out for at least a couple of weeks before giving up" to our wedding vows, it would kind of negate the part where you promise to love, honor, and cherish me "until death do us part." / The debate coach reminded the students that they had to negate each one of their opponents' major points in order to win.

abscond

Depart suddenly and secretively Ex:- A robber absconds with stolen goods. People who eat in a restaurant and run out without paying—or criminals who jump bail—could also be said to be absconding.

turpitude

Depravity, baseness of character, corrupt or depraved acts Ex:- Worried about her grandson's turpitude—as evinced by his constant detentions and a three-day stay in a juvenile jail—Mrs. Worthington offered to pay for military school. / It's hard to fathom the kind of turpitude required to make a movie that could get banned in modern-day Europe! When I read the screenplay, I nearly threw up.

divest

Deprive or strip of a rank, title, etc., or of clothing or gear; to sell off holdings (opposite of invest) Ex:- When she found out that the most profitable stock in her portfolio was that of a company that tested products on animals, she immediately divested by telling her broker to sell the stock. / Once his deception was exposed, he was divested of his position on the Board.

derivative

Derived from something else; not original Ex:- The singer's first album was a disappointment, derivative of several hit albums from the previous year, as though a management team had simply picked out the elements from other popular songs that they thought would make the most money.

partisan

Devoted to a particular group, cause, etc. (adj.); fervent supporter of a group, party, idea, etc.; guerilla fighter (noun) Ex:- It is unconscionable to engage in partisan politics in a time of crisis. People are trapped in the rubble of an earthquake, and you suggest that we vote for your tax bill in exchange for your voting for our relief bill?

pious

Devout; religiously reverent and dutiful Ex:- Some matrimonial websites catering to conservative religious groups contain listings for young women that feature testimonials from the woman's relatives about her piety. Naturally, only similarly pious suitors need apply.

diverge

Differ, deviate; branch off or turn aside, as from a path Ex:- Go five miles until the old post office, then the road diverges—you want the branch that winds off to the left. / The high school sweethearts found that their paths diverged when they were accepted to different colleges.

discrepancy

Difference or inconsistency Ex:- When there is a discrepancy between a store's receipts and the amount of money in the register, the cashier's behavior is generally called into question.

heterogeneous

Different in type, incongruous; composed of different types of elements Ex:- Rather than build the wall with plain brick, we used a heterogeneous mixture of stones—they are not only different colors, but a variety of sizes as well.

intractable

Difficult to control, manage, or manipulate; hard to cure; stubborn Ex:- That student is positively intractable! Last week, we talked about the importance of staying in your seat during the lesson—this week, she not only got up mid-class, but she actually scrambled on top of a bookcase and refused to come down! / Back injuries often result in intractable pain; despite treatment, patients never feel fully cured.

unearth

Dig up, uncover, expose Ex:- The ACLU's Prison Project works tirelessly to unearth evidence from old cases that might exonerate innocent people who have spent years or even decades in prison. / The archaeologist unearthed what appears to be the world's oldest known gravesite, showing that the earliest humans cared for their deceased loved ones.

explicit

Direct, clear, fully revealed; clearly depicting sex or nudity Ex:- The goal of my motivational talk is to make explicit the connection between staying in school and avoiding a life of crime.

antithetical

Directly opposed, opposite; involving antithesis (the rhetorical act of placing two phrases opposite one another for contrast, as in love me or hate me) Ex:- Partying all night, every night, is antithetical to one's academic performance.

dissent

Disagree or take an opposing view, esp. in relation to a formal body such as a government, political party, or church; such a view Ex:- Judge Antonin Scalia cast the only dissenting vote, explaining in his written decision why he thought all the other justices had it wrong. / Not every country has a right to free speech (and thus to dissent), although nations that throw dissenters in jail are condemned by the international community at large.

jettison

Discard, cast off; throw items overboard in order to lighten a ship in an emergency Ex:- We got so tired while hiking the Appalachian Trail that we jettisoned some of our fancy camping supplies just so we could drag ourselves to a place where we could get medical attention.

discomfiting

Disconcerting, confusing, frustrating Ex:- His fiancée's family said they were comfortable with the fact that he was of a different religion, but he found their constant probing about his beliefs quite discomfiting./ He hates telemarketers so much that he likes to discomfit them by asking them personal questions and suggesting he call them at their homes instead.

disjointed

Disconnected, not coherent, jerky; having the joints separated Ex:- The novel seemed disjointed, as though whole chunks of it were missing, or as though the author had tried to stitch together drafts of several different stories. / To begin the recipe, you'll need a whole chicken that has been disjointed.

daunt

Discourage, dishearten, lessen the courage of Ex:- Amazingly undaunted after his accident, Devon vowed to complete a marathon in his wheelchair. Not even a dented rim on mile 19 could daunt him—he dauntlessly completed the race anyway.

divine

Discover through divination or supernatural means; perceive by insight Ex:- I've been poring over these quarterly reports all day, trying to divine whether I should buy or sell this stock.

parley

Discussion, negotiation, esp. between enemies (noun); to have such a discussion (verb) Ex:- The industry trade show is our chance to parley with our competitors. We do go out for drinks together, but really, we're just hoping someone slips up and tells us about their new product line.

blight

Disease that kills plants rapidly, or any cause of decay or destruction (noun); ruin or cause to wither (verb) Ex:- Many potato farmers have fallen into poverty as a result of blight killing their crops. / Gang violence is a blight on our school system, causing innocent students to fear even attending classes. / Violence has blighted our town.

opprobrium

Disgrace and disapproval that result from outrageously shameful actions Ex:- Some young starlets seem to think a DUI offense isn't such a big deal, but drunk driving deserves opprobrium—driving under the influence maims and kills innocent people every year.

squalid

Disgusting, filthy, foul, extremely neglected Ex:- Social Services removed the children from the home due to the squalid conditions, including rats running freely in the kitchen and spoiled food all over the house.

cloying

Disgustingly or distastefully sweet Ex:- I do like visiting our grandmother, but I can't stand those cloying movies she watches—last time it was some heart-tugging story where an orphan saves a suffering pony. / I do like cake, but I find that honey-covered angel food cake positively cloying.

perfidious

Disloyal, treacherous, violating one's trust Ex:- The perfidious soldier sold out his comrades, giving secrets to the enemy in exchange for money and protection.

pejorative

Disparaging, derogatory, belittling (adj); a name or word that is disparaging (noun) Ex:- I'm open to constructive criticism, but I think my supervisor's remarks are inappropriately pejorative—it's never okay to call an employee a "sniveling dullard." / Although these insults wouldn't be understood by most, "poetaster" and "mathematicaster" are pejoratives for minor, incompetent poets and mathematicians, respectively.

reprobate

Disreputable, unprincipled, or damned person (noun); shameless, depraved (adj) Ex:- The police joked that they had so many mug shots of the old reprobate that they could assemble them into a photography book called, Faces of Petty Crime, 1976-2011.

dissolution

Dissolving, the state of having been dissolved; breaking bonds or breaking up of a group of people; death, disintegration; sinking into extreme hedonism, vice, and degradation Ex:- Raoul went from garden-variety hedonism to utter dissolution—his three-day drug benders cost him his job and may land him in jail. / Following the dissolution of the corporation and the liquidation of our assets, each investor will receive a cash payment proportional to his or her shareholding in the company.

aloof

Distant physically or emotionally; reserved; indifferent Ex:- Perceiving her parents as cold and aloof, the child was naturally drawn to her warm, genial aunt.

disparate

Distinct, different Ex:- He chose the college for two disparate reasons: the strength of the computer science program, and the excellence of the hip-hop dance squad.

**pronounced

Distinct, strong, clearly indicated Ex:- Aunt Shirley claimed we would never know that her "secret recipe" for brownies involved lots of healthy vegetables, but the brownies had a pronounced asparagus flavor.

disquieting

Disturbing, causing anxiety Ex:- Mr. Peters' lack of emotion at his wife's death was disquieting—so much so, in fact, that even his own family began to suspect he'd had something to do with it. / He was deeply disquieted by the racism he encountered in his new neighborhood.

multifarious

Diverse, having a lot of variety Ex:- Last year's jewelry line was all metal and neutrals, but this year's presents a multifarious array of brilliant colors.

dichotomy

Division into two parts or into two contradictory groups Ex:- There is a dichotomy in the sciences between theoretical or "pure" sciences such as physics and chemistry, and the life sciences, which often deal more with classifying than with theorizing.

ridden

Dominated or burdened by Ex:- The neighborhood was ridden with crime. / In this corruption-ridden nation, you simply have to pay bribes if you want anything to get done.

hegemony

Domination, authority; influence by one country over others socially, culturally, economically, etc. Ex:- The discovery of oil by a previously poor nation disrupted the larger, richer nation's hegemony in the region—suddenly, the hegemon had a competitor.

inordinate

Excessive, not within proper limits, unrestrained Ex:- Students taking practice Computer Adaptive Tests at home often take an inordinate number of breaks—remember, on the real thing, you can't stop just because you're tired or hungry.

extemporaneous

Done without preparation (esp. of a speech), or with some preparation but no notes; improvised, done on the spur of the moment Ex:- The way the Public Affairs Forum works is that the moderator will announce a topic, and then anyone who wishes may speak extemporaneously on that topic for a few minutes—as you can imagine, our members are very well-read. / Lost in the jungle, the hikers fashioned an extemporaneous shelter from palm leaves.

dubious

Doubtful, questionable, suspect Ex:- This applicant's resume is filled with dubious qualifications—this is a marketing position, and this resume is mostly about whitewater rafting.

declivity

Downward slope Ex:- Not just any declivity can serve as a wheelchair ramp—I'm pretty sure this thing is too steep to pass regulations.

**languid

Drooping from exhaustion, sluggish, slow; lacking in spirit Ex:- We signed up for a fitness boot camp, but after a single hour of exercise in the heat, we all felt so overcome with languor that we refused to go on. Turns out the reason we need a fitness boot camp in the first place is that we're pretty languid people.

prosaic

Dull, ordinary Ex:- Finding his friends' bar mitzvahs at the local synagogue a bit prosaic, Justin instead asked his dad to rent out the local laser tag center.

insipid

Dull, stale, lacking taste or interest Ex:- This is a university-level poetry class, and your insipid drivel just won't cut it here. "Things that are bad always make me sad"? Really? / The restaurant critic called the dish "insipid"—I did think it was bland, but I probably would've been more polite about it.

**aerie

Dwelling or fortress built on a high place; the nest of a bird of prey, such as an eagle or hawk, built on a mountain or cliff Ex:- The billionaire smoked a cigar out his window and watched the riots in the streets below, safe in the aerie of his penthouse apartment.

complaisant

Eager to please; cheerfully complying Ex:- Coming from a more uptight corporate background, Chris found the soup kitchen volunteers remarkably complaisant—when he asked the greeters to sweep the floor and the cooks to wash dishes, everyone happily moved to their new positions.

tractable

Easily controlled or managed, docile; easily shaped or molded Ex:- He's a tractable fellow—when I asked if we could see a different movie than the one we'd come to see, he shrugged and said "Cool." / The clay had hardened overnight, but adding water made it tractable again.

voluble

Easily fluent in regards to speech Ex:- The journalist's new book is a voluble tome, covering three centuries of history with numerous flowing, almost conversational asides into the scientific discoveries and cultural advances of various time periods.

frugal

Economical, thrifty, not wasteful with money; inexpensive Ex:- It wasn't terribly surprising when Lea—who was so frugal in restaurants that she always drank water, ate salad, and requested a separate check—said she had never tried lobster.

philanthropy

Efforts to improve the well-being of humankind, generally through giving money Ex:- Many wealthy people turn to philanthropy as a way to create social good, and many others turn to it as a way to hobnob with the rich and famous.

rudimentary

Elementary, relating to the basics; undeveloped, primitive Ex:- My knowledge of Chinese is quite rudimentary—I get the idea of characters, and I can order food, but I really can't read this document you've just given me.

underscore

Emphasize (or, literally, to underline text) Ex:- You're not going to mess with Joey anymore, said Joey. His new bodyguards stepped forward threatening, as though to underscore Joey's point.

inveigle

Entice, lure; get something by flattery, cleverness, or offering incentives Ex:- After Mrs. Kim found out that her son's friends had inveigled him into doing something stupid, she gave him a lecture on standing up to peer pressure.

milieu

Environment, atmosphere; the environmental setting in which something happens or develops Ex:- Becoming a priest in the anything-goes milieu of the 1960s gave Father Bryant an interesting perspective on two contrasting philosophies. / After the fall of the Soviet Union, a milieu of crushing poverty, yet hopeful aspiration, existed in the former satellite state.

stasis

Equilibrium, a state of balance or inactivity, esp. caused by equal but opposing forces Ex:- Edie felt that her career was in stasis: her boss made it clear she wasn't getting promoted, but she also couldn't leave because of her health insurance situation.

travesty

Exaggerated, debased, or grotesque imitation; A false, absurd, or distorted representation of something. Ex:- That Saturday Night Live sketch was a pretty good travesty of the election scandal. / You call that a sales presentation? What you just did in front of our clients was a travesty! I can't believe you lost what was supposed to be an easy sale.

surfeit

Excess, excessive amount, overindulgence Ex:- The soup kitchen would like to announce that it has a serious surfeit of those cans of jellied cranberries that no one seems to want, but it could still use at least 10 Thanksgiving turkeys.

fanatical

Excessively devoted, enthusiastic, or zealous in an uncritical way Ex:- We avoid our neighbors—they're fanatics who can't go five minutes without trying to convert you to their beliefs. / Mrs. Becker was fanatical about grammar, once deducting 15 points from a student's paper for a misused semicolon—and it was a physics class!

**officious

Excessively eager in giving unwanted advice or intruding where one is not wanted; meddlesome, pushy Ex:- Lisa's dinner parties are exhausting. She's an officious host who butts in and runs everyone's conversations, keeps an eye on what everyone is eating, and makes sure you finish your vegetables, and even knocks on the bathroom door to make sure you're "okay in there."

prolix

Excessively long and wordy (of a person, piece of writing, etc.) Ex:- My mother is incredibly verbose. She'll tell a boring, prolix story for five whole minutes, and at the end, it turns out that the point was that she got a 50 cent discount on a box of spaghetti at the store.

fastidious

Excessively particular, difficult to please; painstaking, meticulous, requiring excessive attention to detail Ex:- Steve was a fastidious housekeeper, fluffing his couch pillows at least twice a day and never allowing the tiniest speck of dust to settle on any exposed surface.

maudlin

Excessively sentimental, showing sadness or some other emotion in a foolish or silly way Ex:- I had no idea the film was going to be a maudlin affair in which the male lead dies and the female lead has his baby, who then also dies. Half the theater was weeping, and the other half was just shaking their heads at how badly written the movie was.

inherent

Existing as a permanent, essential quality; intrinsic Ex:- - any form of mountaineering has its inherent dangers/New research seems to support the idea that humans have an inherent sense of justice—even babies become upset at puppet shows depicting unfairness, and are gratified at seeing the "bad" puppets punished.

ubiquitous

Existing everywhere at the same time Ex:- Thirty years ago, women would lie about coloring their hair, considering the admission embarrassing. Today, blatantly fake hair color—not to mention fake tans and unnaturally white teeth—are ubiquitous, not only on starlets, but even on the checkers at the local grocery store. / Maggie learned in Sunday school that God was ubiquitous, leading to the question nearly all children ask when they hear this: "Does that mean God sees me in the bathroom?"

subjective

Existing in the mind or relating to one's own thoughts, opinions, emotions, etc.; personal, individual, based on feelings Ex:- Naturally, anyone's experience of a movie is subjective, and some will enjoy this picture despite its flaws; however, it is an objective fact that the cinematography is very bad. / We can give names to colors, but we can never quite convey the subjective experience of them—what if my "red" is different from your "red"?

virtual

Existing only in the mind or by means of a computer network; existing in results or in essence but not officially or in name Ex:- The Tamagotchi is a handheld virtual pet made in Japan—you have to "care" for it by performing various actions with the device, but in the end, your "pet" still looks very much like a keychain.

status quo

Existing state or condition Ex:- Many opposed the establishment of a needle-exchange program, but others reasoned that the plan would be an improvement on the status quo, in which disease spread rapidly through certain communities.

fulminate

Explode, detonate; attack verbally in a vehement, thunderous way Ex:- Please don't bring up anything related to gun control around my family, or my dad will fulminate for hours about the Second Amendment.

debunk

Expose, ridicule, or disprove false or exaggerated claims Ex:- Galileo spent his last years under house arrest for debunking the widely held idea that the Sun revolved around the Earth. / The show MythBusters debunks pseudoscientific claims.

opine

Express an opinion Ex:- After all was said and done, he opined that he wished he had never tried to sail around the world in a canoe, and he was sorry that the rescue effort was so expensive.

prodigious

Extraordinarily large, impressive, etc. Ex:- The Great Wall of China consists of a prodigious series of fortifications stretching over 5,000 miles! / If we don't double our sales with this new product, we will have to declare bankruptcy—we have a prodigious task ahead.

egregious

Extraordinarily or conspicuously bad; glaring Ex:- Your conduct is an egregious violation of our Honor Code—not only did you steal your roommate's paper off his computer and turn it in as your own, you also sold his work to a plagiarism website so other cheaters could purchase it!

finesse

Extreme delicacy, subtlety, or diplomacy in handling a sensitive situation or in a performance or skill (noun); use tact or diplomacy; employ a deceptive strategy (verb) Ex:- After the prince deeply insulted his hosts, the diplomat was able to finesse the situation, playing it off as a translation error and getting the negotiations back on track.

indigence

Extreme poverty Ex:- The city government has several agencies that provide shelter, food, and other assistance to the indigent.

penury

Extreme poverty or scarcity Ex:- The young model married an elderly billionaire thinking she'd be set for life, but she ended up living in penury after her husband died and his middle-aged children held up the probate case for years, keeping her from receiving any money whatsoever.

quixotic

Extremely impractical but very romantic, chivalrous, or idealistic; impulsive Ex:- Prompted by a lesson their teacher devised for election year, the children shared what they would do if elected president. The plans were adorably quixotic, involving housing all the homeless in floating homes on the ocean, or teaching everyone to be nice to each other.

upbraid

Find fault with, criticize or scold severely Ex:- I'm not surprised they got divorced—you can't upbraid someone every time he forgets to put a water glass in the sink and then expect him to stick around.

**objective

Factual, related to reality or physical objects; not influenced by emotions, unbiased Ex:- You cannot be forced to testify against your spouse in a court of law—it's pretty impossible for anyone to be objective about the guilt or innocence of a spouse. / Some philosophers argue that things like "love" and "guilt" don't exist, and that only objective reality—that is, physical matter—is of consequence.

default

Failure to act, neglect (noun); fail to fulfill an obligation, especially a financial one (verb) Ex:- The government is cracking down on for-profit colleges where a large percentage of the graduates cannot use their degrees to gain employment and end up defaulting on their student loans. / You must elect a new health plan by December 31st or by default you will be re-enrolled in the plan you selected last year.

equitable

Fair, equal, just Ex:- As the university president was heavily biased towards the sciences, faculty in the liberal arts felt they had to fight to get an equitable share of funding for their departments.

fidelity

Faithfulness, loyalty; strict observance of duty; accuracy in reproducing a sound or image Ex:- Wedding vows typically include a promise of fidelity—such as by "forsaking all others as long as I may live."

phony

Fake, counterfeit; insincere, not genuine Ex:- Phony Louis Vuitton bags are easily purchased in Chinatown, but they are illegal—selling them can land a vendor in jail, and the counterfeit bags are often made with child labor. / She's such a phony person, pretending to befriend people and then talking about them behind their backs.

harrow

Farming tool that breaks up soil (noun); painfully disturb or distress (verb) Ex:- Let's start our garden together—you harrow, and I'll follow behind you planting the seeds. / The bus ride across Siberia was a harrowing experience—the roads were all ice, and the ancient, barely heated vehicle seemed to be lacking both headlights and brakes.

liberal

Favorable to progress or reform; believing in maximum possible individual freedom; tolerant, open-minded; generous (adj); a person with such beliefs or practices (noun) Ex:- Split pea soup benefits from a liberal application of pepper. / Liberal reformers in Egypt pushed for freedom of speech, freedom of the press, and freedom of assembly.

propitious

Favorable, giving good signs for the future, likely to work out; kind or forgiving Ex:- After having to postpone the game earlier in the week due to rain, the officials were pleased to see the propitious weather forecast. "We'll get this game in after all," one of them exclaimed.

xenophobia

Fear or hatred of foreigners or that which is foreign Ex:- My mother's xenophobia is so great that she refuses to cross the border into Canada, and once told me that she'd rather die than try a mango because those foreign fruits are "sketchy."

timorous

Fearful, timid Ex:- An expression describing a timorous person as "quaking in his boots"—that is, a scared person would shake or shiver from fear.

intrepid

Fearless, brave, enduring in the face of adversity Ex:- Intrepid explorers Lewis and Clark led the first U.S. expedition to the West Coast, facing bitter winters and rough terrain.

reverent

Feeling or expressing very deep respect and awe Ex:- Ayn Rand is a controversial figure, but critical views are not welcome at the local Objectivist Club meeting, where everyone expresses a reverent view of the author.

solidarity

Fellowship in interests, feelings, responsibilities, etc., such as among a group of people or among classes, nations, etc. Ex:- The governor attempted to outlaw collective bargaining by unions, but backed down once he was made aware of the union's solidarity with churches and community groups across the state.

distaff

Female, esp. relating to the maternal side of the family; women or women's work; a staff that holds wool or flax for spinning Ex:- In completing your medical history, please try to remember which illnesses occurred on the distaff side of your family. / Medical studies using all-male study groups may produce results that cannot be replicated in distaff subjects.

inconstancy

Fickleness, unreliability; the state of changing without good reason Ex:- Old-fashioned poems often praised a lover's constancy; the poet would likely be shocked by any inconstancy from his lady, such as if she were receiving poems from other poets.

truculent

Fierce, cruel, savage; belligerent Ex:- That guy is too truculent to work in customer service—when the customers are already angry, the last thing this store needs is someone prone to blow up at any moment! / The honey badger is a truculent hunter—it can and will eat anything, and sometimes tortures its prey before eating it.

coda

Final part of a musical composition; an ending, esp. one that sums up what has come before Ex:- You play this middle section twice, then move to the coda, the music teacher explained to the child. "The coda always comes last." / Dropping my purse in a mud puddle right outside my own front door was a fine coda to a horrible evening.

resolve

Find a solution to; firmly decide to do something; decide by formal vote (verb); firmness of purpose (noun) Ex:- She was resolved to find a marrow donor for her son, and led a stunningly successful drive to get people to sign up for a national donor registry. Even when no match was found for her son in the first year, her resolve was undampened.

accretion

Gradual increase; an added part or addition Ex:- Accretion of money in his portfolio. / Some charitable funds keep the principal in their accounts untouched and use only the accretion for philanthropic purposes.

**amortize

Gradually pay off a debt, or gradually write off an asset Ex:- A mortgage is a common form of amortized debt—spreading the payments out over as long as 30 years is not uncommon. / On his company balance sheet, Joe amortized the value of his patent, estimating that the patent's value as an asset would decline steadily over the course of the year as competitors patented competing products. [mortem - To make dead; deaden; destroy.]

hand-wringing

Grasping, squeezing, etc. of the hands as an expression of nervousness, guilt, etc.; extend debate over what to do about an issue Ex:- There has been much hand-wringing (or wringing of hands) over falling test scores, with so-called experts acting as if the world will end if students do 1% worse in math and science.

zeal

Great fervor or enthusiasm for a cause, person, etc.; tireless diligence in furthering that cause; passion, ardor Ex:- Whether you agree with their views or not, you have to admit that the employees of PETA have great zeal for animal rights—most work for less than $25,000 a year, and often participate in protests that get them shouted at or even arrested.

cupidity

Greed, great or excessive desire Ex:- The doctor's medical license was revoked after it was discovered that, out of sheer cupidity, he had diagnosed people with illnesses they didn't have and pocketed insurance money for performing procedures they didn't need.

verdant

Green, such as with vegetation, plants, grass, etc.; young and inexperienced Ex:- Having grown up in Ethiopia, Dabir loved the lushness of the verdant forests in rainy Oregon. / The first-year associate was a little too verdant to be assigned to the big case.

bevy

Group of birds or other animals that stay close together; any large group Ex:- The bar owner cringed when a bevy of women in plastic tiaras came in—"Another drunken bachelorette party," he sighed.

faction

Group or clique within a larger organization; party strife and dissension Ex:- The opposition movement was once large enough to have a chance at succeeding, but it has since broken into numerous, squabbling factions, each too small to have much impact. / The caucus began in a spirit of unity but now, sadly, is marked by faction and petty squabbles.

lurid

Gruesome or excessively vivid; sensational, shocking, unrestrained Ex:- I do like to keep up with what celebrities are doing, but that tabloid is just too lurid for me—just look at the cover: "Worst Cellulite in Hollywood" and "Exclusive Crash Photos." Truly horrible.

dyspeptic

Grumpy, pessimistic, irritable; suffering from dyspepsia (indigestion) Ex:- The dyspeptic professor was so angered by a question from a student who hadn't done the homework that he actually stomped out of class.

surmise

Guess, infer, think, or make an opinion with incomplete information Ex:- Based on your rather sad attempt to figure out the tip on our restaurant bill, I would surmise that you actually have no idea how percents work.

credulous

Gullible; prone to believing or trusting too easily or without enough evidence Ex:- Did you know you can wash your ears by turning your head on its side in the shower and letting the water run straight through your head? said the father to his five-year-old daughter. "I'll try that!" said the credulous little girl. [incredulous - skeptical; unwilling to believe]

synchronous

Happening at the same time; occurring at the same rate and thus happening together repeatedly Ex:- The sound of that bell is a signal for the dancers to make perfectly synchronous entrances from opposite sides of the stage. / The two nearby churches have synchronous church bells—if you stand halfway between the buildings as the bells chime out the hour, it sounds really cool!

fortuitous

Happening by chance; lucky Ex:- It was amazingly fortuitous that the exclusive beach resort had a cancellation for exactly the weekend she had wanted to get married, allowing her to have the perfect wedding after all.

rife

Happening frequently, abundant, currently being reported Ex:- Reports of financial corruption are rife.

posthumous

Happening or continuing after death Ex:- Ernest Hemingway died in 1961. His novel The Garden of Eden was published posthumously in 1986.

haven

Harbor or port; refuge, safe place Ex:- The relief workers set up the camp as a haven from persecution.

deleterious

Harmful, unhealthful Ex:- The Resident Assistant told the first-year students, "I think you will find not only that drugs are illegal and will result in expulsion, but also that drug abuse will have a deleterious effect on anyone's grades."

innocuous

Harmless, inoffensive Ex:- While it's quite acrid in here, fortunately the fumes that come from our factory are completely innocuous—you don't need a face mask unless you'd like one.

invidious

Hateful, offensive, injurious Ex:- School bullying has become a serious problem, with ongoing invidious behavior driving students to suicide.

probity

Honesty, integrity Ex:- After losing the last election when their candidate's string of mistresses came to light, this time, the party would only nominate a candidate whose probity was beyond any doubt.

homage

Honor or respect demonstrated publicly Ex:- This structure I built in the backyard is not just a skateboard ramp; it is an homage to my hero Tony Hawk. I have dubbed it the "Tony Hawk Rocks Western Pennsylvania Skateboard Ramp." / I'm not copying Madonna's song—I am referencing it in my own song as an homage to her work.

inimical

Hostile, adverse, harmful Ex:- Most people think that being shouted at in the freezing rain is inimical to learning; sadly, our boot camp instructor disagreed.

nevertheless or nonetheless

However, even so, despite that Ex:- While losing the P&G account was a serious blow, we nevertheless were able to achieve a new sales goal this month due to the tireless efforts of the sales team in bringing in three new clients. / I really can't stand working with you. Nonetheless, we're stuck on this project together and we're going to have to get along.

baying

Howling in a deep way, like a dog or wolf Ex:- The lonely dog bayed all night. / The mob bayed for the so-called traitors to be put to death.

modest

Humble; simple rather than showy; decent (esp. "covering up" in terms of dress); small, limited Ex:- The reporter was surprised that the celebrity lived in such a modest house, one that looked just like every other plain, two-story house on the block. / Her first job out of college was a rude awakening—her modest salary was barely enough for rent, much less going out and having fun.

idolatry

Idol worship; excessive or unthinking devotion or adoration Ex:- After a year in an education Ph.D. program, she'd had enough with the idolatry of Howard Gardner and his theory of multiple intelligences—"Gardner isn't a god," she would say, "and you simply can't learn calculus through movement or interpersonal skills."

notoriety

Ill fame; the state of being well-known for a disgraceful reason Ex:- Bill was notorious for being late to everything—after awhile, his friends just stopped inviting him to the movies. / Some countries ban convicted criminals from capitalizing on their notoriety by writing books from prison or selling rights to movies about their lives.

steeped

Immersed (in), saturated (with) Ex:- A person steeped in classic literature probably thinks about almost everything in terms of old, famous books. / The Met's new campaign seeks to answer affirmatively the question of whether music lovers steeped in hip-hop and pop can learn to love opera.

detached

Impartial, disinterested; unconcerned, distant, aloof Ex:- He found her detached demeanor inappropriate for a funeral. It's fine to politely ask how someone died, but it's not appropriate to coldly question a relative on the medical history of the deceased. / The divorce proceeding was full of anger and recriminations, but the judge was able to make a detached decision.

impermeable

Impassable, not allowing passage through (such as by a liquid) Ex:- A good raincoat is totally impermeable to water.

restive

Impatient or uneasy under the control of another; resisting being controlled Ex:- The company was purchased by a larger competitor, and the employees grew restive as the new bosses curtailed their freedoms and put a hold on their projects.

impervious

Impenetrable, not able to be harmed or emotionally disturbed Ex:- The problem with arrogant people is that they are impervious to criticism of their arrogance; anything you say to them just rolls right off.

implicit

Implied, not stated directly; involved in the very essence of something, unquestionable Ex:- He didn't have to be told to resign; it was implicit in his not getting the promotion that he had no future at the company. / I enjoy ice climbing with my father because, in such a dangerous situation, it's important to have a partner you trust implicitly.

normative

Implying or attempting to establish a norm; expressing value judgments or telling people what to do (rather than merely describing that which is happening) Ex:- The reason we are not understanding each other in this argument about grammar is that you are arguing normatively, telling me how people should talk, and I am simply reporting and analyzing how people actually talk.

nontrivial

Important or big enough to matter Ex:- The chief of staff told the assembled doctors, "We all make mistakes. But this mistake was nontrivial, and there is going to be an investigation."

inexorable

Impossible to stop or prevent; not moved by pleading Ex:- Many people fled Europe in the face of Hitler's inexorable march across the continent.

unseemly

Improper, inappropriate, against the rules of taste or politeness Ex:- The activist really did want to get the candidate's support for the equal-rights measure, so she did what the candidate's aides asked—but she found it very unseemly that they suggested a specific dollar amount for the "donation" she was asked to make in order to get a meeting.

ameliorate

Improve; make better or more bearable Ex:- If you spill water on your computer keyboard, you can ameliorate the damage by leaving the keyboard upside down to dry—it may still be ruined, but that's still the best chance you've got of saving it.

attuned

In harmony; in sympathetic relationship Ex:- Research shows that new mothers are keenly attuned to their babies' cries; even those who were formerly heavy sleepers often find that they now wake up immediately when their babies need attention. / In the sixth week of Melanie's foreign study program, she finally attuned herself to life on a French farm.

**inasmuch

In like manner, considering that (contraction of "in as much," generally followed by "as") Ex:- Inasmuch as you missed my birthday party to do the Walk for the Cure, I am not angry at all. Good for you for doing that! / Normally, a student would graduate in four years, but inasmuch as you failed several courses in your first two semesters, that will now be impossible for you.

respectively

In the order given Ex:- His poems "An Ode to the Blossoms of Sheffield" and "An Entreaty to Ladies All Too Prim" were written in 1756 and 1758, respectively.

inert

Inactive; having little or no power to move Ex:- All of the missiles at the military museum are inert, Timmy, said the tour guide, answering the question children always asked. "They're not going to blow up." / When she saw her father's inert body on the floor, she thought the worst, but fortunately he was just practicing very slow yoga.

infallible

Incapable of error; certain Ex:- No good scientist thinks he or she is infallible—it is fundamental to the scientific method that every theory is open to revision based on new evidence.

sedition

Inciting rebellion against a government, esp. speech or writing that does this Ex:- Amnesty International regularly fights for the release of political prisoners imprisoned for sedition. While inciting violence is illegal in most of the world, what is considered sedition under many restrictive governments is what Americans consider a normal exercise of freedom of speech—for instance, writing a letter to the editor of a newspaper criticizing the government's policies.

proclivity

Inclination, natural tendency Ex:- After his therapist pointed out that he had a natural proclivity to judge people prematurely, he tried to work on that by imagining things from the other person's point of view.

pugnacious

Inclined to fight, combative Ex:- Amy had hoped to avoid inviting Uncle Ed to the wedding, as he was a pugnacious fellow—and, sure enough, he managed to start a fistfight with the best man.

proliferate

Increase or spread rapidly or excessively Ex:- The book alleged that terrorist cells are proliferating across the United States faster than law enforcement can keep up.

foreshadow

Indicate or suggest beforehand, presage Ex:- You didn't know this was a horror movie? I thought it was pretty clear that the children's ghost story around the campfire was meant to foreshadow the horrible things that would happen to them years later as teenagers at a motel in the middle of the woods.

**stoic or stoical

Indifferent to pleasure or pain, enduring without complaint; person indifferent to pleasure or pain (noun) Ex:- Della was not only calm but positively stoic, thanking her family for driving her home from chemotherapy, and then simply never mentioning it until it was time to go again.

apprise

Inform, give notice to Ex:- I can't believe you failed to apprise me that my child was biting the other children in his preschool class! If I had known, I could've addressed this issue before all the other parents threatened to sue!

discredit

Injure the reputation of, destroy credibility of or confidence in Ex:- Congresswoman Huffman's opponent tried to use her friendship with a certain radical extremist to discredit her, even though the congresswoman hadn't seen this so-called extremist since sixth grade summer camp.

iniquity

Injustice, wickedness, sin Ex:- The preacher's sermon about loving your neighbor was regarded by some as a welcome departure from his usual fiery homilies railing against iniquity. / Iniquitous corporations, such as those that spill oil into our oceans, must be punished.

avarice

Insatiable greed; a miserly desire to hoard wealth Ex:- It is hard to fathom the sheer avarice of a company that would fraudulently overcharge a struggling school system for new computers.

graft

Insert part of a plant into another plant, where it continues to grow; join living tissue (such as skin) to part of the body where it will continue to live and grow; attach as if by grafting (verb); the part so grafted (as in a graft of skin); the act of acquiring money or other benefits through illegal means, esp. by abusing one's power (noun) Ex:- The part of the book describing the financial crisis is good, but the "What You Can Do" section seems grafted on, almost as though written by a different author. / It's not cool for your boss to pressure you into buying Girl Scout cookies from his daughter. If she were selling something larger, we'd call that graft.

inconsequential

Insignificant, unimportant; illogical Ex:- You wrote a bestselling book and got a stellar review in the New York Times—whatever your cousin has to say about it is simply inconsequential. / Given that your entire essay is about Hamlet's relationship with his mother, your thesis that Hamlet's relationship with Laertes drives the plot is inconsequential—that is, it does not follow as a consequence of the evidence you've provided.

disingenuous

Insincere, not genuine Ex:- Christine used the fact that her mother spoke limited English as an opportunity to be disingenuous. When her mother asked, "Will there be boys at this sleepover?" she replied "There won't not be boys there!"

inform

Inspire, animate; give substance, essence, or context to; be the characteristic quality of Ex:- Her work as an art historian is informed by a background in drama; where others see a static tableau, she sees a protagonist, a conflict, a denouement. / Marjorie's desire to work in forensics is informed by a family history in the police department.

didactic

Intended to instruct; teaching, or teaching a moral lesson Ex:- She might have been Teacher of the Year at work, but at home, her husband wished she would turn off her didactic personality. "Honey," he said, "I really don't need you to use everything as a learning opportunity." / The child was disappointed when the storybook turned didactic in the end, with the teddy bears—and the reader—being admonished never to lie.

savant

Learned person, scholar, someone admitted to membership in a scholarly field; a person with amazing mental abilities despite having a cognitive difference or disability Ex:- The TED conferences feature savants and newsmakers speaking on topics of great importance to the world. / Many people associate autism with being an "autistic savant," but most people who have autism do not actually have the ability to mentally multiply a five-digit number by a five-digit number in five seconds, for instance.

fallow

Left unplanted (of land); not in use Ex:- Crop yields were increased substantially when the villagers discovered that leaving a portion of their fields lie fallow allowed that unused part of the land to become renewed with minerals. / It is terribly important that we make college affordable for underprivileged students, lest great minds lie fallow, and the world never benefit from their genius.

inquest

Legal or judicial inquiry, especially before a jury and especially made by a coroner into the cause of someone's death; the results of such an inquiry Ex:- The family waited nervously for the results of the inquest, which finally returned a verdict of misadventure; that is, their grandfather had not been murdered, but rather died in a freak accident of his own doing.

penchant

Liking or inclination (usually penchant for) Ex:- He seems like a mild-mannered accountant, but twice a year he jets off to Australia to satisfy his penchant for adventure sports.

hearken

Listen, pay attention to Ex:- Hearken, students!" said the old-fashioned music teacher. "We are going to practice 'Hark, the Herald Angels Sing."

sublime

Lofty or elevated, inspiring reverence or awe; excellent, majestic; complete, utter Ex:- She loved visiting Gothic churches, which truly filled even a nonbeliever with a sense of the sublime. / It was sublime idiocy that caused him to invest all his money in the market without doing any research. / This dinner is sublime! I will leave a glowing review on Yelp!

rarefied

Lofty, very high up or elevated (in a metaphorical way); exclusive, select; thin, pure, or less dense (as air at the top of a mountain) Ex:- Among the rarefied ranks of conference attendees, she counted two Nobel Prize Winners, a MacArthur Genius Grant winner, and Bill Gates—and that was just at one lunch table!

tenuous

Long and thin, slender; flimsy, having little substance Ex:- Your argument is quite tenuous—it depends on our accepting the results of a 1955 study published in an obscure medical journal not subject to peer review.

harangue

Long, intense verbal attack, esp. when delivered publicly Ex:- Look, I'll clean the gutters when I get a free weekend—I don't need you to keep haranguing me about it.

**retrospective

Looking to the past or backward; applying to the past, retroactive (adj); an art exhibit of an artist's work over a long period of time (noun) Ex:- The proposed law is retrospective: anyone who violated the law before the law even existed can be prosecuted.

slack

Loose, negligent, lazy, weak (adj); neglect to do one's duties; loosen up, relax (verb); period of little work (noun) Ex:- As the product of slack parenting, I never learned good time management skills—Mom and Dad never checked my homework or made me go to bed at a certain time. / The holidays represent a lull or slack in work at many companies.

din

Loud, confused noise, esp. for a long period of time Ex:- This hotel was described as "near all the hot spots," but I didn't realize that I wouldn't be able to sleep due to the all-night din from partygoers.

nadir

Lowest point Ex:- It was only when Ming reached her absolute nadir—what her recovery program called "rock bottom"—that she admitted she had a problem and checked herself into rehab.

providential

Lucky, fortunate, or relating to divine care (the idea that a deity has helped or cared for a person) Ex:- Every time their religious sister ran out of money, help always arrived! She viewed this as God's providential hand, but her family members viewed it as their always having to bail her out, and it was getting annoying.

mendacious

Lying, habitually dishonest Ex:- She was so mendacious that, when she broke the television, she blamed it on her little brother, even though he was in a wheelchair and could hardly have tipped over a piece of furniture. Her mendacity knows no bounds!

gist

Main idea, essence Ex:- I didn't read the whole book, but I read enough to get the gist.

emaciate

Make abnormally thin, cause to physically waste away Ex:- After 50 days floating on a raft at sea, he was quite emaciated—his family was elated that he was alive, but shocked to see a formerly 165-pound man looking skeletal at just 125 pounds.

ingratiate

Make an effort to gain favor with Ex:- Ryan's attempts to ingratiate himself with the boss were quite transparent—no one really believes that a 25 year old loves the same cigars, classic rock, and AARP crosswords as the 65 year old company president.

sully

Make dirty, stain, tarnish, defile Ex:- The senator did win his campaign for re-election, but his reputation was sullied when he was photographed shaking hands with the tobacco executives who apparently bankrolled his campaign.

facilitate

Make easier, help the progress of Ex:- A good meeting facilitator lets everyone be heard while still keeping the meeting focused. / As a midwife, my goal is simply to facilitate a natural process.

palliate

Make less serious or severe; relieve symptoms of an illness Ex:- The doctors said it would be pointless to subject Uncle Al to continued treatments when there was no hope of a cure, so we gave consent for him to be transferred to the palliative care wing where he would be made as comfortable as possible in his final weeks or months.

**mitigate

Make less severe; lessen or moderate (damage, grief, pain, etc.) Ex:- Sadly, his illness could not be cured, but the nurses made every effort to mitigate the symptoms.

**quibble

Make trivial arguments or criticisms, find faults in a petty way, esp. to evade something more important Ex:- Look, I am telling you some of the serious consequences of global warming, as predicted by the scientific establishment—I think you're just quibbling to complain that I said "carbon monoxide" when I meant "carbon dioxide."

annul

Make void or null, cancel, abolish (usually of laws or other established rules) Ex:- Can we appreciate the art of a murderer? For many, the value of these paintings is annulled by the artist's crimes.

exacerbate

Make worse (more violent, severe, etc.), inflame; irritate or embitter (a person) Ex:- Allowing your band to practice in our garage has greatly exacerbated my headache.

impair

Make worse, weaken Ex:- Playing in a rock band without earplugs will almost certainly impair your hearing over time.

calumny

Malicious lie intended to hurt someone's reputation; the act of telling such lies Ex:- I've had enough of your calumnious accusations! Admit that you made up all those wicked things about me, or I will see you in court when I sue you for slander!

husband

Manage prudently, sparingly, or economically; conserve Ex:- As we are dealing with cutbacks, I am calling on you as the office manager to husband our resources, parceling out office supplies and buying new ones only when absolutely necessary.

stigma

Mark of disgrace, a figurative stain or mark on someone's reputation Ex:- In the 1950s, bearing a child out of wedlock was severely stigmatized, but today in many social circles, there is no stigma whatsoever to unmarried parents having a child.

delineate

Mark the outline of; sketch; describe in detail Ex:- I do need the cash, but I'm not signing up for this psychological experiment unless you delineate what's going to happen.

tendentious

Marked by a strong point of view, biased Ex:- It's hard to become absorbed in the world of a fantasy novel when the author is so tendentious—the planet of Xerxon is clearly meant to mimic the United States, and the author's politics intrude on the story on every page.

eloquent

Marked by forceful, fluid, apt speech; expressive, emotionally moving Ex:- Wow, he's such an eloquent speaker, he could sell snow to Antarcticans! / When Mom suggested that everyone might enjoy a museum instead of the beach, she was met with the children's eloquent looks of disgust.

whimsical

Marked or motivated by whims (odd, fanciful ideas); erratic, unpredictable Ex:- Alice in Wonderland is a famously whimsical story in which a little girl falls down a rabbit hole and finds a strange and at times absurd world. / She enjoyed a whimsical day at the seashore—no plan, just wandering around and making sand castles as the mood struck.

sound

Measure the depth of (usually of water) as with a sounding line; penetrate and discover the meaning of, understand (usually as sound the depths) Ex:- The psychiatrist appointed by the court felt he would need more time to sound the depths of the defendant's tortured mind—clearly, she was mentally ill, but did she know on any level that what she was doing was wrong?

fathom

Measure the depth of (usually of water) as with a sounding line; penetrate and discover the meaning of, understand Ex:- I cannot even remotely fathom how you interpreted an invitation to sleep on my couch as permission to take my car on a six-hour joyride!

anodyne

Medicine that relieves pain (noun); soothing, relieving pain (adj) Ex:- While aspirin is a nice analgesic, the construction worker argued that, for sore and tired muscles, nothing beat the anodyne effects of a six-pack of beer.

figurative

Metaphorical, based on figures of speech; containing many figures of speech (as fancy-sounding writing); related to portraying human or animal figures Ex:- The painter was renowned for his figurative art, including many portraits—he had been known to say that abstract artists were just people who had never learned to draw. / Highly figurative language can be difficult for English language learners—for instance, to "throw the baby out with the bath water" refers to being too hasty and unwisely getting rid of the good with the bad.

stratagem

Military maneuver to deceive or surprise; crafty scheme Ex:- The party's stratagem was to dig up a scandal on their candidate's opponent, and then release the photos the day before the election, leaving the opponent no time to defend himself before voters took to the polls.

dissemble

Mislead, conceal the truth, put on a false appearance of Ex:- Roxanne was used to dissembling in job interviews; when asked about the gap on her resume from 1999-2003, she would say, "Oh, I was out of the workforce fulfilling some obligations"—a somewhat misleading way to describe a prison stint. / He won so much money at pool halls by dissembling inexperience, pretending at first that he had no idea how to even hold a pool cue; once bets were placed, he handily defeated his opponents.

erroneous

Mistaken, in error; improper, morally incorrect Ex:- Hilda was completely unable to assemble her new desk chair after the instructions erroneously instructed her to screw the left armrest onto a small lever on the bottom of the seat.

temperance

Moderation, self-control, esp. regarding alcohol or other desires or pleasures; total abstinence from alcohol Ex:- After the end of the Civil War, economic change led to an increase in alcohol problems and the birth of the Temperance Movement, which ultimately led to Prohibition. / Grandma is a model of temperance—she drinks red wine every night, but only the 1/3 of a glass that she read was conducive to preventing heart attacks.

qualified

Modified, limited, conditional on something else Ex:- The scientist gave her qualified endorsement to the book, pointing out that, while it posed a credible theory, more research was still needed before the theory could be applied.

libertine

Morally or sexually unrestrained person; freethinker (regarding religion) Ex:- A famed libertine, the sitcom star was constantly in the news for cavorting with women of dubious occupations and overdosing on drugs often enough to regularly hold up production of his popular television show.

lament

Mourn; express grief, sorrow, or regret (verb); an expression of grief, esp. as a song or poem (noun) Ex:- Silda said she couldn't make it to the party—she's still lamenting the death of her cat. In fact, she wrote a poem: "A Lament on the Topic of Buttons McFlufferton." Lamentably, Silda is a very bad poet.

lugubrious

Mournful, gloomy (sometimes in an exaggerated way) Ex:- Helen was having a good time at the Irish pub until the Traditional Music Hour started, and the lugubrious tunes made her cry into her Guinness.

symbiosis

Mutually dependent relationship between two organisms, people, groups, etc. Ex:- In biology, one example of symbiosis is when a small creature feeds off bugs that live on a larger creature—thus protecting the larger creature from discomfort and possibly disease. / Although some celebrities complain about paparazzi, many have a symbiotic relationship with those same intrusive photographers—the paparazzi need to get paid, and the celebs need the photos to stay in the news.

martinet

Person who adheres to rules extremely closely; strict disciplinarian Ex:- It was no fun growing up with a military officer for a dad. He was such a martinet he once made me do 20 pushups for being one minute late to bed—even though the reason I was late was that I wanted to kiss him goodnight.

refute

Prove to be false Ex:- She's not a very valuable member of the debate team, actually—she loves making speeches, but she's not very good at refuting opponents' arguments.

taciturn

Not talking much, reserved; silent, holding back in conversation Ex:- Because he felt self-conscious about his stutter, Mike had always been taciturn, but after some very good speech therapy, soon he was much more voluble.

penitent

Regretful, feeling remorse for one's sins or misdeeds (adj); a person who feels this way (noun) Ex:- After being "separated" from the college for plagiarism, she wrote a letter to the Dean expressing her deep regret and penitence and hoping to be readmitted.

reticent

Not talking much; private (of a person), restrained, reserved Ex:- She figured that, to rise to the top, it was best to be reticent about her personal life; thus, even her closest colleagues were left speculating at the water cooler about whether her growing belly actually indicated a pregnancy she simply declined to mention to anyone.

untempered

Not toned down; not moderated, controlled, or counterbalanced Ex:- The report was an untempered condemnation of the company's practices—the investigators didn't have a single good thing to say.

placate

Satisfy or calm down (an angry or dissatisfied person), esp. by conciliatory gestures Ex:- It's an interesting business model, said the flower shop owner. "Outside of Valentine's Day, our average customer uses our product to placate an angry partner."

paucity

Scarcity, the state of being small in number Ex:- Our school has such a disgraceful paucity of textbooks that the students are sharing, and so cannot even count on being able to take the books home to do homework.

opaque

Not translucent; not allowing light, heat, etc. to pass through; dark, dull, unclear or stupid Ex:- The school dress code required opaque tights under skirts—the rules specified that sheer stockings were unacceptable. / Rena was tragically opaque—when her boyfriend said "I want to see other people," she thought he meant he needed glasses.

pedestrian

Ordinary, dull, commonplace Ex:- It was so amazing when you had us over to dinner and made that rack of lamb! I'm afraid neither of us is a professional chef like you are, though, so we hope you won't mind that we've made something more pedestrian: hot dogs and French fries.

fervid

Very hot; heated in passion or enthusiasm Ex:- He is a fervid fan of Virginia Tech football, so much so that we've all gotten used to receiving "Go Hokies!" hats and shirts for every birthday.

illiberality

Narrow-mindedness, bigotry; strictness or lack of generosity Ex:- Students protested the illiberality of an admissions policy that made no allowances for those from disadvantaged areas or backgrounds who may not have had access to advanced classes and tutors.

endemic

Native, local; natural, specific to, or confined to a particular place Ex:- Certain diseases—especially those that require a precise mix of environmental conditions and local plant and animal life to thrive—remain endemic to particular regions.

propensity

Natural inclination or tendency Ex:- He was an introvert with a propensity for solitary brooding, and thus was considered a bit strange or unfriendly by the others in his dorm.

myopic

Near-sighted; lacking long-term thinking, short-sighted Ex:- To raise prices in a time of crisis is both wrong and deeply myopic—our profits would go up in the short term, but our customers' resentment would simmer for decades. / Myron's myopia is so strong that he cannot be helped by contact lenses and has to wear the heavy glasses he has worn for decades.

unprecedented

Never before known or seen, without having happened previously Ex:- When Nixon resigned, American bravado was at an all-time low—the resignation of a sitting President was disgraceful and unprecedented.

neologism

New word or phrase (or a new meaning applied to an existing word or phrase) Ex:- You won't find "fauxhawk" in the dictionary—it's a neologism that describes a fake mohawk (faux means fake and is pronounced "foe") created by sculpting the hair into a mohawk-like crest without actually shaving the sides.

novel

New, fresh, original Ex:- You can make your writing better by eliminating clichés and replacing those clichés with more novel turns of speech. / Smoked salmon on a pizza? That's certainly a novel idea.

obsolete

Out of date, no longer in use Ex:- She kept her old laptop so long that it was obsolete—she couldn't sell it on Craigslist, and the local elementary school didn't even want it as a donation. / When you look up a word in the dictionary and see "Archaic" next to a definition, that means that definition is obsolete—people don't use the word that way anymore, although you might want to know that meaning if you're reading old texts.

incongruous

Out of place, inappropriate, not harmonious Ex:- Among the student artwork posted in the halls, Angelina's submission was incongruous, a dark, gruesome, and even worldly work amidst the happy family portraits and other childish drawings.

vociferous

Noisily crying out, as in protest Ex:- He has always been a vociferous opponent of the estate tax, appearing on numerous news programs to rail against "double taxation."

fracas

Noisy disturbance or fight; brawl Ex:- Rugby is one of the most aggressive of sports—when the players rush to pile on top of the person with the ball, bones can easily be broken in the fracas.

clamor

Noisy uproar or protest, as from a crowd; a loud, continuous noise Ex:- As soon as a scent of scandal emerged, the press was clamoring for details. / The mayor couldn't even make herself heard over the clamor of the protestors.

solecism

Nonstandard use of grammar or words; mistake, esp. in etiquette Ex:- I could care less is a solecism—what the speaker really means to say is "I couldn't care less." / Apparently, Libby had committed a solecism by asking a man if he wanted to dance. "In Lubbock, Texas," said her friend, "we keep things traditional."

implacable

Not able to be appeased, calmed, or satisfied Ex:- After the dog groomer misunderstood and shaved the family Weimaraner totally bald, Mr. Garcia was implacable; neither an offer of a free gift certificate nor a complimentary doggie sweater would reduce his fury.

indifferent

Not caring, having no interest; unbiased, impartial Ex:- Do whatever you want—I'm indifferent. I won't even notice.

apathy

Not caring; absence of feeling; lack of interest or concern Ex:- Many parents of teenagers are concerned by their indolent teens' apathy about the future. Few teens are totally apathetic, however—many get quite excited about video games, flirting, or trips to the mall.

ambiguous

Not clear, hard to understand, open to having several meanings or interpretations Ex:- The meaning of this ancient text is ambiguous—either we are missing some cultural context, or else the writer actually wanted to be mysterious.

recondite

Not easily understood, hidden, dealing with an obscure topic Ex:- Professor Ryan's office is full of books, every single one of which is more than 400 years old, and many of them in ancient Greek. He deals in some seriously recondite information.

scant

Not enough or barely enough Ex:- The new intern was scant help at the conference—he disappeared all day to smoke and didn't seem to realize that he was there to assist his coworkers. / The soldiers were always on the verge of hunger, complaining about their scanty rations.

indeterminate

Not fixed or determined, indefinite; vague Ex:- The results of the drug trial were indeterminate; further trials will be needed to ascertain whether the drug can be released. / The lottery can have an indeterminate number of winners—the prize is simply divided among them.

stingy

Not generous with money, reluctant to spend or give Ex:- Billionaire industrialist J. Paul Getty was so famously stingy that he installed pay phones in his mansion for guests to use. When his grandson was kidnapped, he refused to pay ransom and only changed his mind when the kidnappers cut off the boy's ear. This famous cheapskate then demanded that his son (the boy's father) pay him back! What a miser.

unconscionable

Not guided by conscience; morally wrong, unjust, unreasonable Ex:- It is unconscionable that you would deny your sister a bone marrow transplant knowing that you're the only person in the family who's a match.

impassive

Not having or not showing physical feeling or emotion Ex:- Having been in and out of hospitals all his life, he accepted this latest diagnosis impassively—"Whatever happens, happens," he said.

ignoble

Not noble; having mean, base, low motives; low quality Ex:- What you have done may not be illegal, but it surely is ignoble—people who don't read the user agreement surely do not expect that, by clicking "I Agree," they have signed up for a Jelly of the Month club!

recalcitrant

Not obedient, resisting authority, hard to manage Ex:- As an aspiring kindergarten teacher, she had imagined days filled with giggles and singing songs about friendship—she was not prepared for a roomful of 20 recalcitrant children who wouldn't even sit down, much less learn the words to "Holding Hands around the World."

secular

Not religious or holy; pertaining to worldly things Ex:- Forty years ago, American companies wished their employees "Merry Christmas"—even the employees who didn't celebrate Christmas. Today, the secular "Happy Holidays" is common. / Western governments have grown increasingly secular over the last century; many have laws prohibiting religious expression from being sponsored by the government.

impious

Not religious, lacking reverence, ungodly Ex:- In religious schools, impious behavior is generally prohibited.

lackluster

Not shiny; dull, mediocre; lacking brilliance or vitality Ex:- Many young people today are so accustomed to being praised by parents and adults that they are shocked when a lackluster effort in the workplace receives the indifference or mild disapproval it deserves.

lax

Not strict; careless, loose, slack Ex:- My parents were really lax about homework—they never checked to see if I did it or not. Sadly, this legacy of laxity is not serving me well while studying for the GRE.

landmark

Object (such as a building) that stands out and can be used to navigate by; a very important place, event, etc. Ex:- The Civil Rights Act of 1964 was a landmark in the battle for equality. / In Lebanon, many roads are unmarked, and people navigate by landmarks—for instance, "third house down from the water tower."

manifest

Obvious, apparent, perceptible to the eye (adj); to show, make clear, or prove (verb); An event, action, or object that clearly shows or embodies something, esp. a theory or an abstract idea Ex:- My superstitious aunt claims that she saw a manifestation of our deceased grandfather, who appeared during a thunderstorm to warn us all about our cousin's fiance. / Lupus is difficult to diagnose, but sometimes manifests as muscular weakness or joint pain.

patent

Obvious, apparent, plain to see (adj); a letter from a government guaranteeing an inventor the rights to his or her invention (noun) Ex:- Her resume was full of patent lies: anyone could check to see that she had never been president of UNICEF.

salient

Obvious, standing out; projecting, protruding, jutting out Ex:- The attack on our organization was mostly just partisan bickering, but it did have a few salient points that I think we should respond to. / The windowless prison's side wall had only one salient feature, a sculpture of the state bird jutting out from the building.

somatic

Of the body Ex:- While some depression is caused by outside forces (the death of a loved one, for instance), many cases of depression have a somatic cause—for instance, postpartum depression can be related to hormones and physical changes associated with pregnancy and childbirth.

plebian

Of the common people Ex:- I toured a luxury apartment building, and I laughed when I saw that the apartments had luxurious walk-in closets and whirlpool bathtubs—but hilariously tiny ovens. Because, of course, the wealthy would never do something so plebian as cook their own food.

homogeneous

Of the same kind; uniform throughout Ex:- While Sweden seems to have solved many of its social ills, critics point out that Sweden's largely homogeneous population doesn't present the challenges extant in a more diverse nation with many cultures and languages.

umbrage

Offense or annoyance (usually as take umbrage, meaning become offended or annoyed) Ex:- With 30 years' experience in the field and quite recent successes on a variety of projects, the executive understandably took umbrage when a coworker suggested that he was good to have around to remind others of "ancient history."

noisome

Offensive, disgusting; harmful Ex:- Everyone knows that smoking is deadly, but even "herbal" cigarettes are a noisome habit—and noisome to your health!

fringe

On the margin, periphery (adj); the people in a group who hold the most extreme views (noun) Ex:- In America, reincarnation is a fringe belief, but in primarily Hindu countries, the belief is quite mainstream. / Stacey and Mark liked to say they lived on the fringe of the big city, but really they had just moved to the suburbs.

stratum

One of many layers (such as in a rock formation or in the classes of a society) Ex:- From overhearing his rich and powerful passengers' conversations, the chauffeur grew to despise the upper stratum of society. / I love this dish—it's like a lasagna, but with strata made of bread, eggs, and pancetta! Oh, look at the menu—it's actually called a strata! That makes perfect sense.

tangential

Only slightly relevant, going off-topic Ex:- It's hard to get a quick answer out of Noah—ask him any question, and you'll get a wide range of tangential remarks before you can find a polite way to move on.

penumbra

Outer part of a shadow from an eclipse; any surrounding region, fringe, periphery; any area where something "sort of" exists Ex:- The Constitution doesn't specifically mention a right to privacy, but some experts consider this to exist in the penumbra of the Constitution, as a guarantee of privacy is needed in order to exercise the rights that are enumerated. / The rent in Chicago was too high, so they moved to a suburb in the penumbra of the city.

overwrought

Overly nervous, agitated, or excited; too ornate, elaborate, or fussy; overdone Ex:- By the time her boyfriend met her in the park, she was overwrought, thinking he must have chosen a public place so he could break up with her—turned out, he had just invited her to a picnic. / Accustomed to more spare American churches, Father Smith found the churches of South America a bit overwrought, with enormous, flowery, gold altars and gold-plating on everything imaginable.

analgesia

Pain relief; inability to feel pain Ex:- While natural-birth advocates decline analgesia in childbirth, many women are very eager to take advantage of modern anesthesia. / A disease of the spinal cord can cause analgesia, which can be dangerous because the patient doesn't know when he has injured himself.

fleeting

Passing quickly, transitory, ephemeral Ex:- I had assumed our summer romance would be fleeting, so I was very surprised when you proposed marriage!

impetuous

Passionately impulsive, marked by sudden, hasty emotion; forceful, violent Ex:- Reflecting on her most recent breakup, Heather decided that next time she would like to date someone less impetuous; a man who quits his job on a whim and suggests moving together to Utah and raising llamas was just a little too impulsive for her tastes.

**placid

Peaceful, calm, tranquil Ex:- Famed Spanish tenor Placido Domingo has an unusual name—literally, "Peaceful Sunday." It's certainly not a coincidence that Placido looks so much like placid.

eccentric

Peculiar, odd, deviating from the norm esp. in a whimsical way Ex:- The old woman was harmless but eccentric—not many senior citizens wear a train conductor's uniform and carry a boom box. / The eccentricity of a planet's orbit is the amount by which it deviates from a perfect circle; in general, comets are far more eccentric than known planets.

pare

Peel or cut off the outer layer (such as peeling fruit with a knife), reduce or trim as if cutting off the outer parts Ex:- We need to pare down our budget if we're going to survive on unemployment for a while. / She simplified her life by paring commitments from her schedule.

vim

Pep, enthusiasm, vitality, lively spirit Ex:- I'm old, not dead! said Grandpa Albert, full of vim and ready for his first bungee jump.

grandstand

Perform showily in an attempt to impress onlookers Ex:- I was really passionate about the candidate when he spoke at our school, but now that I think about it, he was just grandstanding. I mean, who could disagree that young people are the future? And doing a cheer for the environment doesn't actually signify a commitment to change any public policies about it.

stint

Period of time spent doing something, or a specific, limited amount of work (noun); to be frugal, to get by on little (verb) Ex:- After a stint in combat, Jared was used to eating whatever he was given, and being sparing with the few condiments available. After watching him stint on ketchup, his wife said, "Honey, seriously, here you can use all you want!"

imbue

Permeate or saturate, as dye in a fabric; influence throughout Ex:- After shearing the sheep and spinning the yarn, the next step is to imbue the yarn with dye. / His poems are imbued with a sense of longing for a lost homeland.

sanction

Permission or approval, something that gives support or authority to something else (noun); to allow, confirm, ratify (verb); OR a legal action by one or more countries against another country to get it to comply (noun); to place sanctions or penalties on (verb) Ex:- Professional boxers may only fight in sanctioned matches—fighting outside the ring is prohibited. / America's sanctions on Cuba mean that it is illegal for Americans to do business with Cuban companies.

assiduous

Persevering, diligent, constant Ex:- Through assiduous effort over a substantial period of time, anyone can develop a prodigious vocabulary.

sedulous

Persevering, persistent, diligent in one's efforts Ex:- Sedulous effort is necessary to improve your GRE verbal score—you need to study vocab in a serious way, nearly every day.

philistine

Person deficient in or hostile to culture Ex:- Her date was very handsome, but she decided he was an absolute philistine when he said that documentaries were "boring" and that the "best picture" Oscar should go to Resident Evil: Afterlife 3D.

hedonist

Person devoted to pleasure Ex:- A vacation is a fine time to practice hedonism, letting your troubles go and pursuing massages and cocktails as though it's your life mission.

sybarite

Person devoted to pleasure and luxury Ex:- The reality show about Beverly Hills "housewives" portrayed wealthy sybarites who actually seemed to be pursuing champagne and Pilates full-time.

skeptic

Person inclined to doubting or questioning generally accepted beliefs Ex:- I wish you'd be more of a skeptic—I can't believe you spent money on a pet psychic so we can "talk" to our dearly departed shih tzu. / Descartes was a great skeptic, famously declaring that we cannot truly be sure of anything except our own existence—hence, "I think, therefore I am."

expedient

Suitable, proper; effective, often at the expense of ethics or other considerations Ex:- When invited to a wedding you cannot attend, it is expedient to send a gift. (diff from expeditious - Done with speed and efficiency - an expeditious investigation)

doctrinaire

Person who applies doctrine in an impractical or rigid and close-minded way (noun); merely theoretical, impractical, or fanatical about other people accepting one's ideas (adj) Ex:- The old science professor was so doctrinaire that he refused to even consider any evidence that flew in the face of his own research, and thereby failed to recognize when his graduate students made an exciting new discovery. / Don't be a doctrinaire—try actually considering the views of those you disagree with!

apostate

Person who deserts a party, cause, religion, etc. Ex:- Many people considered "freedom fighters" by some are considered apostates by others; some women's rights leaders in very conservative nations receive death threats from religious leaders who consider them apostate.

exponent

Person who expounds or explains; champion, advocate, or representative Ex:- An exponent of clean fuel, he petitioned the state government to commit to replacing conventional energy with solar and wind energy where possible.

dupe

Person who is easily fooled or used (noun); to fool or exploit (verb) Ex:- The dashing rogue used flattery and lies to dupe several old ladies out of their money. "I feel like a total dupe," said Hazel Rosenbaum, 87. "I thought he and I were going to get married, but he really just wanted my Social Security checks."

**recluse

Person who lives in seclusion Ex:- That show about "hoarders" featured a recluse who hadn't left her house in six years.

pedant

Person who pays excessive attention to book learning and rules, or who uses his or her learning to show off Ex:- I hate when pedants interrupt you to correct your grammar, especially if what you're saying is important—and in my opinion, almost anything is more important than pedantic quibbles over whether it's okay to end a sentence with a preposition.

dilettante

Person who takes up an art or activity for amusement only or in a superficial way Ex:- The "arts center" in the rich neighborhood was populated by dilettantes—a sculpture here, a bit of music appreciation there, two weeks of painting class until they got bored and quit.

epicure

Person with cultivated, refined tastes, esp. in food and wine Ex:- A true epicure, he served only the finest wines, and bragged about how the pancetta was imported from Italy and the Stilton cheese from the English countryside.

bent

Personal inclination or tendency Ex:- He had a pedantic bent—he was just naturally inclined to correct people's grammar and otherwise act like an imperious schoolmaster. / Even a vow of silence couldn't dampen the nun's garrulous bent—even her prayers were verbose!

ranks

Personnel; a group of people considered all together Ex:- Among the ranks of our alumni are two senators and many famous authors.

repertorial

Pertaining to a repertory or repertoire, a stock of available things or a number of theatrical performances presented regularly or in sequence Ex:- One theater observer noted that repertorial community theater can tie together different plays for a repeat audience: seeing the same actor as Hamlet one night and Romeo another prompts interesting parallels between the two plays.

insular

Pertaining to an island; detached, standing alone; narrow-minded, provincial Ex:- The young actress couldn't wait to escape the insularity of her small town, where life revolved around high school football and Taco Bell was considered exotic international cuisine.

glacial

Pertaining to glaciers; cold, icy, slow, unsympathetic Ex:- He had wanted to appear in the singing reality competition his whole young life, but he was not encouraged by the judges' glacial response to his audition. The awkward silence was excruciating as he waited for the stony-faced panel to say anything at all.

kinetic

Pertaining to motion Ex:- Marisa told her mother what she had learned in science class: a ball sitting on a table has potential energy, but a ball falling towards the ground has kinetic energy.

bucolic

Pertaining to shepherds; suggesting a peaceful and pleasant view of rural life Ex:- The play was set in a bucolic wonderland—while getting some shepherd's robes for the lead actor was no problem, the stagehands had a hard time bringing in a flock of sheep.

pulchritude

Physical beauty Ex:- Marilyn Monroe's mystique is based not only on her obvious pulchritude, but also on her mysterious death and likely dalliance with JFK.

gawky

Physically awkward (esp. of a tall, skinny person, often used to describe teenagers) Ex:- As a teenager, she thought of herself as gawky and often slouched so as not to seem so much taller than her peers; of course, now that she's a supermodel, no one thinks of her as gawky at all.

**apostle

Pioneer of a reform movement (originally, an early follower of Jesus) Ex:- In the 1980's, when low-fat diets were all the rage, Dr. Rubens became an apostle of the Mediterranean diet, high in healthy fats, and traveled the world proselytizing to groups of physicians and nutritionists.

contextualize

Place in context, such as by giving the background or circumstances Ex:- Virginia Woolf's feminism is hard to truly understand unless contextualized within the mores of the highly restrained, upper-class English society of her time.

juxtapose

Place side by side (either physically or in a metaphorical way, such as to make a comparison) Ex:- Making a decision between two engagement rings from two different stores was difficult, he noted—it would be much easier if he could juxtapose them and compare them directly.

recapitulate

Summarize, repeat in a concise way Ex:- I'm sorry I had to leave your presentation to take a call—I only have a minute, but can you recapitulate what you're proposing?

ford

Place where a river or similar body of water is shallow enough to walk or ride a vehicle across (noun); to cross at such a place (verb) Ex:- The pioneers made camp near the riverbank, waiting for the rains to die down and the river to become fordable again. A week later, the waters were shallow enough to ford the river with their entire caravan—horses, wagons, and all.

sportive

Playful, merry, joking around, done "in sport" (rather than intended seriously) Ex:- After Will shot a ball entirely off the pool table, knocking a woman's purse off a bar stool, his friends laughed hysterically and called him "purse-snatcher" all night, but he took it as sportive and bought the next round of drinks.

euphony

Pleasing or sweet sound, especially as formed by a harmonious use of words Ex:- Poetry in translation can keep its meaning, but often loses the euphony the poet worked so laboriously to create.

**plummet; plunge

Plunge, fall straight down Ex:- During the first 60 seconds or so of a skydive, the diver plummets towards Earth in freefall; then, he or she activates a parachute and floats down at what seems like a relatively leisurely pace.

burnish

Polish, make smooth and lustrous Ex:- Mr. Hoffenstotter replaced all of the rustic wood doorknobs with newer models made of burnished steel. "So shiny," said his delighted wife.

impecunious

Poor, without money Ex:- Having grown up with impecunious parents who could barely keep the electricity on in the house, she was now obsessed with wealth and security.

feasible

Possible; logical or likely; suitable Ex:- Your plan to promote our product launch with a parade is just not feasible—we don't have the money or enough time to get the permits.

prospective

Potential, in the future Ex:- Everyone had a hard time correctly saying the name of the seminar, "Perspectives for Prospective Doctors." Even the prospective doctors—college students hoping to be admitted to medical school—were a bit confused.

puissance

Power, might Ex:- When people asked the 25-year-old bride what had attracted her to her commanding, 60-year-old CEO husband, she replied that she had always been drawn to puissance. That tended to end conversations as people went to go look up "puissance."

pragmatic

Practical; dealing with actual facts and reality Ex:- Megan and Dave were in love, but Megan decided to be pragmatic—she doubted they'd stay together through a four-year long distance relationship as they attended different colleges, so she figured they might as well end things now.

supplicate

Pray humbly; ask, beg, or seek in a humble way Ex:- She had been estranged from her wealthy father for years, but when she needed money for her daughter's medical care, she supplicated the old man for assistance.

predilection

Preference, tendency or favorability towards Ex:- She has completed teacher training allowing her to teach grades K-6, but she discovered that she really has a predilection for teaching kindergarten.

gestation

Pregnancy; the period from conception until birth of an animal or (metaphorically) of an idea or plan Ex:- The gestation period of an elephant is 22 months, more than twice as long as that of humans!

posit

Presume, suggest, put forward (an idea) Ex:- For thousands of years, philosophers have thought of the self as a unified entity, but neuroscientists today posit the existence of a modular brain—a self that is a mix of different brain parts, with no central "coordinator."

malinger

Pretend to be sick, esp. to get out of work, duties, etc. Ex:- Joey was sick in class on Monday and was sent to the school nurse to sleep it off. The next day, having realized that illness was a good way to get out of class, Joey said his stomach hurt and spent the afternoon in the nurse's office. By Wednesday, though, the nurse accused him of malingering and sent him back to class.

ostentatious

Pretentious, boastful showiness Ex:- Her ostentatious clothing is simply not appropriate in a business environment—in fact, nothing emblazoned with 2,000 Swarovski crystals is.

pre-empt

Prevent; take the place of, supplant; take before someone else can Ex:- The speaker attempted to preempt an excessively long Q&A session by handing out a "Frequently Asked Questions" packet at the beginning of the seminar.

secrete

Produce and release a substance from a cell or gland of the body for a functional purpose Ex:- When threatened, skunks secrete an odor that humans consider horrible. / The late-night infomercial offered a pheromone perfume that promised to mimic the "attraction" hormones that humans secrete naturally.

engender

Produce, give rise to, cause to exist; procreate Ex:- The television demagogue was blamed for engendering hate and divisiveness. / Having four wives helped the magnate engender 15 children.

futile

Producing no useful result, ineffective; trivial or unimportant Ex:- She spent months trying to coax Fluffy to fetch and sit, but it was futile—cats just can't be trained to perform tricks.

ostensible or ostensive

Professed, evident, or pretended; outwardly appearing in a certain way Ex:- Ostensibly, she came to volunteer out of the goodness of her heart. However, I think she's really here because she has a crush on one of the other volunteers. / He's an ostensive candidate for the job, but we need to check these references before we move further.

proscribe

Prohibit, outlaw; denounce; exile or banish Ex:- Plagiarism is proscribed by every college's code of conduct.

eminent

Prominent, distinguished, of high rank Ex:- The undergraduate shocked everyone by asking the eminent old professor, "Really? What makes you such an expert?" / "Your Eminence!" said the bishop to the Pope, "Don't forget this copy of your speech!"

remedial

Providing a remedy, curative; correcting a deficient skill Ex:- After harassment occurs in the workplace, it is important that the company take remedial action right away, warning or firing the offender as appropriate, and making sure the complainant's concerns are addressed. / For those who need remedial reading help, we offer a summer school program that aims to help students read at grade level.

distill

Purify; extract the essential elements of Ex:- While traveling in certain countries, it is important to only drink distilled water so you don't get sick. / Bob, it's not necessary to read your entire PowerPoint presentation to us—can you just distill it down to the main point?

enigma

Puzzle, mystery, riddle; mysterious or contradictory person Ex:- The enormous rock sculptures in Stonehenge are truly an enigma—were they created as part of a religious observance, or in deference to a great ruler? We may never know.

mercurial

Quickly and unpredictably changing moods; fickle, flighty Ex:- It's tough being married to someone so mercurial. I do pretty much the same thing every day—some days, she thinks I'm great, and other days, the exact same behaviors make her inexplicably angry.

quiescent

Quiet, still Ex:- After hours of moaning and shaking from his illness, the child finally exhausted himself and grew quiescent.

enhance

Raise to a higher value, desirability, etc. Ex:- The cosmetics industry stays in business because so many people want to enhance their appearances.

elevate

Raise, lift up; lift the spirits of; move up to a higher rank or status or raise up to a higher spiritual or intellectual plane Ex:- After a year getting coffee and making copies, he hoped to be promoted to a more elevated position suitable for a law school graduate. / Our goal here at Morality Publishing is not just to sell books, but to elevate our readers.

culminate

Reach the highest point or final stage Ex:- A Ph.D. program generally culminates in a written dissertation and its defense to a committee.

imminent

Ready to occur, impending Ex:- In the face of imminent war, the nation looked to FDR for reassurance. / Everyone was excited and nervous; Madonna's arrival was imminent!

maverick

Rebel, individualist, dissenter Ex:- Most cop movies feature heroes who are maverick police officers, breaking all the rules, blowing things up, and getting their guns confiscated by the chief—but ultimately saving the day.

insurrection

Rebellion or revolt against a government or similarly established authority Ex:- Due to frequent insurrections, the nation has had six governments in just five years. / The principal prepared for insurrection as she announced that all teachers were to spend the rest of the year exclusively preparing for standardized tests.

contumacious (contumely)

Rebellious; stubbornly disobedient; rude Ex:- The psychologist's book Dealing With Your Contumacious Teenager would have sold many more copies to parents of rude and rebellious youth if only people knew what contumacious meant.

**requite/requiting

Reciprocate, repay, or revenge Ex:- Ashley felt that her unrequited love for George would surely kill her. George barely noticed her—he cared about nothing but requiting his father's death.

wanton

Reckless, vicious, without regard for what is right; unjustifiable, deliberately done for no reason at all; sexually unrestrained or excessively luxurious Ex:- Kids do like to play pranks on Halloween, but driving an SUV into people's mailboxes isn't a prank—it's wanton destruction of property. / Many hip-hip videos depict a wanton lifestyle that is attractive to some, but unattainable (and possibly illegal!). / During my grandmother's adolescence in Ireland, a girl might be sent off to a convent as punishment for "wanton ways," such as being alone with boys.

conciliatory

Reconciling, appeasing, attempting to make the peace Ex:- The hotel manager was horrified at how the guest had been treated, and approached him in a conciliatory manner, offering him numerous freebies and apologizing repeatedly.

florid

Reddish or rosy; flowery, showy, or excessively fancy Ex:- His writing was so florid that it was hard for modern readers to understand, and unintentionally humorous when they did. He once called a woman in a hoop skirt a "confection of gossamer-clad ephemerality, the bounty of her raiment ringing in my turgid heart like the tintinnabulation of so many church bells."

abate

Reduce, diminish Ex:- Her stress over spending so much money on a house abated when the real estate broker told her about the property's 15-year tax abatement.

intransigent

Refusing to compromise, inflexible, having extreme attitudes Ex:- Even three detentions and a note home to your parents haven't convinced you to behave yourself in class! the teacher said to the intransigent child.

rue

Regret, remorse (noun); to feel regret or remorse (verb) Ex:- Movie or cartoon villains sometimes say, "You'll rue the day!" What they mean is,"I will make you regret that you did what you just did." / The couple broke up in high school for a foolish reason, and each hastily married another person. Twenty years later, they were still full of endless rue over having lost each other.

supersede

Replace, take the position of, cause to be disregarded as void or obsolete Ex:- Of course, electric washing machines supplanted hand-powered ones many decades ago, but my great-grandmother used her hand-cranked washer until she died in the 1990s.

effigy

Representation or image of a person, esp. a crude facsimile used to mock a hated person Ex:- The dictator was disturbed to look out the palace window and see himself being burned in effigy. "That paper mache dummy doesn't even look like me!" he said.

propagate

Reproduce, spread, increase Ex:- Hackers can take down a large computer system in days or even minutes as a virus propagates and infects all of the machines on a network.

exigent

Requiring immediate attention, action, or aid; excessively demanding Ex:- My boss said she would take me out to lunch and "mentor" me, but that idea always gets tossed aside in favor of more exigent matters.

**deference

Respectful submission; yielding to the authority or opinion of another Ex:- In many cultures, young people are expected to show deference to older people at all times. / I'm not an expert in databases—I'll defer to our programmers on that decision. / Ingrid deferred her college admissions for a year so she could travel the world.

rejoinder

Response or reply, esp. a witty comeback Ex:- In retrospect, I could have come up with a better rejoinder than "I know you are, but what am I?" I always think of the perfect witty comeback hours after I actually needed it.

venerate

Revere, regard with deep respect and awe Ex:- The boys were utterly crushed when the baseball player they venerated saw them waiting and refused to sign an autograph.

recrudescent

Revival, breaking out into renewed activity Ex:- The recrudescence of his psoriasis came at the worst possible time. "Oh, great," he said, "Now I'm going to be shedding skin flakes all over my new coworkers on the first day of work."

conundrum

Riddle, the answer to which involves a play on words; any mystery Ex:- A classic conundrum is "What's black and white and red all over?" The answer, of course, is a newspaper. / How to count the entire population accurately—including those without fixed addresses—is a bit of a conundrum.

asperity

Rigor, severity; harshness or sharpness of tone; roughness of surface Ex:- Used to a more lax school environment, the freshman at military school was shocked by the asperity of punishments meted out for even the most minor offenses, as well as the asperity with which his drill sergeant bossed him around. / The asperity of her cheap, scratchy sweater made her wish she could afford cashmere.

tumultuous

Riotous, violently agitated, marked by disturbance or uproar; noisy, chaotic Ex:- Poland's tumultuous history includes a Nazi invasion, a period of Soviet rule, and, well before that, over 120 years during which it was partitioned by Russia, Prussia, and Austria and simply didn't exist. / She had been enjoying the game, but lost her hat, left earring, and keys in the tumult that resulted when fans went crazy over a referee's call.

abrasive

Rough, suitable for grinding or polishing (such as sandpaper); causing irritation or annoyance Ex:- Could the inside of this mascot costume be any more abrasive? It's rubbing my skin raw! I have some seriously abrasive remarks for whoever designed this thing.

anoint

Rub or sprinkle oil on; make sacred, such as by a ceremony that includes applying oil to someone Ex:- After Principal Smitters raised test scores over 60% at her school, it was only a matter of time before she was anointed superintendent by a fawning school board.

plutocracy

Rule by the wealthy Ex:- There have always been rich and poor people, of course, but some argue that the U.S. is becoming a plutocracy, with the richest 10% controlling two-thirds of the nation's wealth and nearly half of our Congressional representatives being millionaires.

potentate

Ruler, person of great power Ex:- 62-year-old Prince Charles has certainly waited long enough to become potentate of England; his mother, Elizabeth II, has been ruling for his entire life.

canard

Rumor, a false or baseless story Ex:- The idea that we only use 10% of our brains is a tired, old canard; actually, even the dumbest people use all of their brains.

**sacrosanct

Sacred, inviolable, not to be trespassed on or violated; above any criticism Ex:- In our house, family dinners were sacrosanct—if being in the school play meant you would miss dinner, then you just couldn't be in the school play.

monotony

Sameness or repetitiousness to the point of being boring; lack of variation, uniformity, esp. repetition in sound Ex:- The monotony of working on a factory assembly line made her feel as though she would go insane from boredom.

slake

Satisfy (esp. thirst), cool, or refresh; make less active Ex:- Having been lost for hours, the weary hikers were more than willing to slake their thirst in a mountain stream. / The teacher's harsh, demanding attitude soon slaked the girls' enthusiasm for the ballet class.

incendiary

Setting on fire, pertaining to arson; arousing strife, rebellion, etc.; "inflaming" the senses Ex:- The college suspended him for creating an incendiary website, encouraging sit-ins and protests, but the ACLU defended his right to freedom of speech. / It is illegal to bring incendiaries on a plane—there are many good reasons why you may not have a stick of dynamite in your carry-on.

redress

Setting something right after a misdeed, compensation or relief for injury or wrongdoing (noun); correct, set right, remedy (verb) Ex:- My client was an innocent victim of medical malpractice. As would anyone who had the wrong leg amputated in surgery, he is seeking financial redress.

scathing

Severe, injurious; bitterly harsh or critical (as a remark) Ex:- The school superintendant gave a scathing criticism of the education bill, calling it "an attack on our community's children that will surely do down in infamy." / How is it possible that she flew off her bicycle like that and walked away unscathed?

licentious

Sexually unrestrained; immoral; ignoring the rules Ex:- The licentious behavior Joe was accustomed to practicing at the local strip club was enough to get him thrown out of a nice restaurant and fired from his new job.

brandish

Shake, wave, or flourish, as a weapon Ex:- The Renaissance Fair ended badly, with one drunken fellow brandishing a sword and refusing to leave the ladies' dressing tent.

effrontery

Shameless boldness Ex:- Mr. Jackson thought his daughter's boyfriend guilty of the worst effrontery when he asked for her hand in marriage—and, as soon as Mr. Jackson gave his blessing, followed up by asking for a job at Mr. Jackson's company.

keen

Sharp, piercing; very perceptive or mentally sharp; intense (of a feeling) Ex:- Dogs have a keen sense of smell. / As homecoming queen, she had experienced the envy of others, but their jealousy only grew more keen when she was selected for a small role in a movie.

skittish

Shy, fickle, uncertain, or prone to act suddenly due to nervousness; lively in a restless or excessive way Ex:- After his first experience working with a skittish horse who nervously jerked around and ended up stepping on his foot, Ernest learned to wear steel-toed boots. / The band began with an audience of 80 college students but could see that they were skittish—there was a whole festival going on outside, and the student were ready to head for the door if the band wasn't that great.

abreast

Side-by-side. The more common "abreast of" means keeping up with, staying aware of, or remaining equal in progress with. Ex:- As the professor walked abreast down the street with her mentor, she was amazed that the old man, long since retired, still kept abreast of all the latest developments in neurobiology.

winnow

Sift, analyze critically, separate the useful part from the worthless part Ex:- We got 120 resumes for one job—it's going to take me awhile just to winnow this down to a reasonable stack of people we want to interview.

token

Sign, symbol, mark, badge; souvenir, memento; coin-like disk used as currency for subways, arcade games, etc.; sample, or person, thing, idea taken to represent an entire group (noun); of very little or merely symbolic value (adj) Ex:- I am starting to realize that this law firm hired me to be its token woman. There I am, smiling in all the ads—but I never actually get to work on important cases. / Hollywood movies are often guilty of tokenism—many have exactly one black character (the "token minority"), often present to give advice to the (usually white) main characters. / I am giving you this "Best Friends Forever" necklace as a token of our friendship.

naïve

Simple and unsophisticated, unsuspecting, lacking worldly experience and critical judgment Ex:- I was a little naïve during the hiring process—the HR rep asked for my acceptable salary range, and I answered honestly. Of course I got an offer for the very lowest number in the range! Now I know I should have tried to get a number from her first, or named a higher number so I could negotiate down.

subside

Sink, settle down, become less active; return to a normal level Ex:- When her terror subsided, she realized that the house wasn't really haunted. / It is a chronic illness—symptoms will flare up and subside over one's lifetime.

oblique

Slanting or sloping; indirect, misleading, or evasive Ex:- After the fifteenth oblique reference that Bella made to George or George made to Bella, everyone in the office figured out that they were dating. / The serial killer loved to talk to interrogators, but gave only oblique answers that were useless in finding the bodies.

legerdemain

Slight-of-hand (magic as performed by a magician); trickery or deception Ex:- The child was astounded when her uncle pulled out a quarter from behind her ear. Of course, she hadn't actually lost a quarter there; it was just a bit of legerdemain from an amateur magician.

acidulous

Slightly acid or sour; sharp or caustic Ex:- Grapefruit juice is acidulous. / I'm skipping Thanksgiving this year just to avoid my mother's acidulous comments about what she thinks I ought to be doing with my life.

dilatory

Slow, late; procrastinating or stalling for time Ex:- Jack was supposed to start his presentation 10 minutes ago and he isn't even here? I'm not surprised—he's a dilatory fellow.

torpor

Sluggishness, lethargy, or apathy; a period of inactivity Ex:- Sam had hoped to be able to play in the game after having his wisdom teeth out, but the anesthesia left him in such torpor that he obviously couldn't play soccer.

peccadillo

Small sin or fault Ex:- I'm going to propose to Melinda tomorrow—sure, she has her peccadillos, like anyone, but she's the perfect woman for me.

slight

Small, not very important, slender or delicate (adj); treat as though not very important; snub, ignore (verb); an act of treating in this way, a discourtesy (noun) Ex:- She was very sensitive, always holding a grudge against her coworkers for a variety of slights, both real and imagined. / Natalie Portman has always been slight, but she became even thinner to portray a ballerina in Black Swan. / I felt slighted when my husband told you about his promotion before he told me.

hackneyed

So commonplace as to be stale; not fresh or original Ex:- This screenplay is so hackneyed—the leading lady has a quirky, artsy job in the city and has a minor problem early in the movie from which the male lead rescues her, and they get together but then break up due to a misunderstanding, and then they end up together anyway, all while the female lead's "sassy" friend gives advice. Ugh. I'll bet they're auditioning Jennifer Aniston right now.

saturate

Soak or imbue thoroughly; cause a substance to unite with the greatest possible amount of another substance Ex:- We got married on a rainy beach, and my dress was saturated. Although the pictures were a bit dark, the photographer was able to increase the saturation in Photoshop, making our wedding photos ultimately look quite vivid! / I simply cannot dissolve any more sugar into this iced tea—it's saturated!

gregarious

Sociable, pertaining to a flock or crowd Ex:- We need to be a little more productive and a little less gregarious, said the chemistry teacher when he saw that the two-person lab groups had devolved into clusters of five and six students standing around talking and laughing.

pariah

Social outcast, untouchable Ex:- After the schoolteacher was fired for participating in what some called a "hate rally," he became a pariah in his own town, glared at in the grocery store—even his longtime barber refused him a haircut.

toady

Someone who flatters or acts in a servile manner for self-serving reasons Ex:- Look at that toady, sucking up and offering to do the boss's Christmas shopping for his kids. Gross.

vitriol

Something highly caustic, such as criticism (literally, one of a number of chemicals including sulfuric acid) Ex:- After another embarrassing loss, the team's shortstop was full of vitriol for the coach who had led them to their worst season in history.

precursor

Something that comes before, esp. something that also announces or suggests something on its way Ex:- We cannot ignore this warning sign—it is clearly a precursor of larger problems to come. / The new CEO decided to do things differently from his precursors.

incentive

Something that encourages greater action or effort, such as a reward Ex:- A controversial program in a failing school system uses cash payments as an incentive for students to stay in school.

anachronism

Something that is not in its correct historical time; a mistake in chronology, such as by assigning a person or event to the wrong time period Ex:- The Queen of England is a bit of an anachronism, with her old-fashioned pillbox hats. / Did you catch the anachronisms in the latest action blockbuster set in ancient Rome? One of the characters was wearing a wristwatch with his toga!

reactant

Something that reacts; a substance that undergoes a change in a chemical reaction Ex:- The two men had been rivals since high school; when both were elected to the city council, they became reactants in the worsening deadlock of an already-polarized city government.

deterrent

Something that restrains or discourages [deter - To prevent or discourage from acting, as by means of fear or doubt] Ex:- Some argue that the death penalty is a deterrent to crime—that is, the point is not just to punish the guilty, but to frighten other prospective criminals.

bane

Something that ruins or spoils Ex:- Mosquitoes are the bane of my existence! They just love me, and by "love" I mean ruin my summer! / The closure of the hospital could not have been more baneful to the already strained community.

buffer

Something that shields, protects, absorbs shock, or cushions Ex:- During the colonial era, England wanted Georgia as a buffer between its original colonies and Spanish Florida. / A railroad car has a buffer (similar to a bumper on a car) to absorb shock in case of contact with other cars. / When Joel came out to his family, he used his mother as a buffer—he knew she would be supportive, so he allowed her to relay the news to everyone else, and to relay their responses back to him.

elegy

Song or poem of sorrow, esp. for a deceased person Ex:- While composing an elegy is certainly old-fashioned, the poet felt that it was a fitting way for her to honor her father at his funeral.

lull

Soothe or cause to fall asleep (as in a lullaby); quiet down; make to feel secure, sometimes falsely (verb); a period of calm or quiet (noun) Ex:- Tisha always tried to be polite—if she had to slip out of class to use the bathroom, she waited for a lull in the action so as not to attract too much attention. / Grandma's singing lulled the baby to sleep—much as, in her work as a spy during World War II, Grandma used her beauty and charm to lull foreign dignitaries into giving up their secrets.

acerbic

Sour; harsh or severe Ex:- Lemons are acerbic. Harsh comments are also acerbic, like putting lemon juice on a wound.

declaim

Speak in an impassioned, pompous, or oratorical manner; give a formal speech Ex:- After a drink or two, Gabe will declaim all night about campaign finance reform—you won't be able get a word in edgewise in between all his grandstanding and "expertise."

**crescendo

Steady increase in force, intensity, or the loudness of a musical passage; a climactic moment or peak Ex:- Mrs. Higgins did love the symphony, but she was also coming down with a migraine—by the time the music reached its towering crescendo, her head was pounding. / The administration tried to ignore the protest, but finally had to address the issue when the demonstration reached a crescendo.

whet

Stimulate, make keen or eager (esp. of an appetite) Ex:- Dinner will take another 20 minutes, but maybe this cheese plate can whet your appetite?

fetid

Stinking; having an offensive smell Ex:- I hate doing your laundry—it's always full of fetid gym socks.

occlude

Stop up, close, shut in or shut off Ex:- This drain guard is here to make sure nothing (like silverware) ends up occluding your garbage disposal. / Don't eat that enormous wad of gum! I'm no doctor, but what if it occludes your intestines or something?

prevaricate

Stray from the truth, mislead, lie Ex:- Maryanne had been shoplifting—when her mother asked where her new clothes had come from, she prevaricated, vaguely suggesting that a rich friend had bought them for her.

fortify

Strengthen, invigorate, encourage Ex:- The white bread found in American grocery stores has been stripped of all the nutrients naturally found in wheat, and then artificially fortified with vitamins and minerals. / The general called for reinforcements to fortify the defenses around the capital.

circumscribe

Strictly limit a role, range of activity, or area; in math, to be constructed around so as to touch as many points as possible Ex:- Suki's parent circumscribed her after-school activities; she was permitted only to study and to join organizations directly related to academic subjects. / A square circumscribed in a circle has all four of its vertices on the circle's circumference. / Our land is circumscribed by hedges and fences.

hew

Strike, chop, or hack (as with an axe, sword. etc.); make or shape something (such as a statue) with a cutting tool; Conform or adhere to Ex:- The pioneer had to hew his own way through the brush in order to proceed westward. / She preferred rustic furniture; her dining room chairs were little more than stumps roughly hewn into stools.

fluke

Stroke of luck, something accidentally successful Ex:- It's amazing that I won the prize during halftime, but I guarantee you, it was just a fluke that I made that basket—if I tried a thousand more times, I'm sure I couldn't do it again.

obstinate

Stubborn or hard to control Ex:- It's difficult to get an obstinate child to eat food he doesn't want to eat. When Toby realized that his son would rather sit and starve than eat mahi-mahi, he gave in and made him a peanut butter and jelly sandwich.

obdurate

Stubborn, hardhearted, hardened in wrongdoing Ex:- The first mate reported that there was some fuzzy shape on the horizon, but the captain insisted that the instruments showed no such object, and obdurately sailed straight ahead—right into an iceberg. / This obdurate criminal should never be let out on parole—he simply cannot be reformed.

refractory

Stubbornly disobedient, hard to manage Ex:- No matter how much job training the city gives them, refractory ex-criminals are simply unemployable.

mired

Stuck, entangled (in something, like a swamp or muddy area), soiled Ex:- Mired in her predecessor's mess and mistakes, the new CEO found it difficult to take the company in a new direction.

modish

Stylish, contemporary Ex:- While some sculptors sought to make their work universal and timeless, Dania sculpted modish creations that captured the pop cultural zeitgeist—for instance, a sculpture of Rihanna with an umbrella, or a three-foot high representation of the latest Alexander McQueen heels.

surrogate

Substitute, person who acts for another (noun); acting as a replacement (adj) Ex:- A study found that baby monkeys, once separated from their mothers, preferred a surrogate mother made of cloth to a less comforting, rigid monkey doll, even when induced with treats to change their behavior.

euphemism

Substitution of a mild, inoffensive, or indirect expression for one that is considered offensive or too direct Ex:- Many euphemisms surround death and disease; rather than "Joe died of cancer," many people feel better saying "Joe's suffering is finally over." / When potty training their children, some parents use hilarious euphemisms for body parts.

spate

Sudden outpouring or rush; flood Ex:- After a brief spate of post-exam partying, Lola is ready for classes to begin again. / He was so furious that a spate of expletives just flew out of his mouth.

brook

Suffer or tolerate Ex:- You will do your homework every night before you go anywhere, you will do your chores, and you will be home by 9 p.m. I will brook no disobeying of these rules, young man!

connote

Suggest or imply in addition to the precise, literal meaning Ex:- The word "titanic" simply means large or majestic, but because of the word's association with the sunken ship, "titanic" has a negative connotation to many people.

palatial

Suitable for or resembling a palace, magnificent Ex:- After a career spent in budget hotels, she was thrilled when the client put her up in a palatial room at a five-star hotel. She raided the minibar and then promptly fell asleep on the 600-thread-count duvet.

supplant

Take the place of, displace, especially through sneaky tactics Ex:- In the 1950s, many people took cod liver oil as a health supplement. Today, fish oil capsules and flaxseed oil have supplanted the smelly old standby our grandparents used. / He did achieve his dream of becoming CEO, but only after supplanting our previous CEO by wresting control while she was battling cancer.

meticulous

Taking extreme care in regards to details; precise, fussy Ex:- As a surgeon, of course Mom needs to be highly meticulous in her work—she gets things right down to a fraction of a millimeter. But this also means that when it's her night to cook, she's sometimes a little too meticulous—no one really needs a meatloaf to be sculpted into an absolutely perfect rectangular prism.

prattle

Talk in an idle, simple-minded, meaningless, or foolish way; chatter, babble Ex:- It was infuriating to listen to the boss prattle on about some new restaurant in town when everyone was just waiting to find out if they'd been laid off.

loquacious

Talkative, wordy Ex:- The loquacious professor spoke at a million miles an hour and still regularly talked past the scheduled end time of the class.

garrulous

Talkative, wordy, rambling Ex:- Uncle Bill is so garrulous that our dinner conversation lasted three hours—and the only person who said more than ten words was Uncle Bill.

inculcate

Teach persistently, implant (an idea) in a person Ex:- Parents spend years trying to inculcate morality in their children, constantly teaching and correcting them.

rend

Tear violently, esp. to tear one's clothing or hair out of grief; pull apart, split, or tear away Ex:- Many figures in the Bible rent their clothing from grief at a loved one's death, an event that can surely rend one's heart as well.

lachrymose

Tearful, mournful Ex:- Accustomed to lachrymose occasions, the funeral home kept boxes of tissues near every seat.

augury

Telling the future, such as through supernatural means Ex:- Value investors such as Warren Buffett (who attempt to buy shares in undervalued companies by analyzing the businesses themselves) consider others' attempts to "time the market" as mere augury, equivalent to trying to predict rain by reading tea leaves.

**abeyance

Temporary suspension, inactivity Ex:- The baseball player's contract negotiations are in abeyance while doctors try to determine whether his injuries will heal in time for the season.

transitory

Temporary, short-lived, not lasting Ex:- While a few people marry their high school sweethearts, generally, our teenage years are full of transitory crushes.

prohibitive

Tending to forbid something, or serving to prevent something Ex:- I was admitted to NYU, but it was prohibitively expensive, so I ended up at state school instead. / My parents installed a high fence as a prohibitive barrier against the neighborhood hooligans.

pervasive

Tending to spread throughout Ex:- Poverty is pervasive in our school system; 65% of students receive free or reduced-price lunch.

goosebumps

The "bumps" created by hairs standing up on the skin in response to cold, fear, etc. Ex:- That detective novel is hard to put down! I've got goosebumps just waiting to find out what happens next! / You've got goosebumps—why don't you borrow my jacket?

repose

The act or state of resting; peacefulness, tranquility; lying dead in a grave Ex:- Thousands of people lined up to see the prime minister's body lying in repose in the capital building. / After working the last two weekends, Myrna was perfectly happy spending her day off in repose in her living room armchair with a cup of tea and a good book.

rhetoric

The art or study of persuasion through speaking or writing; language that is elaborate or pretentious but actually empty, meaning little Ex:- The ancient Greeks used to study rhetoric as a major academic subject. Today, if you want to improve your rhetorical skills, you will probably have to hunt down a public speaking class or join Toastmasters. / The politician's blather is all rhetoric and no substance.

ethos

The character, personality, or moral values specific to a person, group, time period, etc. Ex:- At the prep school, the young man happily settled into an ethos of hard work and rigorous athletic competition.

**sap

The inner fluid of a plant or any essential body fluid; energy, vitality; a person taken advantage of (noun); undermine, weaken, tire out (verb) Ex:- I really thought that if I clicked on that Facebook ad and entered all my information, I would get a free iPad to test and keep! I feel like such a sap. / In order to make maple syrup, you must drain sap from a sugar maple tree—they call this "sapping" the tree, which I can understand, because I feel pretty sapped doing it! Fortunately, it's just a metaphor.

eclipse

The obscuring of one thing by another, such as the sun by the moon or a person by a more famous or talented person (noun); to obscure, darken, make less important (verb) Ex:- During a solar eclipse, the moon eclipses the Sun. / Billy Ray Cyrus, who had a hit song, "Achy Breaky Heart," in the '90s, has long since found his fame eclipsed by that of his daughter, Miley.

itinerary

Travel schedule; detailed plan for a journey Ex:- Great, that was the Parthenon! What's next on our itinerary?

resolution

The quality of being firmly determined; resolving to do something; a formal judgment, esp. decided by a vote Ex:- The city government passed a resolution to support the new monorail. / A few setbacks did not dampen her resolution to complete her Ph.D.—equipped with her new prosthetic leg, she made her way back into the lab and continued her research.

syntax

The rules governing grammar and how words join to make sentences (or how words and symbols join in writing computer code), the study of these rules, or any system or orderly arrangement Ex:- Now that my linguistics class is studying syntax, it makes a little more sense when my computer flashes "SYNTAX ERROR" at me. / Anyone learning a language is bound to make syntactical mistakes—even if he or she knows the appropriate vocabulary, it is still difficult to assemble the words perfectly.

knell

The sound made by a bell for a funeral, or any sad sound or signal of a failure, death, ending, etc. (noun); to make such a sound (verb) Ex:- The Senate minority leader's speech was a death knell for the bill; all hope of bipartisan cooperation was lost.

primacy

The state of being first or most important Ex:- The conservative senator argued that the very fabric of society depended on the primacy of the family, and that legislation was needed to shore up the institution of marriage.

occult

The supernatural (noun); pertaining to magic, astrology, etc.; mysterious, secret or hidden (adj); to hide, to shut off from view (verb) Ex:- A group of religious parents demanded that a popular series of young adult vampire novels be banned in schools because it promoted the occult. / During a solar eclipse, the moon occults the sun, and it is momentarily dark in the middle of the day.

larceny

Theft Ex:- The department store employs a security officer whose job it is to prevent larceny.

viscid or viscous

Thick, adhesive, or covered in something sticky Ex:- Ugh, what did you spill on this floor? It's too viscous to be absorbed by these paper towels. Is this hair conditioner? / Teaching a troop of Cub Scouts to make maple syrup means cleaning the viscid substance off uniforms, boys, and every other object those boys touch.

contraries

Things that are opposing; either of two opposite things Ex:- The Machiavellian among us would say that ethics and expedience are contraries—at some point, one must win out over the other.

cynical

Thinking the worst of others' motivations; bitterly pessimistic Ex:- Shilpa was so cynical that even when her friends threw her a surprise party, she figured that they only did it so they wouldn't feel so guilty about all the mean things they must be saying behind her back.

desiccate

Thoroughly dried up, dehydrated Ex:- The key to maintaining odor-free shoes is to desiccate the insole by placing a drying agent, such as a small pouch of baking soda, inside the shoe between wears. / Beef jerky is a desiccated meat product.

via

Through, by means of, by way of (by a route that goes through or touches) Ex:- We will be flying to Russia via Frankfurt. / Many of the students at our college got here via special programs that assist low-income students in preparing for college.

lassitude

Tiredness, weariness; lazy indifference Ex:- It's so difficult to get anything done in the dead heat of August! I can't seem to shake my lassitude enough to get out of this hammock, much less study for the GRE.

dilate

To become wider or make wider, cause to expand; to speak or write at length, elaborate upon Ex:- The doctor gave her eye drops to make her pupils dilate. / These dinners at Professor Hwang's house usually run rather late—after the meal, he'll typically dilate on his latest research for at least an hour.

bifurcate

To fork into two branches or divide into two halves Ex:- The medical student carefully bifurcated the cadaver brain, separating it precisely into right and left hemispheres. / The bifurcate tree stood tall, its two massive branches reaching for the sky.

satiate or sate

To fully satisfy; to go beyond satisfying to the point of excess (possibly inducing disgust, tiredness, etc.) Ex:- I usually just eat a tiny salad or something while I'm at work, but since I had a half day off, I went to the Indian buffet and stayed for a whole hour! I've never been more satiated (or sated) in my life. / To maintain a healthy weight, stop eating before you reach the point of satiety.

redound

To have a good or bad effect, esp. as a result of a person's efforts or actions (usually used with to, on, or upon) Ex:- Cramming vocabulary words probably won't be very effective, but studying a little every day will redound to your success.

**presumptuous!!

Too bold or forward; going beyond that which is proper Ex:- I would never date that presumptuous jerk! I mean, I thought he was attractive until he walked up to me and said, "We should go out—I looked up your address on Google and I'll pick you up at 8." The nerve! (diff. from presumption)

inure

Toughen up; accustom or habituate to pain, hardship, etc. Ex:- Having had over a dozen surgeries before she was 10, spending months at a time in the hospital, she considered herself inured to pain and disappointment.

vestige

Trace or sign of something that once existed Ex:- They hadn't officially broken up, but she felt their relationship was running on fumes—that only vestiges of their former affection remained.

peddle

Travel around while selling; sell illegally; give out or disseminate Ex:- After an unsuccessful year spent peddling cutlery door-to-door, he turned to peddling drugs, thus landing himself in jail. / "I don't want these people peddling lies to our children," said Mrs. Hoffman, protesting an event in which fringe political candidates were invited to speak to kids.

peregrinate

Travel from place to place, esp. on foot Ex:- After college, he took a year off to peregrinate across the country, visiting friends and seeing the forty-odd states he had never before had the chance to see.

magnate

Very important or influential person, esp. in business Ex:- Many students pursue MBAs in hopes of becoming wealthy and powerful magnates; some students never quite make it there, instead spending their careers staring at spreadsheets and taking orders from magnates.

torrid

Very hot, parching, burning; passionate Ex:- They had a torrid love affair in the '80s, but split up because a royal was not permitted to marry a commoner. / The wandering refugees were in serious danger in the torrid Sahara.

deface

Vandalize, mar the appearance of Ex:- Ernest was charged with three counts of vandalism after being caught defacing a row of townhouses with spraypaint.

variegated

Varied in color, having multicolored patches or spots; diverse Ex:- Unusually, the bridesmaids' dresses were boldly variegated, having many different colors. The bride reasoned that the dresses could be worn again—"Rainbow goes with anything!" she said. The bridesmaids privately agreed that they would never again wear those dresses as long as they lived.

spartan

Very disciplined and stern; frugal, living simply, austere; suggestive of the ancient Spartans Ex:- A young soldier in the spartan environment of boot camp can really long for a home-cooked meal or even just a comfortable couch to sit on. / Her apartment was so spartan that she couldn't even serve us both soup—she only had one bowl and one spoon. Instead, we sat in hard-backed chairs and drank water.

rococo

Very elaborate and ornate (in decorating or metaphorically, as in speech and writing); relating to a highly ornate style of art and architecture in 18th-century France Ex:- Although Dot Von Derian was born in Ohio as Melissa Worshowski, she insisted on being called "Madame Von D," and bought herself a mansion she furnished in the most rococo style imaginable—it was gilded cherubs and gold leafing as far as the eye could see.

ebullient

Very enthusiastic, lively, excited; bubbling as though being boiled Ex:- The children were so ebullient upon their arrival at Disneyworld that their parents, while happy to see them so excited, wished that there were a way to forcibly restrain them in case they took off running towards the rides.

elated

Very happy, in high spirits Ex:- I am elated that you flew my twin brother in from Australia to surprise me at my birthday party!

pernicious

Very harmful or destructive, deadly Ex:- Bullying has a pernicious effect on the learning environment, keeping victims too intimidated to speak up and also silencing others who fear that they could be next.

maelstrom

Violent whirlpool; any chaotic, turbulent situation Ex:- The Smiths lost their houseboat in a maelstrom, but were at least thankful that they weren't on the boat at the time and thus escaped the violent storm at sea. / After having been homeschooled her whole life, the first week of college was a maelstrom of social events, orientations, and business.

jargon

Vocabulary specific to a group or occupation; convoluted or unintelligible language Ex:- The information my doctor gave me was so full of medical jargon I couldn't understand it at all! I'm going to look on the Internet for something written for regular people.

lumber

Walk in a heavy or clumsy way, sometimes due to being weighed down Ex:- Alicia was a model and was accustomed to walking everywhere as though on a catwalk, so she was quite displeased when she broke her leg and had to lumber around in a cast, thumping the ground everywhere she went.

forage

Wander in search of; rummage, hunt, make a raid Ex:- It's important to seal your trash cans tightly in this neighborhood, or else you'll get raccoons foraging for food in your backyard.

affable

Warm and friendly, pleasant, approachable Ex:- The professional wrestler played at belligerence in the ring, but in real life, he was quite an affable fellow—sociable, easy-going, and always ready to lend a hand.

encomium

Warm, glowing praise, esp. a formal expression of praise Ex:- Just after all the encomia at his retirement party, he received a gold watch. / The first draft of your dissertation is little but an encomium of the works of Christopher Marlowe, whereas I'm afraid that doctoral-level work requires a more nuanced and critical view.

prodigal

Wasteful, extravagant; giving abundantly, lavish Ex:- If you're going to leave a trust fund for your children, you should raise them not to be prodigal, or they'll blow through all the cash the minute they get their hands on it. / The prodigal land produced larger crops than the people could even consume.

attenuate

Weaken or thin out Ex:- When you pull a piece of bubblegum so that it becomes long and thin, you are attenuating it. / Sadly, the day care center was so understaffed that the carers' efforts were attenuated, and many of the children barely received any attention at all.

undermine

Weaken, cause to collapse by digging away at the foundation (of a building or an argument); injure or attack in a secretive or underhanded way Ex:- Rather than searching impartially for the truth, these pharmaceutical company "scientists" willfully ignored any evidence that undermined the conclusion they were being paid to produce. / You are nice to my face, but you are undermining me behind my back, suggesting to others in the office that I am making mistakes in my work and that you have been fixing them!

timely

Well-timed, happening at a suitable time Ex:- Your arrival is quite timely—we were just mulling over a question we're sure you can answer! / His timely departure prevented him from having to do any work.

whereas

While on the contrary, considering that Ex:- Mr. Katsoulas had always assumed his son would take over the family business, whereas his son had always assumed he would go away to college and never come back. / Whereas peppers and squash are technically fruits, they are typically considered vegetables for culinary purposes.

fanciful

Whimsical, capricious; imaginary; freely imaginative rather than based on reason or reality Ex:- The play was set in a fanciful version of New York City, one where all the cab drivers spoke perfect English and the Statue of Liberty seemed to be in the middle of the island.

frenetic

Wildly excited, frantic, distracted Ex:- The advice in the expert's time management book struck many as unrealistic, as not everyone can handle the frenetic lifestyle the author espouses: getting up before dawn to begin work before spending quality time with the kids over breakfast, taking conference calls from the treadmill, etc.

prudent

Wise in practical matters, carefully providing for the future Ex:- Katie's friends blew all kinds of money on spring break, but Katie prudently kept to her usual spending habits: she'd drink one of whatever was least expensive, and then watch her friends get stupid while she checked her bank balances on her phone and dreamed about the day she'd have a full-time job and a 401K.

sagacious

Wise; showing good judgment and foresight Ex:- It's important to choose a mentor who is not only successful, but also sagacious—plenty of people are successful through luck and have little insight about how to attack someone else's situation.

recant

Withdraw, retract, or disavow something one has previously said, esp. formally Ex:- For saying that the Sun and not the Earth was the center of the universe, Galileo was brought on trial for heresy, forced to recant, and spent the rest of his life under house arrest. Of course, a forced recantation doesn't say much about whether the person really abjures his former views.

wizened

Withered, shriveled Ex:- Fortunately, the wizened heads for sale at the Ecuadorian market weren't really shrunken heads—just souvenirs for tourists. / The wizened old man still possessed a remarkably sharp mind.

raconteur

Witty storyteller Ex:- Miguel was quite the raconteur—the laughing party guests naturally congregated in a cluster around him as he held court.

verbose

Wordy Ex:- Twitter's 140-character limit really forces the verbose to go against their natural tendencies and instead write succinctly.

ascetic

abstinent or austere in lifestyle (adj); a person who leads an austere and simple life without material pleasures, esp. someone who does this for religious reasons Ex:- Ascetics such as monks actually take vows of poverty. / The graduate student lived an ascetic existence, her apartment containing only a futon couch and a single bowl and set of chopsticks, which she used to eat ramen noodles every night.

vex

annoy or bother; puzzle or distress Ex:- Don't vex me, said the nanny. "Behave, or I'll tell your parents." / She was totally vexed by the crossword clue—9 letters, starting with "b," meaning "person whose socks are either scratchy or imbued with magical powers." What?

pugilism

boxing, fighting with the fists Ex:- Pugilism has been called "the sweet science" by some, but others feel that hitting other people in the head until they can't get up isn't much of a sport.

trenchant

forceful or vigorous, effective, keen; caustic, sharp Ex:- The school's trenchant new antitruancy policy immediately increased class attendance by a noticeable margin. / Claudia would have gone on making excuses for hours had Juan not trenchantly stepped in and said, "You want to quit, right?" "Yes!" she said, quite relieved.

optimum

most favorable condition or greatest degree or amount possible under given circumstances Ex:- ...

aberrant

Abnormal, deviant Ex:- The teen's aberrant behavior made his family suspect that he was using drugs. / Losing rather than gaining weight over the holidays is certainly an aberration.

anarchy

Absence of law or government; chaos, disorder Ex:- Once the dictator was assassinated, the country fell into total anarchy, as none of the opposition groups were strong enough to seize power.

capricious

Acting on impulse, erratic Ex:- The headmaster's punishments were capricious—break the rules one day, you get a warning; break them another day, you get expelled. / Who needs a plan? A date is more fun with a little caprice—let's just start driving and see what we find!

counterintuitive

Against what one would intuitively expect Ex:- Although it seems counterintuitive, for some extreme dieters, eating more can actually help them to lose weight, since the body is reassured that it is not facing a period of prolonged starvation.

artifact

Any object made by humans, especially those from an earlier time, such as those excavated by archaeologists Ex:- The archaeologists dug up countless artifacts, from simple pottery shards and coins to complex written tablets. / The girl's room was full of the artifacts of modern teenage life: Justin Bieber posters, Twilight books, and a laptop open to Facebook.

concur

Approve, agree Ex:- John Locke wrote that justice is based on the social contract, and I concur—in fact, my latest book is all about contractual justice.

chronological

Arranged in or relating to time order Ex:- Joey, I'm afraid you've done the assignment wrong—the point of making a timeline is to put the information in chronological order. You've made an alphabetical-order-line instead!

canonical

Authorized, recognized; pertaining to the canon, or body of accepted rules, standards or artistic works Ex:- School boards often start controversies when replacing canonical books in the curriculum with modern literature; while many people think students should read works more relevant to their lives, others point out that Moby Dick is part of the canon for a reason.

cosmopolitan

Belonging to the entire world, at home globally; free from local or national prejudices or attachments Ex:- Trapped in a small town, he dreamed of a more cosmopolitan existence filled with world travel, exotic cuisine, and scintillating parties where he would meet famous authors and other cosmopolites.

caustic

Capable of corroding metal or burning the skin; very critical or sarcastic Ex:- Wait, those chemicals are caustic! You need safety gloves and goggles before performing this experiment, or else you risk not only getting your skin burned off, but also some seriously caustic remarks from our chemistry teacher.

alienate

Cause to become unfriendly, hostile, or distant Ex:- The talk-show host was trying to help, but only alienated her viewers when she suggested that they cope with a tough economy by checking themselves into a spa.

archaic

Characteristic of an earlier period, ancient, primitive Ex:- The school's archaic computer system predated even floppy disks—it stored records on tape drives! / Sometimes, when you look a word up in the dictionary, certain definitions are marked "archaic"—unless you are a Shakespeare scholar, you can safely ignore those archaisms.

alacrity

Cheerful or speedy willingness Ex:- Any boss wants an employee to respond with alacrity to his or her requests, handling them promptly and with enthusiasm.

coalesce

Come together, unite; fuse together Ex:- While at first everyone on the team was jockeying for power and recognition, eventually, the group coalesced and everyone was happy to share credit for a job well-done. / East and West Germany coalesced into a single country in 1990.

analogous

Comparable, corresponding in some particular way (making a good analogy) Ex:- In the U.S., whenever opponents of a war want to suggest that the war is unwinnable, they point out all the ways in which the war is analogous to the Vietnam War.

complementary

Completing; fitting together well; filling mutual needs Ex:- That scarf really complements your outfit, said Elle. "Thanks for the compliment," said Danica. / The couple had complementary personalities—when Mark got overwhelmed with the details, Lee took care of everything, and when Lee got too introspective, Mark cheered him up with an insatiable zest for life.

aesthetic

Concerning the appreciation of beauty or good taste, pertaining to the science of what is beautiful (adj); a sense of beauty and taste of a particular time and place (noun) Ex:- The twins were so different—one possessed a truly baroque aesthetic, preferring golden, gilded decor. The other lived in a world of pure logic, untouched by any aesthetic sense whatsoever; art did not move him, his house was bare, and he married his wife solely because she was a master of calculus.

counterpoint

Contrasting item, opposite; a complement; the use of contrast or interplay in a work of art Ex:- The play's lighthearted, witty narrator provides a welcome counterpoint to the seriousness and grief expressed by the other characters. / The hot peppers work in counterpoint to an otherwise sweet dish.

aver

Declare or affirm with confidence Ex:- Despite your insistence that ethics are completely situational, said the philosophy professor, "I aver that the existence of natural rights inevitably leads to certain immutable ethical boundaries."

abhor

Detest, regard with disgust Ex:- Go out with you? she replied. "I abhor you! I would rather stab myself with a rusty bread knife than be your girlfriend!"

anomaly

Deviation from what is common; inconsistency Ex:- While the cosmetics division of this company has many female executives, it is an anomaly—in the rest of the company, sadly, only 4% of management positions are filled by women.

avid

Enthusiastic, dedicated, passionate; excessively desirous Ex:- An avid cyclist, she was on her bike every weekend, and even bought the same bike that Lance Armstrong last used in the Tour de France. / Avid of power, the young Senator compromised every principle to gain the support—and money—of large corporations.

connoisseur

Expert, especially in the fine arts; person of educated, refined tastes Ex:- A chocolate connoisseur, Mom eschews grocery store brands and will only eat 80% -cocoa-or-higher artisanal chocolate that is less than a week old.

countenance

Facial expression or face (noun); approve or tolerate (verb) Ex:- Her countenance said it all—the look on her face was pure terror. / I saw you cheating off my paper, and I can't countenance cheating—either you turn yourself in or I'll report you.

affectation

Fake behavior (such as in speech or dress) adopted to give a certain impression Ex:- I'm annoyed whenever Americans move to England and suddenly start speaking with an affected British accent; such affectations, when practiced by celebrities, are only likely to alienate their fans.

bogus

Fake, fraudulent Ex:- The back of this bodybuilding magazine is just full of ads for bogus products—this one promises 22-inch biceps just from wearing magnetic armbands!

burgeon

Grow or flourish rapidly; put forth buds or shoots (of a plant) Ex:- The dictator was concerned about the people's burgeoning discontent and redoubled his personal security. / Spending an hour a day on vocabulary studies will soon cause your lexicon to burgeon.

benign

Harmless; favorable; kindly, gentle, or beneficial; not cancerous Ex:- He was relieved when the biopsy results came back, informing him that the growth was benign. / He's a benign fellow. I'm sure having him assigned to your team at work will be perfectly pleasant, without changing the way you do things.

abstain

Hold back, refrain (especially from something bad or unhealthy); decline to vote Ex:- The church board voted on whether to hold an abstinence rally to encourage young people not to become sexually active; while most members voted in favor, one voted against and two abstained, with one abstainer commenting that, as far as she knew, the church's teens were pretty abstemious already.

console

Lessen the suffering or grief of (verb); a control panel, or small table or cabinet (noun) Ex:- I was unable to console Tina after she fell asleep at the console of her airplane and thereby failed her pilot's exam.

alleviate

Lessen, make easier to endure Ex:- The stimulus package has alleviated the pangs of the Great Recession, but times are still tough.

clinch

Make final or settle conclusively; to fasten or hold together Ex:- When their best player was benched, the team fell behind, but once he was allowed back in the game, the team was able to clinch the win. / These two pieces have been clinched together with a clamp while the glue dries.

aggrandize

Make greater; exaggerate Ex:- I can't stand when my coworker aggrandizes her role in our group projects. / Stop it with your constant self-aggrandizing—we don't care how many automobiles you own!

antagonize

Make hostile or unfriendly Ex:- Josie! Stop antagonizing your little brother! Give him back that firetruck and tell him you're sorry for pulling his hair!

assuage

Make milder, relieve; soothe, pacify, or calm Ex:- After losing a million-dollar account, he tried to assuage his furious boss by pointing out that he was close to winning a new account worth at least as much.

cartography

Mapmaking Ex:- The invention of better navigation tools had major effects on cartography—the more ships knew precisely where they were sailing, the better the world could be mapped.

base

Morally low, mean, dishonorable; of little or no value; crude and unrefined; counterfeit Ex:- His philanthropy was underlied by truly base motives—he not only craved the fawning publicity his donations brought, but he was actually funneling drug money through the Children's Defense Fund! / The supposed "gold bricks" were really base metals covered in a very thin layer of real gold.

converge

Move towards one another or towards a point; unite Ex:- I know we're driving to the wedding from different states, but our routes ought to converge when each of us hits I-95—maybe we could converge at a Cracker Barrel for lunch!

**compliant

Obeying, submissive; following the requirements Ex:- Those who are not compliant with the regulations will be put on probation and possibly expelled. / A compliant child, he never gave his parents any trouble.

apocryphal

Of questionable authenticity; false Ex:- I'm sorry, but this putative letter from George Washington that you found at a garage sale is clearly apocryphal—it is riddled with anachronisms (for instance, Washington was long dead by the time silent films were invented), and also, Washington most certainly didn't refer to Martha Washington as "hey baby."

candid

Open, sincere, honest Ex:- Allow me to be candid: you do look rather portly in those pants, and I think you should wear something else. / You have been really secretive about where you've been going after work; we could use a little more candor in this relationship.

adverse

Opposing, harmful Ex:- Pioneer women persevered despite adverse circumstances, even when fording a river—baby in one arm, leading a horse with the other—against an adverse current.

condone

Overlook, tolerate, regard as harmless Ex:- While underage drinking is illegal, at many universities, it is tacitly condoned by administrations that neglect to enforce antidrinking policies.

boor

Rude, ill-mannered, or insensitive person; a peasant or country bumpkin Ex:- Milton was such a boor that, when Jane brought him home to meet her parents, he laughed at their garden gnome and made fun of everyone's hairstyles in old family photos. "Don't be so boorish!" said his mortified girlfriend.

complacent

Self-satisfied, smug; overly content (and therefore lazy, neglectful, or some other bad quality) Ex:- The coach gave a pep talk: "I know we've never won a championship before, but we do have an advantage over the six-time state champions we're about to play—they have grown complacent with their success, and now they just assume they'll win without having to sweat."

austere

Severe in manner or appearance; very self-disciplined, ascetic; without luxury or ease; sober or serious Ex:- Her design sense was so minimalist as to be austere; all-white walls, hard, wooden furniture, not a single picture, throw pillow, or cozy comfort anywhere. / The graduation speaker delivered an austere message: the economy is bad, and academic success alone isn't enough to succeed in the job market.

advocate

Speak or argue in favor of (verb); a person who pleads for a cause or on behalf of another person (noun) Ex:- I cannot possibly vote for a candidate who advocates oil drilling in federally protected nature preserves. / Children often have advocates appointed to represent them in court.

constrict

Squeeze, compress; restrict the freedom of Ex:- The children strongly disliked being gussied up in constrictive clothing for a formal wedding. / Tourism is now allowed in North Korea, but tourists must stay with official tour groups, and their movements are heavily constricted.

adhere

Stick (to), such as with glue, or to a plan or belief Ex:- I have a message board that adheres to my refrigerator with magnets; on it, I've written some affirmations to help me adhere to my diet plan.

bolster

Strengthen or support Ex:- The general requested reinforcements to bolster the defensive line set up at the border. / Many people use alcohol to bolster their confidence before approaching an attractive person in a bar.

censure

Strong disapproval or official reprimand (noun); to issue such disapproval or reprimand (verb) Ex:- The senator was censured by the Senate for campaign fund improprieties—in fact, he narrowly avoided being expelled from office.

acme

Summit, peak, highest point Ex:- The acme of my vacation was when I finally climbed to the acme of the mountain and enjoyed the gorgeous vista.

activism

The practice of pursuing political or other goals through vigorous action, often including protests and demonstrations Ex:- Lindsay's parents had a hard time accepting that, after incurring $100,000 in student loans, their daughter had decided to enter the low-paying field of environmental activism.

commensurate

The same in size, extent, etc., equivalent; proportional Ex:- According to the course catalog, you may take Advanced Japanese following Japanese III or commensurate experience with the language.

convoluted

Twisted; very complicated Ex:- Your argument is so convoluted that I'm not even able to understand it enough to start critiquing it. / To get from the hotel room to the pool requires following a convoluted path up two staircases and down two others—to get to someplace on the same floor we started on!

ambivalent

Uncertain; unable to decide, or wanting to do two contradictory things at once Ex:- I've been accepted to two amazing graduate programs, one inexpensive and close to home, and one in a big, exciting city. I'm ambivalent—I don't know how I'm going to decide. / When I asked you if you thought we'd get married some day, your ambivalence hurt my feelings.

consolidate

Unite, combine, solidify, make coherent Ex:- She consolidated her student loans so she would only have to make one payment per month. / As group leader, Muriel will consolidate all of our research into a single report.

articulate

Using language in a clear, fluent way (adj); speak distinctly or give clarity to an idea (verb) Ex:- She's so articulate that I'm sure she'll make a good lawyer. / The group voted on who would be the best spokesperson, able to articulate their needs to the panel.

audacious

Very bold or brave, often in a rude or reckless way; extremely original Ex:- He audaciously asked for a raise after working at the company for less than two months!

cogent

Very convincing, logical Ex:- Studying logic is an excellent way to improve at formulating cogent arguments. / Nurses who work in the Alzheimer's ward must develop skills for communicating with people who are often not cogent.

arduous

Very difficult, strenuous; severe, hard to endure Ex:- The arduous hike up rocky terrain was all worth it once the hikers reached the summit. / It was an arduous winter on the prairie; the family barely survived.