Marriage and family mid term nemcc2021
Through the lens of social scientific research, individual choices are shaped by
Social factors
The __________ perspective focuses on how the family influences and is influenced by the environments that surround it.
family ecology
Researchers conducting surveys want their samples to be
representative
Theoretical perspectives are ways of
viewing reality; or ways an observer may view, organize and interpret reality.
Someone who is a "family-change" advocate might say the following:
"The family is better than ever at adapting to new challenges."
Those with a "family change" perspective view the family as ________________.
"an adaptable institution"
About what percent of Americans living with HIV do not know they are infected?
13%
People diagnosed with HIV have an average life expectancy that is about ______ years shorter than the general population.
15 to 19
Today, women compose __________ percent of Congress.
20
By age 15, about ______ percent of girls have masturbated to the point of orgasm.
25
About ______ percent of adults identify as lesbian, gay, bisexual, or "something else."
3 to 4
Same-sex couple households increased by _____ percent between 2000 and 2010.
80
In 1957, the total fertility rate was about 3.6 children per woman. For the last 25 years, it has been __________ child/children per woman.
Around two
Which racial/ethnic group has the highest percentage of people living with HIV/AIDS?
Black
Personal experience provides us with information, but it can also act as _________, which is why we need scientific study.
Blinders
The text observes that most people grow up in some form of family and know something about what marriages and families are. But while personal experience provides us with information, it can also act as
Blinders
A sense of one's sexual identity begins in _________.
Childhood
Over the past five decades, fertility in the United States has
Declined
What is meant by the term postmodern family?
Families today exhibit a multiplicity of forms
A central focus of the feminist theory is on__________ issues.
Gender
The Census Bureau uses which of the following terms to describe a person or a group of people residing together?
Household
Compared to 50 years ago, marriage is not as __________ to Americans.
Important
The heterosexual transmission of HIV/AIDS is ____________.
Increasing
According to the text, perhaps the most significant change in sexuality since the sexual revolution, among heterosexuals at least, has been in __________ sex.
Marital
Children are __________ likely than the general population or the elderly to be living in poverty.
More
Compared to the recent past, children are __________ likely to live with a grandparent today.
More
In the 1950s, the nonmarital pregnancy rate was __________ in comparison with today.
Much lower
The text reports that _________ percent of marriages were preceded by cohabitation.
Over 50
Today's family ecologists stress the interdependence of all the world's families, not only with one another but also with our planet's __________ environment.
Physical
__________ refers to male or female anatomy and physiology.
Sex
Which of the following appears to be attributable to following traditional gender expectations?
The male death rate is higher than that for females
Children are maturing about __________ than they were one hundred years ago.
Two years earlier
According to the text, which of the following is NOT a current societal trend impacting families?
a great increase in the number of pets in the family
Pediatric researchers have observed children between the ages of 2 and 5 engaging in rhythmic manipulation of their own genitals. They consider this behavior
a natural form of sexual expression.
Researchers found that engaging in extramarital affairs is _______.
a rational decision
The most generalizable findings are most likely to be found in a survey with
a representative sample
Regardless of the circumstances, Julie believes that nonmarital intercourse is wrong for both women and men. Julie's point of view reflects which standard of nonmarital sex?
abstinence
Men are expected to have _________ character traits like strength, self-confidence, assertiveness, and ambition.
agentic
The importance of the male provider role is a powerful theme in _______.
all race/ethnic groups
The concept of "household" is broader than that of "family" as it includes
any person residing in the home.
Therapists suggest certain requirements of the offending partner of an extramarital affair, which include all BUT which of the following?
ask the spouse if they have had similar thoughts or feelings of infidelity
As families have become less traditional, the legal definition of a family has
become much more flexible
Suppose a researcher is observing the differences between men and women. This illustrates __________ variation.
between-group
According to the text, a woman lives with a(n) __________ or a divided awareness that caregiving is most important to her, but it is not highly valued in society.
bifurcated consciousness
The __________ perspective has been the basis for criticism of nonreproductive sexual relationships and the employment of mothers as contrary to nature.
biosocial
While family members increasingly encourage girls to develop instrumental skills,
boys are still discouraged from cultivating tenderness.
Traditionally, the ideal woman has several stereotypical traits. Which of the following is NOT one of these?
career ambition
The _______ of men's and women's roles reflects a dramatic change since the gender roles of 1950s and before.
convergence
An alternate ___________ for men emphasizes adventure, sometimes coupled with violence and/or the need to outwit, humiliate, and defeat other men in barroom brawls, contact sports, and war.
cultural message
The 1990s saw the emergence of a new brand of marital infidelity: adultery on the net, or __________.
digital infidelity
A relative absence of assertiveness and ambition characterizes our expectations of women, who are thought to embody __________ character traits.
expressive
Scholars and advocates with a __________ perspective point to what they see as a negative cultural change accentuated by excessive individualism and self-indulgence.
family decline
A photograph in the text depicts individuals waiting patiently for medical attention in a neighborhood clinic. Which group of scholars might remark on the quality of the facilities or speculate about the home that these people live in?
family ecologists
Which of the following theoretical perspectives is concerned with the impact of family policy?
family ecology
The __________ perspective is focused on several things, including confronting and reducing oppression and patterns of subordination based on such factors as social class, race, and ethnicity, age and sexual orientation.
feminist
A recent study among immigrants found that relationships "based not on blood or marriage but rather on religious rituals or close friendship ties" can serve as a functional alternative to the nuclear family. According to the text, what are these relationships called?
fictive kin
A highly masculine male who paints his fingernails pink is BEST described as an example of
gender bending
Michael is a stay-at-home father and feels pressure from society to watch football on TV, enjoy action movies, play basketball on the weekends, and bring home a bigger paycheck than his corporate executive wife. What is this societal pressure called?
gender expectations
Economic _________has affected bread-winning and consumption in American families.
globalization
One explanation for the decline in sexual activity in a marriage is _______ or the increased predictability with the same partner over time.
habituation
Research shows some support for the ____________ hypothesis—that is, that familiarity reduces the reward power of a sexual encounter with a spouse or partner compared to a new relationship.
habituation
Suzanne and Paul obtained a complete list of all 500 students in their marriage and family class. Starting with the first student on the list, each student was assigned a number ranging from 1 to 500. Then, Paul and Suzanne selected for their study every 10thnumber on the list. Clearly, they were trying to ensure that their research
had a representative sample.
The divorce rate
has been in decline since 1980
Jean is attracted only to opposite-sex partners. Jean is
heterosexual
Richard is attracted to same-sex partners. Richard is
homosexual
Which of the following is an example of "casual sex?"
hooking up
Exchange theory stresses the importance of __________ in family relationships.
how family members use their resources to trade with other family members
Valuing personal happiness and goals and the development of distinct identity is a(n) ________ value.
individualistic
The process by which family identity, traditions, and commitment emerge through interaction within a particular family, is an important part of which perspective?
interaction-constructionist
Transgender and _______ individuals challenge the existing classifications of gender.
intersex
What is the primary reason, according to the text, that the transition to adulthood has become elongated?
it takes longer to earn enough to support a family
The text concludes that the best way to make decisions about our personal lives is to make them
knowledgeably
The likelihood of divorce declines with _________.
more years of education
The climate, soil, plants, and animals are all part of the __________ environment.
natural physical-biological
The evidence indicates that abstinence only sex education programs are __________.
not scientifically accurate
Sexting is _________.
posting or sending sexually suggestive messages or pictures
Among immigrants, males may lose some masculine _______ because of the changing gender roles upon entering the U.S.
privilege
In Kimmel's typology of camps within the men's movement, which group supports feminists in their opposition to patriarchy?
profeminists
A feminine expectation that has emerged over the past thirty years is that of the "__________ woman," who is independent, ambitious, and self-confident.
professional
According to the family life course development framework, each developmental task has a certain order in which major transitions to adult roles take place, called _______.
role sequencing
Parents, siblings and other relatives are usually highly influential in developing a child's _____________, or that child's sense of worth and value.
self-concept
Some psychologists think that what comes first is not rules about what boys and girls should do, but rather the child's awareness of being a boy or a girl. This thinking reflects which theory of socialization?
self-identification
Most unmarried teens and adults engage in a pattern known as _______, with most partners demonstrating sexual exclusivity in dating relationships.
serial monogamy
Important variables to take into consideration within the interpersonal exchange model include
social class and gender
The text observes that children imitate models for behavior and are rewarded by parents and others for whatever is perceived as sex-appropriate behavior. This reflects which theory of socialization?
social learning
The process by which society influences members to internalize attitudes and expectations is called
socialization
Which is the phrase used to describe economic and social forces that limit personal choices?
structural constraints
The __________ perspective once argued for the functionality of specialized gender roles.
structure-functional
The view that the family is an enduring social institution because of the important tasks it performs for society—economic security, emotional support, socialization of children—is the __________ perspective.
structure-functional
Though there is no "typical" American family today, advocates supporting the __________ perspective frequently argue that the heterosexual nuclear family is the norm, while their opponents refuse to view the nuclear family as normal, natural, or best.
structure-functional
The _______ message is the image of a woman who attained career success and supports her family.
superwoman
Women _____ men in the proportion of the population who are college graduates.
surpass
When conducting __________, researchers ask a series of structured, or closed-ended questions.
surveys
Which of the following is NOT one of the principles of sexual responsibility that may serve as guidelines for sexual decision making?
the advisability of pornography use
Over the past several decades,
the divorce rate has declined somewhat.
Traditional gender roles cause both men and women
to suffer in some way.
While part of being a scientist is having objectivity, in reality
total neutrality is impossible for anyone.
Individuals who change their physical anatomy through sex-reassignment surgery are
transsexuals.
According to the text, over time, cohabitation has become
"mainstream."
AIDS was first identified in what year?
1981
