mastering a and p chapter 4

What are the different types of connective tissue?

Connective tissue can be divided into three main types: connective tissue proper, fluid connective tissue, and supporting connective tissue.

What is fascia and where is it found?

Fasciae are layers of connective tissue that surround and support organs.

How can cartilage maintain its function even though it is avascular?

How can cartilage maintain its function even though it is avascular?

Defense cells in blood are called white blood cells or

LEUKOCYTES

What other types of fibers in addition to collagen are found in connective tissue?

Reticular and elastic fibers are also found in connective tissues.

A patient goes to his doctor because he has noticed a pain and a rubbing sound when he breathes. The patient has also noticed that his abdomen has gotten bigger, but he eats a healthy diet. What is most likely the cause of the patient's condition?

The serous membranes are inflamed and scratching against one another, resulting in pleurisy.

The function of simple cuboidal epithelium is

absorption secretion

The process of lactation (milk production) depends on both merocrine and ________ secretion by mammary gland epithelial cells.

apocrine

Which type of secretion involves the loss of apical cytoplasm?

apocrine

Which of these carries information from the neural cell body to the next cell?

axons

Which surface attaches to the underlying epithelial cells or deeper tissues?

basal

Epithelium is connected to underlying connective tissue by

basement membrane

Where is the tissue level of organization?

between cells and organs

Chondrocytes are to cartilage as osteocytes are to

bone

Most of the nervous tissue of the body is in the

brain and spinal cord

Which muscle cell type has visible striations but is not under voluntary control?

cardiac

The recirculation of fluids in the body is essential to homeostasis, eliminating local variations in the fluids, maintaining blood volume, and alerting the immune system to infection. What correctly describes the recirculation of fluids in the body?

cardiovascular system, interstitial fluid, lymph, cardiovascular system

neural tissue

carries information from one part of the body to another

A tissue with a firm gel matrix and cells inside lacunae is

cartilage

To celebrate her 50th birthday, Anna got her ear pierced in the elastic cartilage portion (pinna). The piercing specialist informed her that it will take at least 6 weeks to heal. This is because __________.

cartilage is avascular, so healing takes longer

The majority of cancers are caused by

chemical exposure or other environmental factors

Antiangiogenesis factor is a chemical produced by ________ that blocks the growth of blood vessels.

chondrocytes

What is the only type of cell found in cartilage matrix? (Figure 4-16)

chondrocytes

Identify the connective tissue fiber that resists pulling and stretching forces in one direction.

collagen

The dominant type of extracellular protein fiber in dense connective tissue is

collagen

In "simple columnar epithelium," which word describes cell shape and which word describes the number of cell layers? (Figure 4-6)

columnar simple

Which type of compound gland is found in salivary glands?

compound tubuloalveolar

Blood is which type of tissue?

connective

What basic tissue type is responsible for structural support of other tissues and also stores energy?

connective

Epithelial tissue is always attached to which other major tissue type?

connective tissue

The three categories of connective tissues are

connective tissue proper, fluid connective tissue, and supporting connective tissue.

Which type of tissue membrane is characteristically dry?

cutaneous

Which structure typically receives information from other neurons?

dendrite

__________ provide strength in many directions.

dense irregular connective tissues

Dead skin cells are shed in thin sheets because they are held together by "spots" of proteoglycan reinforced by intermediate filaments. Such strong intercellular connections are called

desmosomes

Any substance that enters or leaves your body must cross

epithelial tissue

Which of the four basic tissue types form coverings or linings of organs?

epithelial tissue

Close examination of a healthy organ reveals a lining of several layers of cells. The layers do not contain any blood vessels and one surface of the cells lines the cavity of the organ. This tissue is a type of

epithelium

What type of cell makes up almost half the volume of blood?

erythrocyte

Characteristics of epithelia do not include

extracellular matrix

Chondrocytes are to the epiglottis as osteocytes are to the __________.

femur

What connective tissue cells produces collagen?

fibroblasts

It has been shown that as a person ages, the amount of collagen in the skin decreases and becomes more disorganized. Of the choices below, which is the best explanation for why this happens?

fibroblasts become less active as we age

The permanent replacement of normal tissue by fibrous tissue is called

fibrosis

When Rachel was 10, she had a mini-bike accident resulting in severe road rash on her right calf. This injury eventually healed, but resulted in permanent __________.

fibrosis

A herniated disc is an injury of the pads of cartilage between the vertebrae in which the cartilage bulges from normal position. What type of cartilage is affected?

fibrous

You are observing a type of connective tissue that contains a variety of cells in a watery matrix. Based on these observations, what category of connective tissue are you looking at?

fluid connective tissue

The junction type that lets neighboring cells exchange small molecules is the

gap junction

Which junction is required for cell-to-cell communication

gap junction

The viscous component of connective tissue matrix is called

ground substance

the study of tissues

histology

Glands that secrete their product by the bursting of cells are ________ glands.

holocrine

Which method of secretion destroys the cell? (Figure 4-8)

holocrine

The most common type of cartilage is ________ cartilage.

hyaline

Which type of connective tissue is found in the trachea and between the ribs and sternum?

hyaline cartilage

The body's first tissue response to any injury is

inflammation

Growth of cartilage by accumulation of new matrix around chondrocytes that are embedded in existing matrix is called ________ growth.

interatitial

The color distinction between white fat and brown fat exists because brown fat

is highly vascular

Simple squamous epithelium is found __________.

lining blood vessels

The three major subdivisions of extracellular fluid found in the body are plasma, interstitial fluid, and

lymph

What cell is activated during an injury to connective tissue that stimulates the inflammatory response?

mast cell

The combination of fibers and ground substance in supporting connective tissues is known as

matrix

Which cell is present in many connective tissues and can differentiate into different types of cells?

mesenchymal

Cells that respond to injury by dividing to assist in connective tissue repair are

mesenchymal cells

What is the name of the epithelium that lines the peritoneal cavity? (Figure 4-18)

mesothelium

Epithelial cells with important transport functions such as absorption and secretion often bear __________ on their free surfaces.

microvilli

Unicellular exocrine glands secrete

mucus

________ support, protect, and nourish nerve cells.

neuroglia

The body's longest cells are

neurons

The function of ________ is to propagate electrical signals from one place to another.

neurons

Cartilage is separated from surrounding tissues by a fibrous

perichondrium

Antibodies are produced by

plasma cells

The three kinds of formed elements in blood are erythrocytes, leukocytes, and

platelets

The serous membrane covering the lungs is the __________.

pleura

Which connective tissue component imparts strength and elasticity?

proteinaceous connective tissue

What is the purpose of the fasciae in the body?

providing strength and stability providing a supply route for the distribution of blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves maintaining the relative positions of internal organs

The internal framework or stroma of organs such as the spleen, liver, and lymph nodes is made up of ________ tissue.

reticular tissue

Many types of epithelial cells perform the function of __________.

secretion

Which of the following membranes covers the surface of visceral organs?

serous

The reduction of friction between the parietal and visceral surfaces of an internal cavity is the function of

serous membranes

The proximal tubule of the nephron (kidney tubule) in the kidney is composed of which type of epithelium?

simple cuboidal epithelium

The wall of the alveolus (air sac) in the lung is composed of which type of epithelium?

simple squamous epithelium

Myosatellite cells are found in association with ________ muscle.

skeletal

Myosatellite cells are found within __________ muscle.

skeletal

Which of the three muscle cell types has multiple nuclei?

skeletal

Which type of muscle tissue is under your conscious control?

skeletal

Voluntary movements are carried out by the contraction of

skeletal msucle

Which muscle tissue consists of multinucleate cells?

skeletal muscle

The muscle tissue that shows no striations is ________ muscle.

smooth

__________ muscle tissue lack(s) microscopic striations.

smooth

The muscle found in the walls of most hollow organs of the body is

smooth muscle

Which part of the neuron (a specialized nerve cell) receives signals from other cells and is also the main metabolic region of the neuron?

soma

Cells that are flat and thin are classified as

squamous

The epithelium of the esophagus is composed of which type of epithelial tissue?

stratified squamous epithelium

The framework of connective tissue between the skin and underlying muscles is called the

superficial fascia

Which of the following is NOT a property of neuroglia? a. They supply nutrients to neurons. b. They support neural tissue. c. They conduct electrical impulses. d. They repair neural tissue.

they conduct electrical impulses

What tissue change is not commonly found in an aging body?

thicker epidermis

The __________ stops materials from moving between cells across an epithelium.

tight junction

What type of epithelial tissue is specialized to stretch repeatedly without damage?

transitional epithelium

Which formed element of the blood contains a nucleus? (Figure 4-14)

white blood cells