Mastering A&P HW CH 18, Chapter 18: The Heart
The source of blood carried to capillaries in the myocardium would be the ________.
coronary arteries
The enlarged coronary vessel outside the heart that empties blood into the right atrium is the ________.
coronary sinus
carries oxygen-poor venous blood of the coronary circulation into the right atrium.
coronary sinus
How would a decrease in blood volume affect both stroke volume and cardiac output?
decreased stroke volume and no change in cardiac output
What causes the aortic semilunar valve to close?
greater pressure in the aorta than in the left ventricle
carries oxygen-poor venous blood from below the diaphragm from the areas of the lower body and extremities into the right atrium
inferior vena cava
What structures connect the individual heart muscle cells?
intercalated discs
What structures connect the individual heart muscle cells?
intercalated discs Intercalated discs connect the heart muscle cells. They include desmosomes (anchoring junctions) and gap junctions (communicating junctions).
Which of the following terms refers to a lack of oxygen supply to heart muscle cells? ischemia infarction functional syncytium embolism
ischemia
Which heart chamber receives blood from the pulmonary veins?
left atrium
Which chamber pumps oxygenated blood out the aorta to the systemic circuit?
left ventricle
The heart has _____ chambers and _____ valves.
4; 4
Calculate the stroke volume if the end diastolic volume (EDV) is 135 mL and the end systolic volume (ESV) is 60 mL.
75 mL The SV is calculated by subtracting the ESV from the EDV. You are comparing the volume of the ventricle at its fullest to its emptiest.
What is the ligamentum arteriosum?
A remnant of the ductus arteriosus; The ligamentum arteriosum is a remnant of the ductus arteriosus. The ductus arteriosus is a fetal shunt that connects the pulmonary trunk to the aorta.
Increased pressure in the ventricles would close what valve(s)?
AV valves only
The moderator band is found on both the right and left side of the heart.
False Correct. The moderator band is a cord like structure found in the right ventricle. It contains portions of the cardiac conduction system that help convey the electrical message for the ventricles to contract. It works as a shortcut within the cardiac conduction system.
Which of the following is correct about the filling of the ventricles? The majority of ventricular filling is caused by contraction of the atria. Most blood flows passively into the ventricles through open AV valves.
Most blood flows passively into the ventricles through open AV valves.
Which of the following is correct about the filling of the ventricles?
Most blood flows passively into the ventricles through open AV valves. Yes, most of the ventricular filling is passive; atrial contraction adds just a little more blood.
Which statement regarding cardiac muscle structure is accurate?
Myofibrils of cardiac muscle tissue vary in diameter and branch extensively. The myofibrils of cardiac muscle have various diameters; they also branch in order to maintain connections, via intercalated discs, with other muscle cells.
Which part of the conduction system initiates the depolarizing impulse, which spreads throughout the heart?
SA node
Name the needle like ridges of muscle lining the ventricles.
Trabeculae carneae; Correct. Trabeculae carneae are the small elevated ridges of muscle arranged in a web type fashion found in both the right and left ventricles.
The term for pain associated with deficient blood delivery to the heart that may be caused by the transient spasm of coronary arteries is ________.
angina pectoris
vessel that carries oxygen-rich blood to tissues is the
aorta
The structure that is located anatomically between the aorta and the left ventricle is the
aortic semilunar valve
The ________ and ________ valves of the heart have no chordae tendineae attached.
aortic,pulmonary
Identify the most muscular chamber.
left ventricle; The left ventricle is responsible for pumping blood out to the body. This requires a lot of force. The left ventricle is the most muscular in order to pump the blood with adequate force
oxygen-rich
pulmonary veins, left ventricle, aorta, left atrium
The left ventricular wall of the heart is thicker than the right wall in order to ________.
pump blood with greater pressure
The fact that the left ventricle of the heart is thicker than the right ventricle reveals that it ________.
pumps blood against a greater resistance
______ carries oxygen-poor venous blood from above the diaphragm from areas of the upper body and extremities into the right atrium
superior vena cava
Isovolumetric relaxation and ventricular filling (two phases of the cardiac cycle) take place during __________.
ventricular diastole
Isovolumetric relaxation and ventricular filling (two phases of the cardiac cycle) take place during __________.
ventricular diastole Yes, both occur during ventricular diastole when the ventricles are not actively contracting and ejecting blood.
Repolarization of an autorhythmic cell is due to the opening of which channels?
voltage-gated potassium channels Yes, opening of voltage-gated potassium channels causes positive potassium ions to move out of the cell. This efflux of potassium causes the cell to become more negative inside thus, repolarizing the cell.
Which part of the intrinsic conduction system delays the impulse briefly before it moves on to the ventricles?
AV node
a lowering of blood pressure due to change in cardiac output
AV node
Which part of the intrinsic conduction system delays the impulse briefly before it moves on to the ventricles?
AV node Yes, the AV node slows down the impulse giving the atria time to contract before the ventricles contract.
Increased pressure in the ventricles would close what valve(s)?
AV valves only Yes, increased pressure in the ventricles would close the AV valves.
In a healthy individual which of the following would be low?
Afterload
Identify the valve found between the left atrium and left ventricle.
Bicuspid (mitral) valve; The atrioventricular valve on the left is the bicuspid valve. The mitral valve is also called the mitral valve.
Which of the following is not a difference between cardiac and skeletal muscle? The plasma membranes of cardiac muscle cells interlock, but skeletal muscle fibers are independent. Cardiac muscle does not use the sliding filament mechanism for contraction; skeletal muscle does. Cardiac muscle cells quickly die in the absence of oxygen; skeletal muscle cells are better able to adapt to oxygen deficiency. Cardiac muscle cells contain more mitochondria than do skeletal muscle cells.
Cardiac muscle does not use the sliding filament mechanism for contraction; skeletal muscle does
What fibrous structure functions to anchor the atrioventricular valves in a closed position?
Chordae tendineae; Correct. Chordae tendineae are the fibrous cords that attach the atrioventricular valves to papillary muscles. They help anchor the atrioventricular valves in a closed position during ventricular contraction.
Name the inner lining of the heart.
Endocardium; The endocardium is the smooth, slick lining of the chambers of the heart. Endocardium is a continuation of endothelium that lines blood vessels. Both endocardium and endothelium are composed of simple squamous epithelial tissue, which minimizes friction between the wall of the chamber/vessel and the blood.
Which of the following would increase heart rate? Epinephrine Low metabolic rate Parasympathetic stimulation Cold temperature
Epinephrine
Arterial blood supply to heart muscle is continuous whether the heart is in systole or diastole.
False
Cardiac muscle has more mitochondria and depends less on a continual supply of oxygen than does skeletal muscle.
False
The "lub" sounds of the heart are valuable in diagnosis because they provide information about the function of the heart's pulmonary and aortic valves.
False
The papillary muscles contract after the other ventricular muscles so that they can take up the slack on the chordae tendineae before the full force of ventricular contractions sends blood against the AV valve flaps.
False
Oxygenated blood flows through the right side of the heart.
False Correct. Oxygenated blood returning from the lungs is received by the left atrium, then to the left ventricle before being pumped out to the body. This pathway of blood flow is known as the systemic circulation.
What heart chamber pushes blood through the aortic semilunar valve?
Left ventricle; The aortic valve is located between the left ventricle and the aorta. The left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood out of the heart through the aortic valve to the body.
Contraction of the atria results from which wave of depolarization on the ECG tracing?
P wave
Contraction of the atria results from which wave of depolarization on the ECG tracing?
P wave Yes, the P wave represents atrial depolarization, which leads to atrial contraction.
Name the ridged bundles of muscle found projecting inside the right atrium.
Pectinate muscles Correct. The pectinate muscles are ridge like elevations of muscle. They are parallel to each other and resemble teeth of a comb. They are easily observed inside the right atrium.
Describe the pressures in the atria and ventricles that would cause the opening of the AV valves.
Pressure in the atria would be greater than the pressure in the ventricles.
Describe the pressures in the atria and ventricles that would cause the opening of the AV valves.
Pressure in the atria would be greater than the pressure in the ventricles. Yes, higher pressure in the atria than in the ventricles forces the AV valves to open and blood moves into the ventricles.
What is the function of the coronary circulation
Provide a blood supply to the heart; Correct. The coronary circulation provides oxygenated blood to the heart through coronary arteries. Coronary veins return the deoxygenated from the heart to the coronary sinus on the posterior surface of the heart. The coronary sinus empties the deoxygenated blood directly into the right atrium where it joins deoxygenated from the body.
Identfiy the valve located at the exit of the right ventricle.
Pulmonary semilunar valve Correct. The pulmonary valve is the semilunar valve found between the right ventricle and the pulmonary trunk. Deoxygenated blood travels through the pulmonary valve as it exits the right side of the heart on its way to the lungs.
Which of the following does not deliver blood to the right atrium? Inferior vena cava Superior vena cava Coronary sinus Pulmonary veins
Pulmonary veins
Which is correctly matched? Stroke volume: amount of blood pumped out by each ventricle in one minute Diastole: contraction period Quiescent period: total heart relaxation between heartbeats Systole: relaxed period
Quiescent period: total heart relaxation between heartbeats
Which of the following structures sets the pace of heart contraction? atrioventricular bundle AV node bundle branches SA node
SA node
Which part of the conduction system initiates the depolarizing impulse, which spreads throughout the heart?
SA node Yes, the SA Node spontaneously depolarizes, causing the wave of depolarization that spreads through the rest of the conduction system and heart.
The order of impulse conduction in the heart, from beginning to end, is:
SA node, AV node, bundle of His, bundle branches, and Purkinje fibers.
Which of the following is true during ventricular systole? The atria are in systole. The ventricles are empty. The AV valves are closed. The ventricles are relaxed.
The AV valves are closed.
Select the correct statement about the heart valves. The mitral valve separates the right atrium from the right ventricle. Aortic and pulmonary valves control the flow of blood into the heart. The tricuspid valve divides the left atrium from the left ventricle. The AV valves are supported by chordae tendineae so that regurgitation of blood into the atria during ventricular contraction does not occur.
The AV valves are supported by chordae tendineae so that regurgitation of blood into the atria during ventricular contraction does not occur
Select the correct statement about the function of myocardial cells in a healthy, normally functioning heart. The refractory period in skeletal muscle is much longer than that in cardiac muscle. The atria, followed by the ventricles, contract as a unit or they do not contract at all. The influx of potassium ions from extracellular sources is the initiating event in cardiac muscle contraction. Each cardiac muscle cell is innervated by a sympathetic nerve ending so that the nervous system can increase heart rate.
The atria, followed by the ventricles, contract as a unit or they do not contract at all.
Which of the following is equivalent to the ventricular volume during isovolumetric contraction? the minimum ventricular volume (MVV) the stroke volume (SV) The end diastolic volume (EDV) the end systolic volume (ESV)
The end diastolic volume (EDV)
Which of the following is not a difference between the left and right ventricles? The walls of the left ventricle are thicker than the walls of the right ventricle. The left ventricle pumps blood to the systemic circuit, while the right ventricle pumps blood to the pulmonary circuit. The left ventricle receives a smaller percentage of coronary blood supply than the right ventricle. The left ventricle is a more powerful pump than the right ventricle.
The left ventricle receives a smaller percentage of coronary blood supply than the right ventricle.
Select the correct statement about the structure of the heart wall. Connective tissue in the heart wall aids in the conduction of the action potential. The heart chambers are lined by the endomysium. The myocardium is the layer of the heart that actually contracts. The fibrous skeleton forms the bulk of the heart.
The myocardium is the layer of the heart that actually contracts.
Isovolumetric relaxation is characterized by which of the following?
The semilunar and AV valves are closed.
During the ventricular ejection phase of the cardiac cycle, which of the following is true?
The semilunar valves are open.
When the atria contract, which of the following is true? The AV valves are closed. The ventricles are in diastole. The atria are in diastole. The semilunar valves are open.
The ventricles are in diastole.
Identify the right atrioventricular valve.
Tricuspid valve Correct. The tricuspid valve is the atrioventricular valve located on the right side of the heart. It separates the right atrium from the right ventricle.
Anastomoses among coronary arterial branches provide collateral routes for blood delivery to the heart muscle.
True
Chronic release of excess thyroxine can cause a sustained increase in heart rate and a weakened heart.
True
Congestive heart failure means that the pumping efficiency of the heart is depressed so that there is inadequate delivery of blood to body tissues.
True
The left side of the heart is considered the systemic circuit pump.
True
The left side of the heart pumps the same volume of blood as the right.
True
The myocardium receives its blood supply from the coronary arteries.
True
Tissues damaged by myocardial infarction are replaced by connective tissue.
True
Trabeculae carneae are found in the ventricles and never the atria.
True
Which of the events below does not occur when the semilunar valves are open? AV valves are closed. Ventricles are in systole. Blood enters pulmonary arteries and the aorta. Ventricles are in diastole.
Ventricles are in diastole.
Hemorrhage with a large loss of blood causes ________.
a lowering of blood pressure due to change in cardiac output
Which of the following is NOT a factor that regulates stroke volume? afterload preload contractility heart rate all the factors above regulate stroke volume
all the factors above regulate stroke volume
Select the correct partial path. This path is part of the complete blood flow pathway. You should be able to trace flow starting in any location.
aorta to smaller systemic arteries to systemic capillaries to systemic veins to right atrium through the tricuspid valve All systemic veins return oxygen-poor venous flow to the right atrium, through the tricuspid to the right ventricle, and up and out the pulmonary semilunar valve to the pulmonary trunk and pulmonary arteries to the capillaries of the lungs. Returning oxygen-rich blood flowing through pulmonary veins enters the left atrium, passes through the mitral valve to the left ventricle, and flows out through the aortic semilunar valve into the aorta and on to systemic capillaries. Congratulations on completing blood flow through the two-sided heart, identifying oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor locations, and preparing yourself for knowledge you will use again and again!
Atrial pressure is greater than ventricular pressure during which phase of the cardiac cycle?
atrial contraction
The P wave of a normal electrocardiogram indicates ________.
atrial depolarization
Identify the ear like flaps that are attached to the top chambers of the heart.
auricles; The auricles are flap like extensions of the atria that are observed on the external surface of the heart
What is afterload?
back pressure exerted by arterial blood
During the period of ventricular filling ________.
blood flows passively through the atria and the open AV valves into the ventricles
What is the source of ATP for cardiac muscle contraction?
cellular respiration
The first heart sound (the 'lub' of 'lub-dup') is caused by:
closure of the atrioventricular valves.
Normal heart sounds are caused by which of the following events?
closure of the heart valves
If cardiac muscle is deprived of its normal blood supply, damage would primarily result from ________.
decreased delivery of oxygen
What does the ECG wave tracing represent?
electrical activity in the heart
What does the ECG wave tracing represent?
electrical activity in the heart Yes, the ECG waves show the depolarization and repolarization in various areas of the heart.
Which of the following is equivalent to the ventricular volume during isovolumetric relaxation? end diastolic volume (EDV) maximum ventricular volume (MVV) stroke volume (SV) end systolic volume (ESV)
end systolic volume (ESV)
The layers of the heart wall from superficial to deep are:
epicardium, myocardium, and endocardium.
Which of the following would increase cardiac output?
epinephrine Sympathetic stimulation leads to the release of epinephrine and norepinephrine, both of which increase heart rate and increase contractility, which increases stroke volume. Increasing heart rate and stroke volume increases cardiac output.
Which of the following would increase heart rate? epinephrine and norepinephrine acetylcholine decreased activity of the sympathetic nervous system increased activity of the parasympathetic nervous system
epinephrine and norepinephrine
A premature ventricular contraction is classified as a(n):
extrasystole.
The base of the heart is located at the bottom of the heart.
false; The base is located at the top of the heart. It is unusual to see the largest portion of an organ at the top. Typically, the base is at the bottom of an organ, as in the lungs.
When threshold is reached at the SA node (an autorhythmic cell), what channels open causing further depolarization of the membrane?
fast calcium Yes, unlike nerve cells or cardiac muscle cells, fast calcium channels are responsible for the depolarization phase of the autorhythmic cell action potential. When the fast calcium channels open, calcium rushes into the cell making it less negative (or more positive).
In what direction does blood flow through the heart?
from a region of high pressure to a region of low pressure
Action potentials generated by the autorhythmic cells spread to the contractile cells through what structures in the membrane?
gap junctions Yes, action potentials generated by the autorhythmic cells spread waves of depolarization to contractile cells through gap junctions. If the depolarization causes the contractile cells to reach threshold, they will in turn generate an action potential.
What causes the aortic semilunar valve to close?
greater pressure in the aorta than in the left ventricle Yes, backflow of blood in the aorta (towards the left ventricle) closes the aortic semilunar valve.
Compared to skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle ________.
has gap junctions that allow it to act as a functional syncytium
What causes heart sounds?
heart valve closure
How would an increase in the sympathetic nervous system increase stroke volume?
increased contractility
By what mechanism would an increase in venous return increase stroke volume?
increased end diastolic volume
Which of the following would increase cardiac output to the greatest extent? decreased heart rate and increased stroke volume decreased heart rate and decreased stroke volume increased heart rate and decreased stroke volume increased heart rate and increased stroke volume
increased heart rate and increased stroke volume
Which of the following is NOT a factor that increases stroke volume?
increasing afterload Increasing afterload decreases stroke volume.
Put the phases of the cardiac cycle in the correct order, starting after ventricular filling. isovolumetric contraction, ventricular ejection, isovolumetric relaxation ventricular ejection, ventricular relaxation, isovolumetric contraction ventricular ejection, isovolumetric contraction, isovolumetric relaxation isovolumetric relaxation, ventricular ejection, isovolumetric contraction
isovolumetric contraction, ventricular ejection, isovolumetric relaxation
Put the phases of the cardiac cycle in the correct order, starting after ventricular filling.
isovolumetric contraction, ventricular ejection, isovolumetric relaxation Yes, the ventricles must contract and eject blood before they relax and fill again.
Blood within the pulmonary veins returns to the ________.
left atrium
structure that prevents backflow of blood into the left atrium is the
mitral (bicuspid) valve
The time of day most hazardous for heart attacks is ________.
morning
When viewing a dissected heart, it is easy to visually discern the right and left ventricles by ________.
noticing the thickness of the ventricle walls
Small muscle masses attached to the chordae tendineae are the ________.
papillary muscles
One of the changes that occurs in the pacemaker potential (unstable resting membrane potential) in the SA node (an autorhythmic cell) is a decreased efflux of what ion?
potassium Yes, if there is a decreased efflux of potassium while there is a normal influx of sodium, the inside of the cell would become less negative. Thus, threshold would be reached. The ability of these autorhythmic cells to spontaneously depolarize is what results in the pacemaker potential.
Which chamber receives blood from the superior and inferior vena cavae?
right atrium
Which heart chamber pumps unoxygenated blood out the pulmonary trunk?
right ventricle
Which heart chamber sends deoxygenated blood to the lungs?
right ventricle
Which chamber of the heart exits into the pulmonary trunk?
right ventricle; The right ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood through the pulmonary semilunar valve into the pulmonary trunk to be distributed to the lungs.
The heart's pacemaker is the:
sinoatrial node
During contraction of heart muscle cells ________.
some calcium enters the cell from the extracellular space and triggers the release of larger amounts of calcium from intracellular stores
oxygen-poor
superior vena cava, right ventricle, pulmonary arteries, right atrium
The role of the coronary arteries is to:
supply blood to the heart tissue
The capillaries receiving blood flow from the left side of the heart are the
systemic capillaries
If the length of the absolute refractory period in cardiac muscle cells was the same as it is for skeletal muscle cells ________.
tetanic contractions might occur, which would stop the heart's pumping action
In order to cause cardiac muscle contraction, the contractile cells must also depolarize. What causes the depolarization of the contractile cells?
the flow of positive ions from adjacent cells Yes, the flow of positive ions from the autorhythmic cells (or adjacent cells) brings the membrane to threshold initiating depolarization of the contractile cell.
What is the main function of heart valves?
to prevent backward flow of blood
The ________ valve is located between the right atrium and the right ventricle.
tricuspid
The ________ valve of the heart has three flaps with chordae tendineae.
tricuspid
Which valve is located between the right atrium and ventricle?
tricuspid valve
Blood on the right never mixes with blood on the left, once the heart is fully developed.
true; Correct. Once fetal modifications (i.e. foramen ovale, ductus arteriosus) close following delivery of the infant, blood on the right side of the heart should not mix with blood on the left side of the heart.
The first branch off the arch of the aorta is the brachiocephalic artery in both the sheep and the human.
true; In both the sheep and human, the brachiocephalic artery is the first major vessel to exit the arch of the aorta. Further branching of the brachiocephalic artery and the arch of the aorta differs between a sheep and a human.
The heart is actually (one, two, or three) pumps?
two pumps
What does the QRS complex represent in the ECG wave tracing?
ventricular depolarization
What does the QRS complex represent in the ECG wave tracing?
ventricular depolarization Yes, the QRS complex represents depolarization in the ventricles, which have greater mass than the atria.
The QRS complex on an electrocardiogram represents:
ventricular depolarization.
Most of the decrease in ventricular volume takes place during which phase of the cardiac cycle?
ventricular ejection
Ventricular pressure is greater than aortic pressure during which phase of the cardiac cycle?
ventricular ejection
Most of the increase in left ventricular volume takes place during what phase of the cardiac cycle?
ventricular filling
What does the T wave of the electrocardiogram represent?
ventricular repolarization
At what point in the cardiac cycle does the AV valve open?
when atrial pressure becomes greater than ventricular pressure
At what point in the cardiac cycle does the semilunar valve close?
when pressure in the ventricle becomes less than aortic pressure
The tricuspid valve is closed ________.
when the ventricle is in systole
At what point in the cardiac cycle does the semilunar valve open?
when ventricular pressure becomes greater than aortic pressure
At what point during the cardiac cycle does the AV valve close?
when ventricular pressure becomes greater than atrial pressure
