Mastering Biology CH 1, 2, 3, and 24
In 1991, Mt. Pinatubo in the Philippines erupted. The accompanying photo shows the ash and debris that the volcano propelled high into the atmosphere. What meteorological impact could these aerosols have on the global weather and climate?
-The ash and smoke could lead to an increase in clouds and fog. -Global temperatures could decrease.
Drag each level of ecological organization on the left to the example of that level on the right. : a single fish living in the lake's shallow water near the shoreline : a group of fish of the same species inhabiting the shallow water near the shoreline : fishes, invertebrates, plants, and microbes inhabiting the shallow water near the shoreline : the fishes, invertebrates, plants, microbes, rocks, sediments, and water in the lake, and the interactions between them
-organism -population -community -ecosystem
What might be an accurate albedo measure of the surface of a glacier?
0.9
While Rachel Carson was writing Silent Spring, a picture of how DDT influences bird populations was emerging. Scientists hypothesized that DDT was causing the observed decline in fish-eating bird populations. The assumptions and connections underlying this hypothesis were complex. In this activity, you will reconstruct those connections.
1) Farmers use DDT on their crops to kill insect pests. 2) DDT enters nearby waterways via runoff. 3) Small aquatic invertebrates absorb the DDT. 4) Fish eat the DDT-contaminated invertebrates. 5) Birds eat the DDT-contaminated fish. 6) Birds with DDT in their bodies lay eggs with DDT and weak shells. 7)Few baby birds hatch, and the population declines.
The year 2030 goal set by the US Department of Energy is to generate __________.
20% of electricity using wind-powered systems
Once air rises from the Earth, how far does it travel before it sinks back to the Earth's surface?
30 degrees of latitude
___________ would help prevent the creation of leachate.
Capping the landfill when it is filled to capacity
You work with a team of scientists to study the effect of seed predators and seedling establishment in Costa Rica. You create an experiment in which crabs, the major seed predator, are excluded, and control areas remain in their natural state. You collect the following data: Study site 1: The control had five new seedlings, and the experimental had 20 new seedlings. Study site 2: The control had zero new seedlings, and the experimental site had 17 new seedlings. Study site 3: The control had three new seedlings, and the experimental site had 18 new seedlings. Based on this data, you may do which of the following?
Conclude that your data support the hypothesis that seed predation reduces new seedling growth
What are rain shadows?
Dry regions on the leeward side of mountain ranges.
Which location on Earth receives the most solar radiation per unit area?
Equator
You want to be as careful as possible that the variable of interest--namely, favorite movie genre--is clearly distinguishable from any other variables. What should you do next?
Refine your hypothesis.
Which desert is caused by a Hadley cell?
Sahara Desert in Africa.
Which set of statements is correct?
The greenhouse effect is a natural phenomenon. Human activity has increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere over the past 250 years.
Precipitation is higher in tropical regions than in temperate and polar regions.
True
The interaction of a biotic community and its abiotic environment is referred to as a(n)
ecosystem
Which of the following is considered an abiotic component of the ecosystem?
temperature
Surface ocean currents ___.
-are driven by winds -are influenced by Coriolis effect -form large rotating gyres in the major ocean basins
A researcher wants to determine if water runoff from farm fields sprayed with herbicides affects the hatching success of frog eggs in nearby ponds. What experiment could the researcher conduct to address her question? 1) Observation: 2) Hypothesis: 3) Prediction: 4) Test (experiment): 5) Results:
1) "I've seen that frog eggs in ponds that receive runoff from farm fields sprayed with herbicides hatch at lower rates than those in unaffected ponds." 2) ''The hatching success of frog eggs is affected by exposure to herbicides.'' 3) ''If frog eggs are exposed to elevated levels of herbicides, the hatching success of the eggs will decrease.'' 4) "In the laboratory, raise frog eggs in pond water with varying concentrations of herbicide, and measure hatching success rates." 5) "Analysis of experimental data concludes that herbicide levels affect hatching rates."
The process of science is not limited to acquiring and visualizing data (as you did in Part B). Analysis and interpretation of the data are also essential parts of scientific investigation. The graph that you produced in Part B is reproduced here.
1) The change in chirp rate with each change in temperature is similar for the two species. 2) The difference between the chirp rates of the two species remains fairly constant across the range of temperatures tested. 3) It is possible for a male snowy tree cricket and a male field cricket to sing with the same chirp rate, but only at different temperatures.
1) self 2) heat 3) beyond 4) alongside 5) within 6) food, nourishment 7) killer 8) other 9) light 10) between
1) auto- 2) therm- 3) ultra- 4) para- 5) intra- 6) troph 7) -cide 8) hetero- 9) photo- 10) inter-
1) water 2) grass 3) first 4) few 5) under, below 6) eat 7) from, out of, remove 8) animal 9) all 10) flesh
1) hydro- 2) herb- 3) prim- 4) oligo- 5) sub- 6) -vor 7) de- 8) zoo- (or zoa-) 9) omni- 10) carn-
Can you match these prefixes, suffixes, and word roots with their definitions? 1) small 2) large 3) without, lack of, not 4) plant 5) across 6) life 7) study of 8) house, household 9) true, good 10) water
1) micro- 2) macro- 3) a- (or an-) 4) -phyte 5) trans- 6) bio- 7) -logy 8) eco- 9) eu- 10) aqu- (or aqua-)
Which of the following is true of a theory?
A theory is a set of hypotheses that together explain a broad set of observations better than a single hypothesis.
Which of the following statements about Hadley cells is true?
As warm air rises, air at the top of the atmosphere is pushed poleward and cools.
Although "dry tombing" or capping a landfill after it is full is necessary, what problem can it create?
Biodegradable waste can remain for decades in a landfill.
Weather refers to the state of the atmosphere at a specific time and/or place. Although weather is constantly changing, generalizations can be made about weather variations based on observations over many years. Read the following statements, and determine whether they refer to weather, to climate, or to both. Drag the appropriate items into their respective bins.
Climate -January is Omaha's coldest month. -Much of central Australia is desert. -I am moving to southern Arizona because it is warm and sunny. Weather -The high this afternoon was 25° C. -Tuesday afternoon a tornado touched down in Iowa. Both -Thursday's low of -20° C is the coldest temperature ever recorded for that city. -Wisconsin had an unseasonably large snowstorm last week.
Which of the following statements about the environment is FALSE?
Each population of organisms tends to remain isolated from the rest of the populations in the environment.
Equatorial currents that are part of the subtropical gyres flow ___. Equatorial counter currents between the gyres flow ___ .
East to west; west to east
__________ coined the term ecology.
Ernst Haeckel
A freshwater pond ecosystem includes only the living organisms within the pond.
False
A hotter object emits longer wavelengths than a cooler object.
False
Rainfall in the Northern Hemisphere is greater than rainfall in the Southern Hemisphere.
False
True or false? Weather is defined as the prevailing long-term atmospheric conditions in a particular region.
False
Why is ecology considered an interdisciplinary science?
It involves and draws from various fields of science such as geology, hydrology, and meteorology.
When visiting a friend in Columbus, OH, this winter, you noticed that the temperatures were consistently colder in Columbus than in your home town of Atlantic City, NJ. When you discussed this with your friend, she explained that Columbus is significantly further inland than coastal Atlantic City, while they are still at the same latitude. Why does that explain the difference in weather?
Land surfaces heat and cool more rapidly than water surfaces because of the high specific heat of water.
In the case of DDT, some researchers and industry leaders were concerned that chemicals other than (or in addition to) DDT could be causing egg shell thinning. Blus and his colleagues also looked for a relationship between egg shell thinning and DDE (a breakdown product of DDT), PCBs, dieldrin, and mercury. This is an example of how scientists can simultaneously test multiple predictions and/or hypotheses. Blus and his team analyzed their data using regressions. A regression is used to compare two continuous variables, for example, a person's height vs. foot length. In a regression, the slope measures how much the y value changes as a function of the x value. In this study, if the slope is very steep, that means that a small amount of chemical is causing a great change in egg shell thickness. The graph shows an adaptation of Blus's results. Notice that next to each line in the graph is a p-value. A p-value is a statistical measure of how likely it is that a relationship is due to random chance. For example, a p-value of 0.05 means that there is a probability of 0.05 (5%) that the results could be due to random chance. If there is a greater than 5% chance the results are due to chance, you cannot trust that a relationship between the variables really exists. In other words, even if you see a dramatic slope, if the p-value is greater than 0.05, you must treat the result as non-significant and conclude that there is not a relationship between the variables. Rank the chemicals according to how much they influence egg shell thickness.
Least influence on egg shell thickness -DDT -dieldrin -mercury -PCBs -DDE Greatest influence on egg shell thickness
Which one of the following statements is true?
Many African governments concluded that the potential long-term health effects of DDT were not as serious as the immediate problem of insect control.
__________ are abstract, simplified representations of real systems that scientists use to predict some behavior or response from a set of explicit assumptions.
Models
In the course of a conversation, you observe that three of your friends like horror movies. Horror movies happen to be your favorite type of movie as well. You also know that all of these friends were born in the same week that you were, even in the same year. An astrology-loving friend hypothesizes that people born in that week like horror movies more than other genres of movies. You decide to use the scientific method to test this hypothesis. What should you do next?
Perform experiments to test your hypothesis.
Which aspects of a region's climate have the most impact on plants and animals?
Temperature and moisture.
Why do beaches often have less extreme temperature variation than inland areas?
The ocean moderates the temperatures.
A population refers to all the individuals of the same species that occupy a given area.
True
A valid scientific hypothesis must be testable.
True
Masses of air and water are deflected to the right in the Northern Hemisphere and to the left in the Southern Hemisphere.
True
Solar radiation is more direct in tropical latitudes than in temperate latitudes.
True
Vegetation is usually more dense and vigorous on the windward side of mountains than on the leeward side.
True
Which action influences the abiotic components of an organism's environment?
Water pollution.
Which of the following question is most appropriate to an investigation at the landscape level?
Which factors give rise to the spatial extent and arrangement of the various ecosystems?
Which of the following would be considered household hazardous waste?
a can of spray paint
Which of the following is a biotic factor?
a predator
Warm ocean currents ___.
are warmer than the surrounding water
Without the greenhouse effect, the Earth would
be much colder than it currently is
Which of the following is a greenhouse gas?
carbon dioxide
The two major atmospheric gases that absorb energy from the Sun are
carbon dioxide and water vapor.
Gyres are __________.
circular movements of ocean water influenced by the Coriolis effect
As air rises over a mountain, it
cools and tends to lose moisture in the form of precipitation.
In the vicinity of 30° north and 30° south, air typically
descends, warms, and is dry.
The real goal of hypothesis testing is to
eliminate incorrect ideas.
The Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ), where the southeasterly and northeasterly trade winds meet, is characterized by __________.
high amounts of precipitation
A(n) __________ is an educated guess about an observed phenomenon.
hypothesis
Where is temperature variation the greatest?
in the temperate regions
In the figure, Available N is the (on graph Available N is on the x-axis)
independent variable.
When our oil supply is depleted, a new material will need to be used to produce _________.
plastic
The subtropical gyres ___.
play a large role in climate
In general, which two factors determine the overall temperature of Earth's atmosphere?
radiation coming into and radiation going out of Earth's atmosphere
Deep ocean currents ___.
result from changes in water density (due to temperature and salt content)
Incoming radiation exceeds outgoing radiation at or near
the equator.
The basic unit of ecology is __________.
the individual
The ultimate source of energy that drives wind power is __________.
the sun
Global warming is _________________.
the warming of Earth's atmosphere caused by the production of greenhouse gases due to human activity
Which three gases are most important on Earth for inhibiting the release of longwave radiation back into space?
water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane
Between 30°-60° north latitude, wind currents typically blow from
west to east and are deflected toward the right.
Electricity in a wind turbine is generated __________.
when spinning magnets move past a coil of copper wire
Which of the following experiments would best test your hypothesis?
Find other people born in the same week and ask them what their favorite type of movie is.
Land and sea breezes create more pleasant weather conditions for coastal areas, primarily in tropical regions, but also in some mid-latitude areas. This is also true for the 24-hour cycle of the day, in which land and sea breezes moderate extremes of high temperatures during the day and cold temperatures at night. In this activity, you will label the targets in a way that diagrams the sequence of events that leads to milder temperatures in coastal areas at night. Drag the appropriate labels to their respective targets. The pink labels are surface temperature conditions for land and sea. The blue labels are for ascending/descending air and breeze conditions (arrows). You do not need to use all labels.
Warm air rises and cools --> Cool air descends --> Cooler surface temperatures (higher pressure) (LAND) --> Off-shore breeze --> Warmer surface temperatures (lower pressure) (SEA) --> Warm air rises and cools (repeat)
In animal populations, DDT causes _____.
birth defects
In general, what is the difference between the energy that comes into Earth from the Sun and the energy that Earth emits back to space?
wavelength
The difference between climate and weather is that
climate is the long term pattern of weather.
Only 51 percent of incoming solar radiation actually reaches Earth's surface. Most of the remaining 49 percent of incoming radiation is reflected back to space by
clouds and the atmosphere.
A predator consuming prey would occur at the organizational level of the
community
A(n) __________ is a collection of populations that potentially interact.
community
Coastal areas experience less seasonal variation than inland areas at the same latitude. This is called __________.
continentality
Where on the Earth's surface is there little annual variation in temperature?
equator
DDT is _____-soluble so it accumulates in _____.
fat ... milk
Cool ocean currents ___.
generally flow from high latitudes towards the equator
Producing electricity using wind instead of fossil fuels __________.
generates no carbon dioxide in the process
Choose the pair below that is INCORRECTLY matched.
landscape: broad-scale patterns of climate and geology
What hazardous material do electronics contain, making them important to recycle properly?
lead
A typical wind farm in the United States consists of __________.
many very large wind turbines clustered in a region with a low human population
What hazardous material do fluorescent light bulbs contain, making it important to dispose of them properly?
mercury
Which of the following causes rain shadows?
mountainous topography
The large-scale distribution of plants in terrestrial environments is determined primarily by __________.
temperature and precipitation
An integrated set of hypotheses that together explain a broader set of observations is considered a(n)
theory
What is the absolute pressure that organisms experience at 900 meters' depth?
91 atm
The figure below shows a mountain stream that has been dammed. The dam has created an artificial lake into which the mountain stream now flows. Label the diagram to specify which points are below base level, at base level, and above base level for the stream flowing into the artificial lake. Drag the appropriate labels to their respective targets. Labels may be used more than once.
A (Sea)- Below ultimate base level B(Dam)- Ultimate base level C(Original profile)- Local base level (New stream profile formed by deposition of sediment) D- Above local base level
The term __________ refers to the floor of the sea, while the term benthos refers to __________.
benthic; organisms that live on the ocean floor
What are the pelagic waters of the oceanic zone?
characterized by phytoplankton as the dominant autotrophs and zooplankton as the major herbivores
Which of these is characteristic of the photic zone of a freshwater biome?
the presence of algae
If you sampled the vertical distribution of oxygen in a temperate lake during fall overturn or turnover, you would find __________.
uniform concentrations at all depths
Deeper, nutrient-rich ocean waters are brought up to the surface by __________.
upwelling
Coral reefs grow best where water is
warm, shallow, and clear.
The __________ links all marine and freshwater aquatic environments.
water cycle
Aquatic biomes can be distinguished by chemical characteristics such as dissolved oxygen content and salinity and by physical characteristics such as water flow. Which five of the following statements about aquatic biomes are true?
-A freshwater organism permanently attached to the substrate would be unlikely to survive and reproduce in an estuary. -Estuaries are very productive and are used as breeding grounds by many species of fish. -Tropical coral reefs generally exist in relatively shallow areas of the ocean. -Temperature drives water movement in some lakes. -Wetlands have slow water movement or no water movement and no turnover.
The following graph shows the average pH of the ocean over the last 20 million years of Earth's history. What can be concluded from the graph? Select all that apply.
-Average ocean pH has fluctuated over the millennia from just over 8.0 to about 8.3. -In the last 20 million years of Earth's history, the average pH has never gone below 8.0.
Based on the hypothesis that DDT was causing a decline in fish-eating bird populations in the United States, a group of scientists predicted that the amount of DDT in bird eggs was correlated with the thickness of the egg shells. For their experiment, they planned to visit a number of fish-eating bird populations and take 1 egg from 70 nests. In the laboratory, they would open the eggs to measure the concentration of chemicals such as DDT. They would also measure the thickness of the egg shells. The researchers had to decide which species of birds they would use in their study. Choosing the proper study organisms is very important because the species must be appropriate for the experiment, and practical to work with. Imagine that it is 1960, and the scientists have asked you to help them select the species of bird for use in their research. They have narrowed their options down to 6 species. Drag a check mark to species that would be good to use in the study; there may be more than one. Drag an X to species that would not be good for the study.
-Bald Eagle- X -American Goldfinch- X -Brown Pelican- O -Osprey- O -Secretary Bird- X -Emperor Penguin- X
Based on the observation that only male crickets produce a song, you hypothesize that a male's song is a form of communication to potential mates. You set up a simple experiment to test this hypothesis. In the laboratory, you place a male snowy tree cricket in enclosure A, which is adjacent to enclosure B. In enclosure B, you place other insects, one at a time, and observe their responses to the male's song. The enclosures are designed so that the two insects being tested cannot see or smell each other, but sound is transmitted from enclosure A to enclosure B. For each insect below, indicate whether it is part of an experimental group or a control group when placed in enclosure B. Labels may be used once, more than once, or not at all.
-Male Snowy Tree Cricket- Control Group -Female Snowy Tree Cricket- Experimental Group -Female Field Cricket- Control Group
Which of these statements is supported by the pie charts? Select all that apply.
-Most of the fresh water on Earth is found in ice caps and glaciers. -Fresh water makes up a small percentage of all water on Earth.
Which of the following statements about lakes is FALSE?
-Retreating glaciers form ponds and lakes. -Most ponds and lakes have outlet streams. -Lakes may form from debris blocking a slow-moving stream. -Some lakes are so large that they mimic marine environments. =The formation of ponds and lakes occurs only through geological activity.
The table shown here lists the specific heat of several substances. Based on the information in the table, which of the following statements are true? Select all that apply.
-Sulfuric acid is less resistant to temperature change than water. -Benzene is more resistant to temperature change than sulfuric acid. -Water has a high specific heat due to the hydrogen bonding between water molecules. -More heat is required to raise the temperature of 1 g of water 1 ∘C than to raise the temperature of 1 g of ethyl alcohol 1 ∘C
Which of the following statements is FALSE?
-Water flow is used to classify aquatic environments. -Salinity is a major feature used to classify aquatic environments. =Turbidity is generally used to classify aquatic environments. -The depth of water is used to classify aquatic environments. -The type of substrate is a factor that is used to classify aquatic environments.
These pie charts show the distribution of Earth's fresh water. What percentage of Earth's fresh water is found in rivers?
0.01%
If the current trend continues, what do you predict the temperature anomaly will be in 2025?
0.6
Drag the terms on the left to the appropriate blanks on the right to complete the sentences. Not all terms will be used.
1. surface waterrefers to all liquid fresh water located above ground. 2. Precipitation that infiltrates Earth's surface and percolates downward becomes groundwater. 3. A lake is a large body of water that has extensive areas of open water, some of which is too deep for photosynthetic life. 4. A river meanders across land and structures the landscape. 5. A watershed is the entire land area that supplies a river or stream with water from precipitation. 6. A wetland has water-saturated soil, shallow standing water, and ample vegetation.
The following graphs represent the future projections from Part B. Drag the labels to their appropriate locations on the graphs.
1st graph (upward): Atmospheric CO2 (ppm) Pessimistic --> Middle ground --> Optimistic 2nd graph (downward): Oceanic pH Optimistic --> Middle ground --> Pessimistic
At what temperature does pure water reach its maximum density?
4°C
The graphs from Part C are shown here. Can you interpret them? Drag the terms on the left to the appropriate blanks on the right to complete the sentences.
1. In 2016, atmospheric CO2 was at 400 ppm, and oceanic pH was at 8.1. 2. Under the Optimistic scenario, CO2 concentrations in the atmosphere will increase but will remain under 600 ppm through 2090. 3. Under the Middle Ground scenario, CO2 concentrations in the atmosphere will get close to, but are not projected to exceed 700 ppm by 2090. 4. Under the Pessimistic scenario, CO2 concentrations in the atmosphere are projected to exceed 800 ppm by 2090. 5. Across all three scenarios, ocean pH falls below 8.0 by 2090. 6. From the information in the graphs, you can conclude that oceanic pH and atmospheric CO2 concentration are negatively (or inversely) correlated. 7. Although not reflected in this graph, you can infer that as atmospheric carbon dioxide increases, oceanic carbon dioxide concentrations also increase, suggesting that the two variables are positively (or directly) correlated.
Coastal areas exhibit different breeze patterns during the day and night because of different rates of heat absorption and release by land and sea. This activity will familiarize you with these patterns. Match each key term to the appropriate description. Be sure to complete all the sentences before submitting your answer. You do not need to use all terms.
1. Sea-to-land breezes blow in an on-shore direction. 2. convectional currents are circular movements of rising and descending air. 3. Land-to-sea breezes (local winds) occur during nighttime. 4. During the day, air above sea is cooler than it is above land.
Sara Nicholas presents the case for dam removal by offering a variety of reasons. Which of the following reasons is her primary argument for removing dams?
All dams harm riparian environments.
How much of Earth's surface water exists in the oceans?
Almost all of Earth's surface water exists in the oceans.
As explained in the GraphIt! activity, the way ocean acidification works is that atmospheric carbon dioxide reacts with seawater to produce carbonic acid, resulting in increased acidity (measured by lower pH values). The change in pH is due to the H+ ions released as the carbonic acid molecule dissociates, forming bicarbonate ions and H+ ions. Furthermore, the H+ ions combine with carbonate ions present in ocean water, forming more bicarbonate ions. In summary, excess carbon dioxide leads not only to lower pH, but also to lower carbonate levels and higher bicarbonate levels. The decrease in carbonate levels affects calcification rates for organisms that build their shells from calcium carbonate (CaCO3); less carbonate means less calcium carbonate can be formed. The following graph depicts the relationship between atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and calcification rates in corals. Drag "True" or "False" to the end of each statement.
As atmospheric CO2 concentrations reach 840 ppm, or three times the preindustrial level, the calcification rate will be reduced to 30 mmol/m2/day. False Coral reef calcification rates are projected to steadily decline as atmospheric CO2 concentrations increase. True As atmospheric CO2 concentrations reach 560 ppm, or double the preindustrial level, the coral calcification rate is projected to be reduced by more than two-thirds from what it was at the preindustrial level. True Declining coral calcification rates suggests a decrease in the level of bicarbonates and an increase in the level of carbonates in seawater. False Although not reflected in the graph, based on how ocean acidification works, the relationship between oceanic pH and coral reef calcification rates can be predicted to be positively (or directly) correlated. True The data in this graph could also be plotted as a pie chart. False
Analyze the graph and sort the following characteristics as those which appear at the headwaters and mouth of the stream. Drag the appropriate items into their respective bins. Each item may be used only once.
At Headwaters channel roughness is high channel size is smaller At Mouth Slope is lower discharge is higher flow velocity is more
You attend a poster session at a conference, "Animal Adaptations in Aquatic Environments." What could one of the titles on the poster appropriately be?
Bioluminescence in the Deep: Organisms Bring Their Own Light Show
Ecological communities near deep-sea thermal vents include __________ as primary producers able to use __________ to release energy that can be used to fix carbon.
chemosynthetic bacteria; oxidation of reduced sulfur compounds
Which of the following environmental concerns do both essay discuss?
Dams block passage for migratory fish.
For each factor described below, decide whether dams have an overall positive impact on it, an overall negative impact on it, or both positive and negative impacts on it. Drag each label to the appropriate bin.
Dams have an overall positive impact on ... electricity generation supplies of drinking water and irrigation water for nearby cities reducing property damage from seasonal flooding in downstream areas Dams have an overall negative impact on ... the risk of catastrophic flood damage in downstream areas supplying sediments to downstream habitats Dams have both positive and negative impacts on ... recreational opportunities fish populations in the river system
The essay in support of dam removal avoids one key environmental benefit touted by dam advocates. If the authors were participating in a debate, how might dam advocates state this benefit?
Dams use a renewable "fuel" (water) to generate clean electricity.
Of the following areas on Earth's surface, which area moves fastest and has the greatest linear velocity?
Equator (0°)
__________ is the total amount of water lost to the atmosphere from the surface of the ground and vegetation.
Evapotranspiration
Cold air can hold more water than warm air.
False
During summer, the amount of oxygen in the water is greatest at the bottom of ponds and lakes.
False
Eutrophic lakes are typically clear, with little algal growth.
False
In the profundal zone of a lake or pond, the rate of photosynthesis exceeds the rate of respiration.
False
Non-flowing water bodies, such as lakes, are referred to as lotic ecosystems.
False
Oceanic gyres circulate in a counterclockwise direction in the Northern Hemisphere and in a clockwise direction in the Southern Hemisphere.
False
The velocity of water in a stream channel is greater along the margins of the channel than in the center of the channel.
False
Organisms living in marine and freshwater environments generally have solute concentrations (or ion concentrations) that are quite different from the water around them. Which of the following statements is true?
Fish that live in estuaries must possess special behavioral or physiological adaptations to survive daily changes in salinity.
Use what you know about lentic and lotic systems to determine which of the following statements about the regulation of river ecosystems is NOT true.
Flood-control dams only hold a small amount of water and usually allow it to flow in non-flood situations. These types of dams will have a large effect on fish communities.
Thomas Flint and Christine Stallard cite multiple benefits of dams. Which of the following statements represents their primary argument for the importance of dams?
Global water use has increased at twice the rate of population growth, and dams can provide water.
Stream channels have three major zones, from their headwaters to the mouth, and each zone exhibits unique characteristics. Label the zones of a river system based on the dominant process operating within each zone. Drag the appropriate labels to their respective targets. You may reuse labels.
Highest point- Zone of sediment production (mountain) Middle point- Zone of sediment transportation (river leading to ocean) Lowest point- Zone of sediment deposition (estuary near ocean)
Rank from highest stream power to lowest stream power. To rank items as equivalent, overlap them.
Highest stream power (profile of stream) C B A Lowest stream power (ultimate base level)
The oceans play an important role in regulating the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere by absorbing atmospheric CO2. Atmospheric CO2 reacts with seawater to produce carbonic acid, resulting in increased oceanic acidity (measured by lower pH values). How could this data be best represented graphically?
Line graph
Which of the following statements about estuaries is NOT true?
Most estuarine species are pelagic.
Streams are the most important agents that sculpt Earth's surface. River systems involve not only a network of stream channels, but the entire drainage basin. Based on the dominant processes operating within them, the river systems can be divided into three zones—sediment production, sediment transport, and sediment deposition. Each zone exhibits unique characteristics such as velocity (the speed at which a stream flows), discharge (the volume of water passing a point at a given time), gradient (slope), and depth. Streams are narrower at the headwaters, and they broaden out toward the mouth. Match each of the following processes with one of the three zones shown on the figure of a river system. Drag the appropriate labels to their respective targets.
Mountain- sediment production River- sediment transport Estuary- sediment deposition
Based on the characteristics of the sediments, such as size, mass, and solubility, the sediments are classified into dissolved, suspended, and bed loads. Dissolved loads comprise sediments that are very small in size and are carried in solution. Suspended loads are sediments that float in the water since they are neither large/massive enough to settle down on the stream bed nor are soluble enough to dissolve completely. Bed loads are all the coarser sediment that are bigger and heavier in size and shape. The ability of a stream to erode and transport sediments is directly related to its velocity, which is the speed at which water flows through a stream. You will match the influence of velocity associated with each type of load transport. Drag the appropriate labels to their respective targets.
Nature of Load - Influence of Velocity 1. Dissolved load- Unaffected by the velocity of stream 2. Suspended load- Affected by both flow velocity and settling velocity of stream 3. Bed load- Highly affected by the velocity of stream
Which of the following statements about productivity in oceans is NOT true?
Net primary productivity in the Antarctic is very low due to light and nutrient limitations.
Classify each pollutant in the category that best describes its impact on oceans.
Nutrient pollution Agricultural runoff containing nitrogen and phosphorous fertilizers Sewage from cities Chemical pollution Oil and gasoline dripped from motor vehicles Mercury from power plant emissions Oil spilled from ocean drilling Trash and debris pollution Torn fishing nets Garbage from cruise ships Plastic bottle caps mistaken as food by sea birds
Why is the ocean off the coast of Florida warmer than it is off the coast of Western Mexico?
Ocean currents are coming from the tropics rather than the poles.
How does water get from the oceans onto land?
Ocean water evaporates to form gaseous water and moves into the atmosphere, where it condenses into liquid water and falls out of the atmosphere to land as rain.
__________ aquatic ecosystems are nutrient poor.
Oligotrophic
You are working on a project about waves in very large lakes and oceans. You study wave and wind dynamics on many days. Which of the following is NOT a likely observation from your study?
On very windy days, you notice that the waves are not as high as usual.
Which of the following statements about coral reef communities is NOT true?
Reef-building corals are limited to warm tropical waters with high concentrations of carbon dioxide and relatively high salinity.
You are part of a panel that reviews dam permits for renewal. Your panel hears testimony from both pro-dam and pro-dam removal advocates. Which of the following scenarios is least likely to be controversial?
Removal of a mill dam for a now defunct mill operation
__________ represent the feeding group of invertebrates found in rivers and streams that feed on coarse particulate organic matter (CPOM).
Shredders
Which of the following statements about changes in flowing-water ecosystems is true?
Shredders become scarce in increasingly higher-order streams.
Which of the following statements about the Coriolis effect is true?
The Coriolis effect influences the direction of winds at the Earth's surface.
What would happen to atmospheric water if Earth were mostly covered with land?
The atmosphere would contain less water.
What does the hydrologic cycle describe?
The hydrologic cycle describes how liquid and gaseous water move between the ocean, atmosphere, and land.
Which of the following statements about marine ecosystems is true?
The microbial loop adds trophic levels to the marine food chain.
What would happen to the oceans if surface runoff and groundwater flow were reduced (for example, by the growth of ice sheets during an ice age)?
The oceans would become smaller.
Which of the following statements about the marine coastal environment is true?
The uppermost areas of the intertidal zone experience the most extreme fluctuations.
__________ is the movement of water from internal surfaces of leaves, stems, and other living parts of plants into the atmosphere.
Transpiration
Cold water contains more oxygen than warm water.
True
In the vicinity of the equator, air warmed by solar radiation rises.
True
In Part C, you observed that different species of crickets could sing at the same chirp rate, but only at different temperatures. The figure below shows, for example, that the snowy tree cricket and the common field cricket can both produce songs with 100 chirps per minute, but the snowy tree cricket does so at about 16 °C while the common field cricket does so at about 30 °C. Because you found these two species coexisting in the same region where you collected them, you form the following hypothesis and prediction: Hypothesis: Female crickets respond to both the chirp rate of the male's song and the local temperature when identifying potential mates. Prediction: If the female is at a different temperature from the male, she will not respond to the male's song even if it is a male of the same species. To test your hypothesis, you use the same laboratory setup that you used in Part A. The only difference is that now the temperature of the two enclosures can be independently controlled. In your proposed experiment: A male snowy tree cricket will be placed in the first enclosure and kept at 25 °C. A sexually mature female snowy tree cricket will be placed in the second enclosure, and its response to the male's song will be determined at several different temperatures between 10 °C and 40 °C. Based on your observations in Part A, you score the response of the female on a scale of 0 to 10, where 10 represents the female turning directly toward the singing male and 0 represents no motion or random turning. Assuming your hypothesis is supported, which of the following graphs predicts the response of the female cricket to the male's song as the temperature of the female's enclosure varies?
Upwards graph with a peak in the direct middle
Why do water temperatures vary less than air temperatures in the same climate?
Water has a high specific heat.
You and a classmate are studying the impacts of global climate change on coral reefs. You disagree about the subject. Your friend claims that increased CO2 levels can be absorbed by the ocean and will increase productivity, so it will increase reef building. You argue that increased CO2 levels will lead to decreased pH, and that will reduce calcium carbonate (CaCO3) levels, thus decreasing reef building. Who is right?
You are right, and your friend is wrong.
What is a riffle?
a fast-moving shallow body of water
Label the following diagram of water molecules, indicating the location of bonds and the partial charges on the atoms. Drag the labels to their appropriate locations on the diagram of the water molecules below. Labels can be used once, more than once, or not at all.
a) covalent bond b) alpha- c) hydrogen bond d) alpha + e) alpha + f) covalent bond g) alpha - h) hydrogen bond
Zones in lakes and oceans are delineated by depth, distance from shore, or light penetration. Different zones have different physical and chemical characteristics, such as temperature and salinity. Label the diagrams of zonation in lakes and oceans. Drag the labels to their correct targets on the diagrams below.
a) freshwater plants may be rooted here b) littoral zone c) limnetic zone d) alternately dry and submerged e) extends to edge of continental shelf f) generally low nutrient levels g) light penetrates here h) no photosynthesis occurs here i) benthic zone
Classify each statement as an example of adhesion, cohesion, or surface tension. Drag each statement to the appropriate bin.
adhesion Water molecules cling to the side of a beaker. Water molecules cling to plant cell walls. cohesion Water molecules are attracted to each other. A drop of water spilled on a table forms a drop on the table, rather than spreading out over the surface. surface tension A sewing needle floats when it is placed gently on top of water in a bucket. A water strider runs across a pond without breaking the surface.
Where is most of Earth's freshwater found?
as ice at Earth's surface
In lakes and ponds, decomposition occurs primarily in the
benthic zone.
A(n) _____ is a region where fresh water and salt water mix.
estuary
What process exerts the pull on water molecules that is relayed from leaf to root via cohesion?
evaporation
The transformation of water from a liquid state to a gaseous state is known as
evaporation.
The lattice arrangement of water molecules is a result of __________.
hydrogen bonding
The pH is the negative logarithm of the concentration of __________ in solution.
hydrogen ions
The region of colder, denser water found in the deepest zone of a lake in summer is called the __________.
hypolimnion
The depth of a thermocline is directly influenced by all the following factors, except
influx of water.
In lakes and ponds, photosynthesis occurs primarily in the
limnetic zone.
In lakes and ponds, phytoplankton and zooplankton are most abundant in the
limnetic zone.
The _____ biome is the largest of Earth's biomes.
marine
The oxygen-minimum layer of an ocean occurs in the
mesopelagic zone.
What is the largest contributor to pelagic biomass in temperate and tropical waters?
nanoplankton
The __________ province of oceans includes waters over the continental shelf.
neritic
Many physical features dictate life in an estuary. The physical feature with the most influence on organismal distribution is
salinity.
Water is an amazing __________. It can dissolve more substances than other liquids.
solvent
Which of the following bodies of water best represents a lotic ecosystem?
stream
The benthic zone of aquatic environments is defined as the _____.
substrate at the bottom of the body of water
In many temperate lakes, thermal energy from sunlight causes changes in the temperature of surface waters. These changes initiate a turnover, a mixing of waters that occurs in spring and fall. Determine the correct order of events involved in seasonal turnover. Drag the labels onto the flowchart of seasonal turnover. Labels may be used once, more than once, or not at all.
sun melts ice --> SPRING a) surface water warms to 4°C and sinks b) water mixes, bringing oxygen to the bottom and nutrients to the surface SUMMER c) warm surface water is separated from cooler bottom water by thermocline FALL d) surface water cools to 4°C and sinks e) water mixes, bringing oxygen to the bottom and nutrients to the surface WINTER --> ice forms at the surface; water is warmer with increasing depth
Which of the following occurs near the equator?
the Hadley cell
Which ocean is Earth's largest?
the Pacific Ocean
You are trying to help a friend sort some specimens in her lab. She collected organisms from a lake and forgot to label the sample with the part of the lake from which they were taken. Please select the item below that is correctly matched with its collection zone.
zooplankton labeled "limnetic zone"
