Mastering Biology - CH 10 & 12

92

A human bone marrow cell, in prophase of mitosis, contains 46 chromosomes. How many chromatids does it contain? 46 46 or 92, depending on the portion of prophase examined 92 23 23 or 46, depending on the portion of prophase examined

prometaphase

Spindle fibers attach to kinetochores during _____. telophase anaphase prometaphase metaphase interphase

ATP and NADPH.

The light reactions of photosynthesis supply the Calvin cycle with sugar and O2. CO2 and ATP. light energy. H2O and NADPH. ATP and NADPH.

water ... NADPH

The light reactions of photosynthesis use _____ and produce _____. NADPH ... oxygen water ... NADPH carbon dioxide ... sugar NADPH ... NADP+ carbon dioxide ... oxygen

making sugar

The overall function of the Calvin cycle is _____. oxidizing glucose splitting water producing carbon dioxide capturing sunlight making sugar

chloroplasts

The photosynthetic membranes are found in the _____ in plant cells. nucleus mitochondria endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus chloroplasts

Proton Gradient

According to the chemiosmotic hypothesis, what provides the energy that directly drives ATP synthesis? Temperature gradient Electrons Proton gradient Osmotic gradient

NADPH

After 3-PGA is phosphorylated, it is reduced by _____. CO2 ADP NADP+ NADPH ATP

transfer fixed carbon dioxide to cells in which the Calvin cycle occurs

C4 plants differ from C3 and CAM plants in that C4 plants _____. use PEP carboxylase to fix carbon dioxide transfer fixed carbon dioxide to cells in which the Calvin cycle occurs are better adapted to wet conditions use malic acid to transfer carbon dioxide to the Calvin cycle open their stomata only at night

they can fix carbon at the lower CO2 concentrations that develop when the stomata are closed

C4 plants occur more commonly in desert conditions because _____. they can fix carbon at the lower CO2 concentrations that develop when the stomata are closed they produce carbon dioxide internally via photorespiration they store carbon by incorporating CO2 into organic acids that are later catabolized they produce water as a product of their photosynthetic pathways the stomata open at night and close in the day

RuBP

Carbon fixation involves the addition of carbon dioxide to _____. Rubisco 3-PGA NADPH G3P RuBP

all of the above

Cells taken from Henrietta Lacks have been used for experiments leading to _____. new treatments for cancer tests of the effects of atomic radiation on life the development of a polio vaccine all of the above

anaphase

Centromeres divide and sister chromatids become full-fledged chromosomes during _____. prometaphase telophase anaphase metaphase interphase

A and C (photosystem I and photosystem II)

Chlorophyll can be found in _____.

ATP will not be produced because there is no ADP and inorganic phosphate in the solution.

Chloroplast membrane vesicles are equilibrated in a simple solution of pH 5‎ . The solution is then adjusted to pH 8‎ . Which of the following conclusions can be drawn from these experimental conditions? Protons will not diffuse toward the outside of the vesicles. ATP will be produced because the proton gradient favors proton movement through the ATP synthase channels. The change in the solution's pH results in a gradient across the chloroplast membranes such that there is a lower concentration of protons inside the vesicles and a higher concentration outside. ATP will not be produced because there is no ADP and inorganic phosphate in the solution.

prophase

Chromosomes become visible during _____. prophase metaphase interphase prometaphase anaphase

telophase

Cytokinesis often, but not always, accompanies _____. prometaphase interphase metaphase anaphase telophase

She was never told that her cells were being taken, and neither she nor her family has been compensated.

Did doctors ask Henrietta Lacks' permission to take her cells, and was she paid for them? She was never told that her cells were being taken, and neither she nor her family has been compensated. She granted her permission but was not paid. She was never told that her cells were being taken, but her family has since been compensated. She granted her permission and was paid.

the mitotic phase

During _____ both the contents of the nucleus and the cytoplasm are divided. G1 mitosis S G2 the mitotic phase

interphase

During _____ the cell grows and replicates both its organelles and its chromosomes. G1 interphase S cytokinesis mitosis

two chromosomes and four chromatids

During prophase a homologous pair of chromosomes consists of _____. two chromosomes and two chromatids one chromosome and four chromatids four chromosomes and two chromatids one chromosome and two chromatids two chromosomes and four chromatids

C (photosystem I)

Energized electrons from ____ enter an electron transport chain and are then used to reduce NADP+.

Cells were taken while she was being treated for cancer many years ago, and these cells have been cultured in the lab ever since.

How did doctors harvest and culture cells from Henrietta Lacks? Cells were taken while she was being treated for cancer many years ago, and these cells have been cultured in the lab ever since. Her body was recently exhumed from her grave, and cells were taken and grown in the lab. Her cells were frozen for many decades and have recently been thawed and grown in the lab. A kidney that she donated to someone else was recovered when that patient died, and cells from the kidney were used to create a culture.

In both cases, rubisco is not used to fix carbon initially.

How is photosynthesis similar in C4 plants and CAM plants? In both cases, thylakoids are not involved in photosynthesis. Both types of plants make most of their sugar in the dark. In both cases, only photosystem I is used. In both cases, rubisco is not used to fix carbon initially. Both types of plants make sugar without the Calvin cycle.

6

How many carbon dioxide molecules must be added to RuBP to make a single molecule of glucose? 10 6 4 2 8

D

Identify a thylakoid.

A

Identify the chloroplast.

E

Identify the stroma.

photorespiration

In C3 plants the conservation of water promotes _____. the opening of stomata the light reactions photosynthesis a shift to C4 photosynthesis photorespiration

cytoplasm

In C4 and CAM plants carbon dioxide is fixed in the _____ of mesophyll cells. grana stroma thylakoids cytoplasm stomata

oxidative phosphorylation in cellular respiration.

In mechanism, photophosphorylation is most similar to substrate-level phosphorylation in glycolysis. the Calvin cycle. carbon fixation. reduction of NADP+. oxidative phosphorylation in cellular respiration.

3

In the Calvin cycle, how many ATP molecules are required to regenerate RuBP from five G3P molecules? 4 2 5 3 1

interphase

Nucleoli are present during _____. prometaphase prophase interphase metaphase anaphase

oxidized...reduced

Photosynthesis is a redox reaction. This means that H2O is _____ during the light reactions and CO2 is _____ during the Calvin cycle. reduced...reduced consumed...reduced oxidized...reduced reduced...oxidized consumed...consumed

They use light energy to drive the synthesis of organic molecules from inorganic materials.

Plants are photoautotrophs. What does this mean? They are attracted to light. They synthesize their own food from inorganic materials. They use light energy to drive the synthesis of organic molecules from inorganic materials. They are the primary consumers of the biosphere. They generate oxygen.

The tumors were implanted under the skin.

Prior to this new technique, how were mice given cancerous tumors? The tumors were injected into the bone marrow. The tumors were implanted under the skin. The tumors were spliced into the organs of interest. They were fed a tumor-causing substance.

cytokinesis as it occurs in animal cells

This animation illustrates the events of _____. prometaphase metaphase cytokinesis as it occurs in plant cells prophase cytokinesis as it occurs in animal cells

anaphase

This animation illustrates the events of _____. prophase metaphase telophase anaphase interphase

cytokinesis as it occurs in plant cells

This animation illustrates the events of _____. anaphase prometaphase cytokinesis as it occurs in plant cells metaphase prophase

prometaphase

This animation illustrates the events of _____. interphase anaphase prometaphase metaphase cytokinesis as it occurs in plant cells

prophase

This animation illustrates the events of _____. prometaphase telophase prophase interphase anaphase

prometaphase

This animation illustrates the events of _____. prophase anaphase prometaphase telophase metaphase

telophase

This animation illustrates the events of _____. prophase anaphase metaphase telophase prometaphase

False

True or false? The chemiosmotic hypothesis states that the synthesis of ATP generates a proton gradient that leads to electron flow through an electron transport chain. True or false? The chemiosmotic hypothesis states that the synthesis of ATP generates a proton gradient that leads to electron flow through an electron transport chain.

True

True or false? The light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis use water and produce oxygen.

False

True or false? The region of ATP synthase that catalyzes the production of ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate spans the chloroplast membrane.

They convert carbon dioxide to sugar.

What is the biological significance of the light-independent reactions of photosynthesis? They generate ATP and NADPH. They convert ATP to sugar. They convert carbon dioxide to sugar. They make oxygen.

The light-independent reactions turn CO2, a gas, into usable carbon in the form of sugars.

What is the importance of the light-independent reactions in terms of carbon flow in the biosphere? The light-independent reactions turn CO2, a gas, into usable carbon in the form of sugars. The light-independent reactions turn sugar into ATP for energy. The light-independent reactions use CO2 to make ATP. The light-independent reactions turn glucose, a sugar, into CO2 gas.

They continue to divide and multiply after decades of culture.

What property of Henrietta Lacks' cells was most unusual when they were grown in the laboratory? They did not require nutrients. They never divided. They grew to more than 10 times their normal size. They continue to divide and multiply after decades of culture.

suffering from cervical cancer

When cells were first taken from Henrietta Lacks, she was _____. only two years old suffering from cervical cancer in high school already dead

splitting water

When light strikes chlorophyll molecules, they lose electrons, which are ultimately replaced by _____. oxidizing glucose removing them from NADPH fixing carbon breaking down ATP splitting water

Stroma

Where does the Calvin cycle occur?

G1: follows cell division

Which of the following correctly matches a phase of the cell cycle with its description? G1: follows cell division M: duplication of DNA S: immediately precedes cell division G2: cell division All of the above are correctly matched.

oxygen, ATP, and NADPH

Which of the following is a product of the light reactions of photosynthesis? high-energy photons water and CO2 glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate oxygen, ATP, and NADPH NADP+ and RuBP

They can activate and inactivate certain genes.

Which of the following is true regarding prostate cancer cells? They can activate genes, but cannot inactivate them. They can activate and inactivate certain genes. They cannot activate or inactivate genes. They can inactivate genes, but cannot activate them.

NADPH

Which of the following molecules is the primary product of photosystem I? Carbon dioxide Oxygen NADPH ATP

Protons

Which of the following particles can pass through the ATP synthase channel? ADP ATP Inorganic phosphate Protons

Regneration of RuBP

Which of the following reactions ensures that the Calvin cycle can make a continuous supply of glucose? Production of 3-phosphoglycerate Regneration of RuBP Production of G3P Carbon fixation

H2O → NADPH → Calvin cycle

Which of the following sequences correctly represents the flow of electrons during photosynthesis? H2O → photosystem I → photosystem II NADPH → O2 → CO2 H2O → NADPH → Calvin cycle NADPH → electron transport chain → O2 NADPH → chlorophyll → Calvin cycle

The light-dependent reactions produce ATP and NADPH, which are then used by the light-independent reactions.

Which of the following statements best describes the relationship between the light-dependent and light-independent reactions of photosynthesis? The light-dependent reactions produce carbon dioxide, which is then used by the light-independent reactions. The light-dependent reactions produce ATP and NADPH, which are then used by the light-independent reactions. The light-independent reactions release energy, and the light-dependent reactions require energy. The light-dependent reactions pass electrons through an electron transport chain to the light-independent reactions.

6 CO2 + 6 H2O → C6H12O6 + 6 O2

Which of these equations best summarizes photosynthesis? 6 CO2 + 6 O2 → C6H12O6 + 6 H2O C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + Energy 6 CO2 + 6 H2O → C6H12O6 + 6 O2 C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 12 H2O H2O → 2 H+ + 1/2 O2 + 2e-

all of the above are carcinogens

Which of these is NOT a carcinogen? testosterone UV light cigarette smoke fat all of the above are carcinogens

E (mitosis)

Which of these phases encompasses all of the stages of mitosis but no other events? B A C E D

E (ATP synthase)

Which of these phosphorylates ADP to make ATP?

Photosynthesis

Which process produces oxygen? Photosynthesis Cellular respiration

The light-dependent reactions

Which set of reactions uses H2O and produces O2? The light-independent reactions The light-dependent reactions

Photophosphorylation

Which term describes ATP production resulting from the capture of light energy by chlorophyll? Oxidative phosphorylation Substrate-level phosphorylation Photophosphorylation Dephosphorylation

400-450 nm 670-680 nm

Which wavelengths of light drive the highest rates of photosynthesis? Select the two best answers. 400-450 nm 500-600 nm 550-700 nm 670-680 nm

They need both if they are producing animal gametes.

Why do some species employ both mitosis and meiosis, whereas other species use only mitosis? A single-celled organism only needs mitosis. They need only mitosis to make large numbers of cells such as sperm. They need only meiosis if they produce egg cells. They need both if they are producing animal gametes. They need meiosis if the cells are producing organs such as ovaries.

Your patient's cancer has become resistant to the standard treatment.

You are an endocrinologist studying new treatments for prostate cancer. You have a patient with an unusually large level of dihydrotestosterone. Which of the following is true? Your patient's cancer has become resistant to the standard treatment. While your patient may not be cured, he is in remission. Your patient is cured. Your patient is responding to treatment.

The patient is treated with chemical castration.

You are an oncologist. A patient presents with advanced prostate cancer and you follow standard protocol. What do you do? The patient is treated with chemical castration. The patient undergoes radical surgery. Nothing - the patient cannot be helped. The patient is treated with a high dose of radiation.

A decreasing PSA

Your uncle has prostate cancer. Which of the following indicates improvement in his condition? A decreasing PSA. A PSA that varies throughout the day. A PSA that remains elevated, but unchanged. An increasing PSA.

Red...Green

_____ has a longer wavelength than _____. Yellow ... red Blue ... green Green ... yellow Violet ... blue Red ... green

fat

_____ is a carcinogen that promotes colon cancer. fat UV light estrogen a virus testosterone

B (electron transport chain)

_____ releases energy that is used to pump hydrogen ions from the stroma into the thylakoid compartment.

A (photosystem II)

_____ splits water into 1/2 O2, H+, and e-