Mastering Biology Ch 9&10
Which process is not part of the cellular respiration pathway that produces large amounts of ATP in a cell? A) Fermentation B) Glycolysis C) Electron transport chain D) Krebs cycle
A
Which process produces oxygen? A) Photosynthesis B) Cellular respiration
A
Which set of reactions uses H2O and produces O2? A) The light-dependent reactions B) The light-independent reactions
A
What is the thylakoid?
A flattened membrane sac inside the chloroplast, used to convert light energy into chemical energy.
According to the chemiosmotic hypothesis, what provides the energy that directly drives ATP synthesis? A) Osmotic gradient B) Proton gradient C) Electrons D) Temperature gradient
B
Carbon fixation involves the addition of carbon dioxide to _____. A) Rubisco B) RuBP C) NADPH D) 3-PGA E) G3P
B
How many carbon dioxide molecules must be added to RuBP to make a single molecule of glucose? A) 10 B) 6 C) 4 D) 8 E) 2
B
In C3 plants the conservation of water promotes _____. A) photosynthesis B) photorespiration C) the light reactions D) a shift to C4 photosynthesis E) the opening of stomata
B
In C4 and CAM plants carbon dioxide is fixed in the _____ of mesophyll cells. A) stroma B) cytoplasm C) thylakoids D) grana E) stoma
B
The final electron acceptor of cellular respiration is _____. A) CO2 B) oxygen C) FADH2 D) water E) NADH
B
The light reactions of photosynthesis use _____ and produce _____. A) carbon dioxide ... sugar B) water ... NADPH C) carbon dioxide ... oxygen D) NADPH ... oxygen E) NADPH ... NADP+
B
True or false? The region of ATP synthase that catalyzes the production of ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate spans the chloroplast membrane. A) True B) False
B
Which molecule is metabolized in a cell to produce energy for performing work? A) ADP B) Glucose C) ATP D) Phosphate
B
Which of the following particles can pass through the ATP synthase channel? A) Inorganic phosphate B) Protons C) ATP D) ADP
B
Energized electrons from ____ enter an electron transport chain and are then used to reduce NADP+.
Photosystem I
Where does the Calvin cycle occur?
the Stroma
C4 plants differ from C3 and CAM plants in that C4 plants _____. A) transfer fixed carbon dioxide to cells in which the Calvin cycle occurs B) are better adapted to wet conditions C) use PEP carboxylase to fix carbon dioxide D) use malic acid to transfer carbon dioxide to the Calvin cycle E) open their stomata only at night
A
For each glucose that enters glycolysis, _____ NADH + H+ are produced by the citric acid cycle. A) 6 B) 0 C) 3 D) 2 E) 3 to 6
A
The proximate (immediate) source of energy for oxidative phosphorylation is _____. A) kinetic energy that is released as hydrogen ions diffuse down their concentration gradient B) substrate-level phosphorylation C) NADH and FADH2 D) ATP synthase E) ATP
A
Which of the following reactions ensures that the Calvin cycle can make a continuous supply of glucose? A) Production of 3-phosphoglycerate B) Production of G3P C) Carbon fixation D) Regneration of RuBP
D
Which of the following statements best describes the relationship between the light-dependent and light-independent reactions of photosynthesis? A) The light-dependent reactions produce carbon dioxide, which is then used by the light-independent reactions. B) The light-independent reactions release energy, and the light-dependent reactions require energy. C) The light-dependent reactions pass electrons through an electron transport chain to the light-independent reactions. D) The light-dependent reactions produce ATP and NADPH, which are then used by the light-independent reactions.
D
Which step of the cellular respiration pathway can take place in the absence of oxygen? A) Electron transport chain B) Krebs cycle C) Fermentation D) Glycolysis
D
After 3-PGA is phosphorylated, it is reduced by _____. A) NADP+ B) ADP C) CO2 D) ATP E) NADPH
E
In the citric acid cycle, ATP molecules are produced by _____. A) photophosphorylation B) photosynthesis C) oxidative phosphorylation D) cellular respiration E) substrate-level phosphorylation
E
In the combined processes of glycolysis and cellular respiration, what is consumed and what is produced? A) Water is consumed, and ATP is produced. B) ATP is consumed, and oxygen is produced. C) Oxygen is consumed, and glucose is produced. D) Carbon dioxide is consumed, and water is produced. E) Glucose is consumed, and carbon dioxide is produced.
E
What is the process called in which Glucose is converted to Pyruvate? A) oxidative phosphorylation B) electron transport C) the citric acid cycle D) electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation E) glycolysis
E
Which of these equations best summarizes photosynthesis? A) H2O → 2 H+ + 1/2 O2 + 2e- B) C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 12 H2O C) 6 CO2 + 6 O2 → C6H12O6 + 6 H2O D) C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + Energy E) 6 CO2 + 6 H2O → C6H12O6 + 6 O2
E
True or false? The chemiosmotic hypothesis states that the synthesis of ATP generates a proton gradient that leads to electron flow through an electron transport chain. A) True B) False
B
In glycolysis there is a net gain of _____ ATP. A) 4 B) 5 C) 2 D) 1 E) 3
C
What is the stroma?
In plants, the solution that surrounds the thylakoids in a chloroplast.
_____ splits water into 1/2 O2, H+, and e- .
Photosystem II
True or false? The light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis use water and produce oxygen. A) True B) False
A
True or false? The potential energy in an ATP molecule is derived mainly from its three phosphate groups. A) True B) False
A
True or false? The reactions that generate the largest amounts of ATP during cellular respiration take place in the mitochondria. A) True B) False
A
What is the importance of the light-independent reactions in terms of carbon flow in the biosphere? A) The light-independent reactions turn CO2, a gas, into usable carbon in the form of sugars. B) The light-independent reactions turn sugar into ATP for energy. C) The light-independent reactions use CO2 to make ATP. D) The light-independent reactions turn glucose, a sugar, into CO2 gas.
A
When electrons move closer to a more electronegative atom, what happens? A) The more electronegative atom is reduced, and energy is released. B) The more electronegative atom is oxidized, and energy is released. C) The more electronegative atom is oxidized, and energy is consumed. D) The more electronegative atom is reduced, and entropy decreases. E) The more electronegative atom is reduced, and energy is consumed.
A
Which mechanism phosphorylates ADP to make ATP?
ATP Synthase
Which of the following statements about the electron transport chain is true? A) Water is the last electron acceptor. B) NADH and FADH2 donate their electrons to the chain. C) Electrons gain energy as they move down the chain. D) The electron transport chain is the first step in cellular respiration.
B
Which of these enters the citric acid cycle? A) pyruvate B) acetyl CoA C) glucose D) NADH + H+ E) G3P
B
Which of these is NOT a product of glycolysis? A) ATP B) FADH2 C) NADH D) pyruvate
B
Which of these is NOT a product of the citric acid cycle? A) NADH + H+ B) acetyl CoA C) CO2 D) ATP E) FADH2
B
Chloroplast membrane vesicles are equilibrated in a simple solution of pH 5. The solution is then adjusted to pH 8. Which of the following conclusions can be drawn from these experimental conditions? A) ATP will be produced because the proton gradient favors proton movement through the ATP synthase channels. B) The change in the solution's pH results in a gradient across the chloroplast membranes such that there is a lower concentration of protons inside the vesicles and a higher concentration outside. C) ATP will not be produced because there is no ADP and inorganic phosphate in the solution. D) Protons will not diffuse toward the outside of the vesicles.
C
In fermentation _____ is reduced and _____ is oxidized. A) NADH ... lactate B) lactate ... ethanol C) pyruvate ... NADH D) lactate ... NADH E) NAD+ ... pyruvate
C
In glycolysis, ATP molecules are produced by _____. A) cellular respiration B) oxidative phosphorylation C) substrate-level phosphorylation D) photosynthesis E) photophosphorylation
C
In the Calvin cycle, how many ATP molecules are required to regenerate RuBP from five G3P molecules? A) 2 B) 1 C) 3 D) 5 E) 4
C
What enters the Oxidative Phosphorylation stage of cellular respiration from outside the mitochondrion? A) glucose B) water C) oxygen D) ATP E) pyruvate
C
What is the biological significance of the light-independent reactions of photosynthesis? A) They generate ATP and NADPH. B) They make oxygen. C) They convert carbon dioxide to sugar. D) They convert ATP to sugar.
C
Which part of cellular respiration produces most of the ATP in cellular respiration? A) photophosphorylation B) glycolysis C) oxidative phosphorylation D) the citric acid cycle E) electron transport
C
Which stage of glucose metabolism produces the most ATP? A) Krebs cycle B) Fermentation of pyruvate to lactate C) Electron transport and chemiosmosis D) Glycolysis
C
Which term describes ATP production resulting from the capture of light energy by chlorophyll? A) Dephosphorylation B) Substrate-level phosphorylation C) Photophosphorylation D) Oxidative phosphorylation
C
_____ has a longer wavelength than _____. A) Yellow ... red B) Violet ... blue C) Red ... green D) Green ... yellow E) Blue ... green
C
During electron transport, energy from _____ is used to pump hydrogen ions into the _____. A) NADH ... mitochondrial matrix B) NADH ... intermembrane space C) acetyl CoA ... intermembrane space D) NADH and FADH2 ... intermembrane space E) NADH and FADH2 ... mitochondrial matrix
D
For each glucose that enters glycolysis, _____ acetyl CoA enter the citric acid cycle. A) 1 B) 0 C) 5 D) 2 E) 4
D
How many NADH are produced by glycolysis? A) 3 B) 1 C) 5 D) 2 E) 4
D
In cellular respiration, most ATP molecules are produced by _____. A) substrate-level phosphorylation B) photosynthesis C) photophosphorylation D) oxidative phosphorylation E) cellular respiration
D
In glycolysis, what starts the process of glucose oxidation? A) NADPH B) FADH2 C) hexokinase D) ATP E) ADP
D
In muscle cells, fermentation produces _____. A) lactate, NADH, and ATP B) carbon dioxide, ethanol, and NAD+ C) carbon dioxide, ethanol, NADH, and ATP D) lactate and NAD+ E) pyruvate
D
Into which molecule are all the carbon atoms in glucose ultimately incorporated during cellular respiration? A) NADH B) ATP C) Water D) Carbon dioxide
D
The backed-up hydrogen ions give up their energy when they diffuse through a special protein in the membrane called ______________. As hydrogen ions flow down their concentration gradient, this mechanism captures their energy to make ATP. This mode of ATP production is called oxidative phosphorylation A) an electron donor B) an electron acceptor C) phospholipid D) ATP synthase E) sensory protein
D
Which of the following molecules is the primary product of photosystem I? A) Carbon dioxide B) ATP C) Oxygen D) NADPH
D
Which part of cellular respiration involves the pyruvate molecules entering the mitochondrion, releasing carbon dioxide, and entering a series of reactions that lead to the oxidation of glucose, two ATPs being formed per glucose, and more energy from the oxidation of glucose being carried by NADH and FADH2? A) photophosphorylation B) glycolysis C) oxidative phosphorylation D) the citric acid cycle E) electron transport
D
_____ releases energy that is used to pump hydrogen ions from the stroma into the thylakoid compartment.
Electron Transport Chain
Chlorophyll can be found in _____.
The photosystems (I and II)