mastering physiology ch 1

Knowing what you know about the regulatory feedback loop controlling blood sugar, predict what would happen following consumption of a piece of chocolate pie. After eating the pie, blood sugar would decline and this would lead to an increased release of insulin After eating the pie, blood sugar would be elevated and this would lead to an increased release of insulin After eating the pie, the negative feedback loop controlling blood sugar would prevent any glucose from being absorbed by the digestive system so that the blood sugar would not be changed at all. After eating the pie, blood sugar would be elevated and this would lead to a decreased release of insulin

After eating the pie, blood sugar would be elevated and this would lead to an increased release of insulin

Obesity predisposes a person to develop type 1 diabetes mellitus. True False

False

People with a body mass index (BMI) less than 25 are most prone to develop type 2 diabetes mellitus. True False

False

A liver cell responds to insulin by Taking in glucose and converting it to glycogen. Releasing insulin. Breaking down glycogen and releasing glucose. Taking in glucose and converting it to glucagon. Releasing glucagon.

Taking in glucose and converting it to glycogen.

When blood glucose concentration rises above 80-110 mg/dL, beta cells of the pancreas sense the increase and secrete the hormone insulin. Insulin travels in the blood to all cells of the body and causes the cells to move glucose from the blood into the cells. Which of the following statements is true of this homeostatic mechanism? The cells of the body are the integration center in this feedback loop. This is an example of a positive feedback loop. Insulin concentration in the blood is the regulated variable. The set point is 80-110 mg/dL.

The set point is 80-110 mg/dL.

What cells secrete insulin? collagen cells alpha cells exocrine cells beta cells neurons

beta cells

What tissue is a major component of bone, ligaments, and blood? muscle nervous epithelial connective endocrine

connective

In which type of diabetes is regulating plasma volume the main problem, rather than the ability to control blood glucose levels? diabetes mellitus pre-diabetes diabetes insipidus gestational diabetes

diabetes insipidus

Body cells that respond to insulin include Liver cells, as well as most other cells of the body. Liver cells and muscle cells only. Intestinal cells only. Liver cells only. Muscle cells only.

Liver cells, as well as most other cells of the body.

What cells in the body respond to glucagon by breaking down glycogen and releasing glucose? Liver cells. Liver cells and cells in the pancreas. Muscle cells. Intestinal cells. Cells in the pancreas.

Liver cells.

Although diabetes mellitus has many symptoms, the primary diagnostic symptoms of the disease are ________ and ________. elevated blood glucose : glucose in the urine dizziness : dehydration elevated blood glucose : lethargy lethargy : dizziness elevated blood glucose : poor healing

elevated blood glucose : glucose in the urine

What organ system includes the pituitary gland, adrenal gland, and thyroid gland? endocrine integumentary immune cardiovascular nervous

endocrine

Glands are derived from what type of tissue? connective nerve muscle reticular epithelial

epithelial

What tissue is specialized for separating fluids? epithelial endocrine muscle connective nervous

epithelial

The process whereby fluid from the bloodstream enters the tubules of the kidneys is called reabsorption. absorption. excretion. filtration. secretion.

filtration

What lab test, often deemed the lie detector test by health care workers, measures the average blood glucose levels for the past 2-3 months? hemoglobin A1c test random blood glucose test siphon test fasting blood glucose test glucose tolerance test

hemoglobin A1c test

What are the two major consequences for those who suffer from diabetes mellitus? high blood glucose and cells that cannot utilize that glucose for energy high blood glucose and glucose in the urine high blood glucose and excessive thirst low blood sugar and fainting high blood glucose and excessive urination

high blood glucose and cells that cannot utilize that glucose for energy

Conditions within the internal environment of the human body typically remain relatively constant. What is this concept called? systems integration negative feedback homeostasis equilibrium

homeostasis

The maintenance of a stable internal environment compatible for life is called physiology. anatomy. biochemistry. homeostasis. microbiology.

homeostasis.

Where is most of our total body water located? surrounding the cells in the lumen of the kidneys in blood in the lumen of the gastrointestinal tract inside cells

inside cells

Extracellular fluid is composed of interstitial fluid and plasma. plasma only. intracellular fluid only. interstitial fluid only. plasma and intracellular fluid.

interstitial fluid and plasma.

The portion of body water outside of cells that bathes most cells of the body is called plasma. interstitial fluid. intracellular fluid. intercellular fluid. extracellular fluid.

interstitial fluid.

The ________ is the interior compartment of a hollow organ or vessel. lumen basement membrane epithelium cavity intracellular matrix

lumen

What tissue is specialized to contract? connective muscle endocrine epithelial nervous

muscle

What is the primary mechanism for maintaining homeostasis? negative feedback inherent control extrinsic control positive feedback intrinsic control

negative feedback

Which of the following defines a mechanism by which a body system makes a functional adjustment in order to compensate (bring back to normal) for a change (increase or decrease) in a regulated variable? set point positive feedback effectors negative feedback

negative feedback

What tissue is specialized for generating electrical signals? nervous epithelial connective endocrine muscle

nervous

Which of the following types of diabetes mellitus was formerly referred to as insulin-dependent or juvenile-onset diabetes mellitus? type 1 diabetes insipidus prediabetes type 2 gestational diabetes

type 1

Which of the following is a normal blood glucose level? 50 mg/dL 200 mmolar 100 mg/dL 50 mmolar 100 gm/mL

100 mg/dL

To test for diabetes mellitus, fasting plasma glucose levels are measured. Which of the following plasma glucose levels is likely from a diabetic patient? 60 mg/dL 120 mg/dL 131 mg/dL 100 mg/dL

131 mg/dL

What percentage of adults in the United States is obese? 10% 35% 25% 15% 20%

35%

Diabetes mellitus can result in damage to all organs of the body. How is this so? Diabetes mellitus causes cells in the body to consume too much glucose resulting in cellular death via "glucose toxicity." Diabetes mellitus results in high blood sugar, which leads to excessive dumping of insulin. Over exposure of the organs to this hormone is damaging. The high amount of sugar in the blood of diabetic patients crystalizes in the blood forming large rock-like chunks that interrupt blood flow. Diabetes mellitus damages blood vessels which carry blood to organs. If blood vessels are damaged, the organs they are supplying will suffer.

Diabetes mellitus damages blood vessels which carry blood to organs. If blood vessels are damaged, the organs they are supplying will suffer.

If you were to take the temperature of everyone in class, assuming no one is sick, you would find that not everyone has a temperature of 98.6° F. Which statement below best explains your findings? Most regulated variables, such as temperature, fluctuate continuously and oscillate about the set point due to negative feedback control. Their temperature is no doubt higher than 98.6° F because a positive feedback loop has increased the subjects metabolism. The measuring instrument is not working properly; everyone has a set point of 98.6° F. An error signal has occurred and a positive feedback response has put the persons in question out of the normal range of function. If the subject is not at 98.6° F then he or she is in a disease state

Most regulated variables, such as temperature, fluctuate continuously and oscillate about the set point due to negative feedback control.

When blood glucose levels are low The pancreas releases insulin, which eventually causes blood glucose levels to increase. The pancreas releases glucagon, which eventually causes blood glucose levels to increase. The pancreas releases glucagon, which eventually causes blood glucose levels to decrease. Liver cells convert more glucose to glycogen. The pancreas releases insulin, which eventually causes blood glucose levels to decrease.

The pancreas releases glucagon, which eventually causes blood glucose levels to increase.

When blood glucose levels are high The pancreas releases glucose. The liver releases insulin. The liver releases glucagon. The pancreas releases glucagon. The pancreas releases insulin.

The pancreas releases insulin.

Diabetes mellitus causes hyperglycemia. True False

True

John has type 2 diabetes. He has a sedentary lifestyle, is overweight, and recently went to the doctor who gave him a hemoglobin A1c test which came back at 7%. What is the best course of treatment for John? measure his BMI, continued monitoring of his blood glucose levels with a hemoglobin A1c test, and changes in lifestyle a strict diet, frequent monitoring of his blood glucose, exercise, and oral glucose medication insulin shots and exercise insulin shots and a healthy diet frequent monitoring of his blood glucose levels with insulin shots

a strict diet, frequent monitoring of his blood glucose, exercise, and oral glucose medication

The uptake of nutrients across the epithelial cells of the gastrointestinal tract and into the bloodstream is called reabsorption. absorption. excretion. secretion. filtration.

absorption

Cells are classified into which of the following four broad categories? skeletal, cardiac, endocrine, and nervous endocrine, nervous, integumentary, and reproductive squamous, cubodial, columnar, and basement membranes atoms, tissues, organs, and organ systems neurons, muscle, epithelial, and connective tissue

neurons, muscle, epithelial, and connective tissue

The process whereby fluid in the kidneys is transported from the tubules back into the bloodstream is called reabsorption. secretion. absorption. filtration. excretion.

reabsorption

Which type of diabetes is also known as adult-onset diabetes mellitus? gestational diabetes mellitus type I diabetes mellitus insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus type II diabetes mellitus

type II diabetes mellitus