MC Test pt. 3

what is a conflict of the extended code of ethics

it is hard to have one code of ethics for all news outlets

what does the New Republic (by Franklin Foer) say the two approaches to judging journalistic ethics are

1. consider journalist's process of producing the product / if the process has moral failings, such as conflicts of interest, then the product will be flawed 2. suggests that the product itself should be judged / media leaders must examine major ethical principles affecting journalism

Bok Model for Ethical Decision Making

1. consult your conscience - how do you feel about this action? 2. seek alternatives - is there another way to achieve same goal that will not raise ethical issues? 3. hold imaginary ethical dialogue with everyone involved

what are the requirements of ethical behavior according to aristotle

1. know what they are doing 2. select their action with a moral reason 3. act out of good behavior

tasks of ombudsman

1. listen to concerns or readers or audience members 2. writing regular column or commentary 3. writing regular memo for news staff

two major conclusions social responsibility ethics reached

1. press has responsibility to give voice to public and society 2. free press was not living up to responsibility to public because of its need to serve its commercial members

Society of Professional Journalists extended code of ethics three main principles

1. seek truth and report it as fully as possible 2. act independently 3. minimize harm

steps for recognizing fake news

1. type of content 2. name of source 3. checking source

Bok's what are the two factors to considering a lie

1. whether speaker is intending to transmit truth or attempt to deceive people 2. whether statement itself is true or false

what was the scandal of the Kuwait campaign

15 year old Nayirah told Congressional Human Rights Caucus that she had seen first hand babies being left on the floor "like firewood" / her testimony was proved to be false

ethical challenge of balancing needs of truthfulness, public interest, and client's interests became a major issue for one PR firm during

1991 Persian Gulf War

golden mean

Aristotle's claim that happiness is achieved through striking a balance between excess and defect

Hill and Knowlton, nation's largest PR firm at the time, was hired by ________

Citizens for a Free Kuwait (group made up of members of Kuwaiti gvt.)

who is assoiated with social responsibility ethics

Hutchins Commission

which person is associated with principle of utility

John Stuart Mill

which person is associated with the categorial imperative

Kant

how did Kant differ from Aristotle

Kant suggested that morality lies in the act itself and not in the character of the actor or the intent behind the action / Kant emphasized you cannot use people to achieve your goals

when having to choose between client and public, which one do you choose?

PR practitioner must serve client's best interest but not to extent that public is compromised

True or False: Modern media tries to do things too quickly and doesn't fact check often enough

True

True or False: Sometimes photo manipulation is used to help rather than deceive.

True

categorical imperative

act as if the maxim of your action were to become through your will a universal law of nature

which person is associated with the golden mean

aristotle

majority of journalists ethical principles draw from

christian or jewish households

what is one of the most difficult ethical issues facing PR practitioners

conflict between serving client's interest and serving those of the public

Mill wrote that

consequences of actions are important in deciding what is ethical

whose responsibility is it to recognize fake news

consumer responsibility

what is the classic example of golden mean

courage (which strikes balance btw. inaction and timidity of cowardice and recklessness of foolhardiness - both of which are unacceptable behaviors)

what was the Kuwait campaign for

create sympathy for Kuwait / opposition to Iraq and Saddam Hussein and support for US involvement in fighting Iraq

what is John Rawl's veil of ignorance

decides what is fair / jouranlists hide behind it / principle of ethics that says that justice emerges when we make decisions without considering the status of the people involved and without considering where we personally fall in the social system / "everyone is equal" / reporters deciding how to treat sources same no matter feelings towards person

ethics and persuasive communication

ethical behavior for people who are attempting to manipulate public opinion

what happened with the Sago Mine Disaster?

explosion trapped 13 / paper said coal miners trapped had been found alive after being trapped for two days below ground / reality is -> all but one of 13 had died

ethics

from ancient Greek study of rational way to decide what is good for individuals or society

what is John Stuart Mill's principle of utility

greatest good for the greatest number

who was aristotle?

greek philosopher / student of plato and tutor of Alexander the Great / writings on ethics contain insights that are still relevant

most conflicts in photo manipulation occur in

hard news more so than entertainment

photos and truth are vulnerable to

manipulation / Adobe Photoshop allows for digital manipulation

an example of a conflict of interest is Jeff Bezos and Washington Post

paper is owned by Jeff Bezos (richest person in world who owns amazon) / to deal w conflict, reporters at post mention that Bezos owns paper every time they report on Amazon

____ seem to be at the heart of many of the most troubling ethical cases that journalists face

photos

what is an ombudsman

reader's representative or audience advocate / takes POV of those who purchase or consume news / argued that this is essential part of journalism ethics process bc it connects news consumer w news outlet

morals

refer to religious or philosophical code of behavior that may or may not be rational

what are two ethical issues concerning advertising industry today

truth in advertising and level of control advertisers can expect to have other news content surround their ads

who is Jose Antonio Vargas

undocumented immigrant / did not know he was illegal until he went to get his driving permit

Kant's ethics begin with the notion that

we can reason and hence are able to base our actions on moral reasoning / bc of this, people are responsible for their own actions and are obliged to act in a moral way / Prof. Little says it aligns with "Do unto others..."

what is Stephen Glass known for

wrote many good stories for big time companies / competitors thought it too good to be true / Glass was caught fabricating an article for New Republic about teenage hackers / he had done this for a bunch of articles, however, nobody checked up on the facts of the articles