MCAT # 3

α-1,6-Glycosidic bond

Compared to normal glycogen, the amount of what type of bond is decreased in Lafora bodies?

behaviorism

Classical conditioning = ?

The answer to this question is D because microtubules function in chromosomal movements in cell division.

Colchicine is a drug that prevents the formation of microtubules. Which of the following mitotic processes would NOT occur after exposure to this drug? A. Formation of new cell plate B. Replication of DNA during interphase C. Breakdown of the nucleolus during prophase D. Movement of the chromosomes toward opposite poles of the cell during anaphase

An environment where protein aDsoprtion onto surfaces/tissues is controlled. It gives a functional unit. Usually used in studying signaling pathways, because adhesion of one peptide/amino acid/molecule is linked to the adhesion of another component.

Protein scaffold?

The answer to this question is D. Social support refers to social network ties (friends, family, and other relationships) that provide an individual with various types of assistance, which are associated with improving health or reducing harm. All of the response options except for D address the health benefits of networks. The correct answer identifies activities rather than relationships.

Sociologists describe the health benefits of social support as resulting from all of the following EXCEPT: A. friends and family members that help patients adhere to medical treatment. B. friends and family members that help patients to reduce harmful behaviors. C. social relationships that help individuals to cope with stressful events. D. social activities that help individuals to avoid loneliness and boredom

?

#35, 41, 57 (chem), 40 (cars), 21 (bio), passage 9 bio, 54 bio, 6 psych, mcat 3... no clue.

Intermolecular covalent bonding It can be reasoned that the interaction described is intermolecular in nature, since multiple molecules of micellular Compound 1 come together to form Compound 2, which is a solid. Multiple pieces of information point to the fact that the interaction is disulfide bond formation, including the fact that an oxidant causes the formation of Compound 2, which can be reversed by the addition of a reducing agent.

**Compared to micellular Compound 1, Compound 2 is structurally more rigid as a result of what type of interaction?

dissociation will occur to the least extent

A high negative charge indicates what?

positive

A reaction that create gaseous products from solids and liquids must have a _______ ΔS°

The answer to this question is C because, according to Selye's general adaptation syndrome, people's response to various stressors is similar. Selye's theory does not make claims about avoidance-avoidance or approach-approach conflicts.

A researcher replicates the experiment with the addition of a physical stressor to the first phase of the experiment. According to Selye's general adaptation syndrome, this change is: A. necessary, because humans respond differently to different types of stressors. B. necessary, because physical stressors cause avoidance-avoidance conflict, whereas social stressors cause approach-approach conflict. C. unnecessary, because the human stress response is not specific to the type of stressor. D. unnecessary, because both physical stressors and social stressors cause avoidance-avoidance conflict. **I said D

The answer to this question is D because the participants engaged in repetitive activities in both the synchronous and asynchronous testing conditions. Therefore, if sympathetic nervous system arousal had caused the differences in the affiliation ratings, only the synchronous condition would have been affected.

A researcher suggests that the effect of the testing condition on the affiliation ratings is caused by increased sympathetic nervous system activity due to performing a repetitive behavior. Is this explanation likely to be supported? A. Yes, because studies show that increased sympathetic nervous system arousal can affect how people feel about others. B. Yes, because the design used in Study 1 allows researchers to establish the effect of sympathetic nervous system arousal on affiliation ratings. C. No, because performing repetitive behaviors is more likely to increase parasympathetic nervous system activity. D. No, because both of the conditions involve repetitive behaviors, but participants' ratings differ under the two conditions.

greater than zero

A spontaneous reaction occurs when E° is...?

The answer to this question is B because mammalian erythrocytes (red blood cells) lose their nuclei during maturation. Therefore, circulating erythrocytes do not contain DNA that could affect endothelial cell growth.

A student hypothesized that EC growth might be affected by the DNA from circulating erythrocytes. Is this student's hypothesis reasonable? A. No; the DNA in circulating erythrocytes is needed to help transport O2 through the capillaries. B. No; circulating erythrocytes do not contain DNA. C. Yes; DNA is responsible for cell division in most cells. D. Yes; circulating erythrocytes carry DNA nutrients through the capillaries.

The answer to this question is B because, in Erikson's theory, the generativity versus self-absorption crisis occurs in mid-adulthood. Thus, the adults compose the only age group that is likely to experience this stage.

According to Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, which group of participants are most likely dealing with the challenges of generativity versus stagnation? I. Adolescents II. Young adults III. Adults A. I only B. III only C. I and II only D. II and III only

The answer is B because the constantly active signaling pathway will result in the overexpression of genes that are under control of the p65/cRel transcription factors. Mitochondrial disruption would occur if the apoptotic machinery was stimulated, but these genes are antiapoptotic. Mutations occur to the NF-kB pathway, which cause the constant activation. The gene products of this signaling pathway do not necessarily have mutations, as their overexpression is sufficient for pathogenesis. Binding to STN is not discussed.

According to the passage, what is most likely correct about the genes that are expressed as a result of the constant activation of the NF-κB pathway? A. They cause disruption of the mitochondria. B. They contain a p65/cRel binding site in their promoter region. C. They have accumulated mutations that alter function. D. They bind to STN in the cytoplasm.

A. This is a Reasoning Beyond the Text question, because it provides information that is not included in the passage, and asks you to integrate it with passage information to draw a conclusion. The answer is A. The passage describes John's repressive reaction after the French king Louis XVI was deposed by a popular uprising in 1792: "the future John VI turned with fury on the liberals of Portugal" (final paragraph). So, if the Portuguese people "demanded . . .major restrictions" on monarchical power after the Napoleonic Wars, this certainly suggests that John's earlier fears that the power of the throne could be undermined by "new ideas from abroad" had some rational basis. B. The passage says that the monarchs depended on the Church for its support of "social order and absolute, divine-right monarchy," but the demands of the Portuguese people for democratic reforms cannot necessarily be seen as an indication that the Catholic Church "had lost its stabilizing social influence" in Portugal. It may have been that other influences just became stronger at that moment. Further, the Church may have retained some aspects of its influence, without maintaining its sway on the question of divine right. C. The passage provides no conclusive link between the policies of Napoleon and support for "democratic reforms." Because these demands for reform came after the Napoleonic Wars does not mean that they were inspired by support for Napoleon's positions. D. Although the Freemasons were part of the "minority" who were "irked by the despotism of the past," a move away from such despotism does not necessarily imply support for the Freemasons' ideas specifically.

After the Napoleonic Wars, the Portuguese people demanded democratic reforms, including major restrictions on the power of monarchs. Together with information in the passage, this fact most clearly indicates that: A. John had good reason to fear that new ideas from abroad would undermine monarchial power. B. the Catholic Church had lost its stabilizing social influence. C. the policies of Napoleon had become increasingly popular in Portugal. D. Freemasonry was coming into the social and political mainstream.

The answer to this question is B, reference group. Individuals often emulate the attitudes and behaviors of groups that they admire and would like to join. Sociologists refer to these as reference groups, which are important for self-evaluation and identity formation. The scenario in the question suggests that the teen constructs an identity, through modifying his behaviors (dressing, speaking, acting), to match that of teens from the dominant culture of his new country.

An immigrant teen stops participating in the ethnic customs of his family and instead identifies with the dominant culture of the new country by dressing, speaking, and acting like teens from that culture. In this scenario, the teens of the new country's dominant culture become which type of group for the teen? A. Assimilated group B. Reference group C. Majority group D. Peer group

A. This is not supported by the passage; class-size reductions would still be costly, and there is not enough evidence in the passage to make this comparative claim, based on the scenario in the question. B. The improvements in the early elementary grades, according to the passage author, are due to the kinds of teaching techniques that teachers in those grades generally employ. So if teachers in all grades employed similar techniques, similar improvements would be expected in all grades, not only in the early grades. C. The passage links class-size-related improvements in student performance to the presence of teachers who use teaching techniques suited to small classes; the passage also says that the performance of these teachers and classes pulls up the average level of performance. So this option is incorrect, because performance improvements would be expected in this situation. D. This is a Reasoning Beyond the Text question because it presents a hypothetical scenario that is not discussed in the passage, then asks you to apply passage information to this scenario. The answer is D, because the passage author contends that improvements in student performance as a result of reductions in class size are found primarily in the early elementary grades, because teachers in those grades emphasize teaching techniques (such as hands-on projects) most suited to small classes. So, if teachers in all grades emphasized these techniques, then you would expect to see improvements in student performance due to class-size reductions at all grade levels, and not just in the early grades.

Assume that in a particular state, teachers at all grade levels emphasize hands-on projects and personal interactions with individual students. The passage suggests that in this state, class-size reductions would probably: A. be more beneficial than alternative educational reforms. B. improve student performance only in the early elementary grades. C. not substantially improve student performance on average. D. improve student performance at all grade levels. **I said C

A. Architectural models are plans or blueprints for buildings rather than pictures of actual buildings. Therefore, the author would not be likely to single out architectural design as an area in which to implement a conservation program. B. This is a Reasoning Beyond the Text question, because it asks you to apply passage information to a situation outside of the passage. B is the answer, because it suggests "discouraging the use of photography," and not only that, discouraging its use in advertising, which, unlike architectural models, is emphasized in the passage. That said, it's not the use of photographic images per se that is the problem, according to the passage, but the production of new images; if advertising used the same images, if it didn't constantly replace images (paragraph 5), the problem described by the author would be lessened. C. This option describes an increase in images and that would only increase the problem, as the author defines it. D. Decreasing the support of art doesn't necessarily decrease the production of art. Moreover, the issue in the passage argument pertains to the problem of too many images, not to those with potentially offensive content.

Based on passage information, one can infer that implementing the author's program for conservation (final paragraph) would most likely include suggestions for: A. limiting the use of computer images in architectural models. B. discouraging the use of photography in magazine advertisements. C. increasing police use of cameras to monitor suspected criminals. D. decreasing government support of art that might offend the public.

A. A weaver produces a weaving, which the consumer can view or purchase without being aware of the nature of the labor that produced it. B. A doctor does not generally embody his or her labor. C. Like a weaver, a sculptor produces an object for consumption, which can be viewed (or "consumed," in the terms of the passage) independently of the sculptor. Unlike an actor or a massage therapist, the sculptor does not embody his or her commodity. D. This is a Reasoning Beyond the Text question, because it asks you to apply an idea from the passage to a novel scenario not discussed in the passage. The answer is D, because the passage describes performance as "unusual in that it is a labor process both exhibited before and consumed by an audience. The . . . actor both produces the commodity and embodies it." This is most analogous to a massage therapist, who physically and visibly produces the commodity (the massage) for the consumer.

Based on the description of performance in the second paragraph of the passage, which of the following occupations is most analogous to professional acting? A. Weaver B. Doctor C. Sculptor D. Massage therapist **I said C

A. The actors' role as "weaver of dreams" would tend to focus only on the aspect of their profession that is consumed—not on their role as producers. B. This is a Humanities passage that falls under the content category Theater. This is a Comprehension question, which tests your understanding of a paraphrase of passage material. The answer is B, because the author writes that, in the 1919 strike, actors (or "the denizens of the U.S. stage") were "able to exploit their commodity status" (paragraph 2). The author explains that consumer culture functioned to obscure the labor that goes into making a commodity available for purchase or consumption. Actors were different from other industrial workers because their labor is what the audience also consumes, and the author maintains that in the strike of 1919, the actors were able to take advantage of their unusual position as both the producers of theater and as what is consumed by the audience. C. This is not what differentiates actors from other workers; other producers in the culture industry might not themselves be what is also consumed. D. "The obliteration of the factory" is another way of talking about the divide between production and consumption created by the "culture of consumption" In the strike of 1919, Ewen argues, actors resisted that very divide, instead highlighting their position on the production side of the equation.

Based on the passage, during the 1919 strike, which aspect of acting were actors able to make use of that was NOT available to most other industrial workers? A. Their role as "weavers of dreams" B. Their role as commodities C. Their role in producing an object in the culture industry D. Their role in the "obliteration of the factory" **I said A

The answer to this question is A, because based on the passage, the symptoms of diabetes mellitus are frequent urination and catabolism of fatty acid as well as proteins as alternative energy sources. In diabetic patients, high blood glucose results in excretion of excess sugar into the urine, hence sweet-tasting urine. Similarly, the catabolism of fatty acids and proteins results in weight loss and feelings of fatigue respectively. This leaves loss of appetite as the only correct answer.

Based on the passage, which of the following is LEAST likely to be a symptom of diabetes mellitus? A. Loss of appetite B. Sweet-tasting urine C. Unexplained weight loss D. Feelings of fatigue

The answer to this question is C because the only subjective measures taken in the study were the participants' responses to the exit questionnaire, in which they provided their personal opinions and degree to which they liked the game. Unlike the other options, which referred to more objective (direct) measures, these subjective responses provided an indirect measure of motivation.

Based on the study, which assessment represents a subjective measure of motivation? A. The number of grid sequences participants attempted to solve on the computer task B. The participants' decision to continue playing the game or stop to read a magazine C. Participants' answers on the exit questionnaire D. Participants' time spent not playing the game using the computer mouse

A. The information in the question only applies to the ability of orators to sway smaller groups; it has no impact on claims about the effect of orators on larger groups. B. The reference to "loss of personality and sense of responsibility" refers to the behavior of the individual in a large group, so the information about people's behavior in a small group is irrelevant. C. The information in the question is irrelevant to passage claims about the difficulty involved in convening large assemblies. D. This is a Reasoning Beyond the Text question because it presents information that is beyond the scope of the passage and then asks you to consider how this information would affect passage claims. The answer is D, because the question describes a small group in which people "obey an authoritarian, charismatic leader." In the passage, however, the author claims that a "great multitude" is more likely to succumb to "unreflective enthusiasm . . . than is a small meeting" (paragraph 2). So if the cults that the question describes are small groups of fewer than 100 members, this would weaken passage claims about the more considered behavior of small groups when compared to larger ones.

Consider that some groups are defined as "cults"; members of these extremist sects generally live communally and obey an authoritarian, charismatic leader. Assume that all cults have fewer than 100 members. This information would tend to weaken the passage's assertions about the: A. ability of great orators to sway large groups. B. loss of personality and sense of responsibility. C. difficulties involved in convening large assemblies. D. reasonableness of small groups compared to large groups.

Ca2+

During the initiation of muscle contraction, free ______ in the cytosol binds to troponin, which pulls tropomyosin away from actin's myosin-binding site. This allows myosin to bind to actin.

The answer to this question is C because secreted proteins such as insulin are cleaved into mature form within endomembrane system.

During the production of insulin, the translated polypeptide is cleaved into the mature form and secreted from the cell. The cleavage most likely takes place in which of the following locations? A. Nucleus B. Ribosomes C. Endomembrane system D. Cytoplasm

A drug that would best treat epilepsy, as described, should reduce the activity of the neurons in the epileptic focus, which are excitatory neurons based on their effect throughout the cortex. The answer to this question is A because increasing the threshold required to generate an action potential would decrease the chance that individual neurons would fire, thus reducing the overall amount of excitation that spreads from the epileptic focus throughout the cortex.

Epilepsy may result in motor seizures due to massive synchronous firing of neurons in a small area of the cerebral cortex (the epileptic focus). Excitation spreads from the focus, involving an increasingly larger area of the cortex. A drug for the treatment of epilepsy would be most effective if it caused which of the following changes in the epileptic focus? A. An increase in the neuron-firing threshold B. An increase in extracellular Na+ concentration C. A decrease in axon-membrane permeability to negative ions D. A decrease in the length of the depolarization stage

The answer to this question is C because the stem states that exercise promotes the insulin-independent uptake of glucose and thus it will reduce blood glucose levels both in patients with impaired production of insulin (type 1 diabetes), and in patients who do not respond to insulin (type 2 diabetes).

Exercise promotes the insulin-independent uptake of glucose in working skeletal muscles. Given this, regular exercise would most likely reduce blood glucose levels in patients with which type(s) of diabetes? A. Type 1 only B. Type 2 only C. Both Type 1 and Type 2 D. Neither Type 1 nor Type 2

polar AND charged

For cell adhesion, amino acids need to be...?

Hydrolyzes fatty acids

Lipases...?

The answer to this question is B because the stem states that insulin stimulates the first step in the glycolytic pathway in the liver, thus decreasing the cellular concentration of glucose. This results in increased uptake of glucose to maintain the cellular concentration of glucose.

Glucose transporter proteins in the liver do not require the presence of insulin to facilitate the uptake of glucose. However, insulin does stimulate the first step in the glycolytic pathway within the liver. Therefore, in liver cells, insulin most likely: A. hinders glucose uptake by increasing the cellular concentration of glucose. B. aids glucose uptake by decreasing the cellular concentration of glucose. C. hinders glucose uptake by using the ATP needed by the glucose transporter proteins. D. aids glucose uptake by providing the ATP needed by the glucose transporter proteins.

increases

Grinding a heterogeneous catalyst _______ the amount of catalyst available to the reaction and therefore _______ its rate.

The answer to this question is B because the cornea is in direct contact with the eyelid and is thus most susceptible to damage from flaking skin.

Harlequin ichthyosis, a rare genetic disorder, causes the skin to become thick and scaly. Flaking skin behind the eyelids of individuals with this condition is most likely to damage which structure of the eye? A. Choroid B. Cornea C. Lens D. Retina

contaminated

If a homogeneous catalyst cannot be separated from the products at the end of a reaction then the products will be ________ with the catalyst.

The answer to this question is B because glucocorticoids act on skeletal muscle causing the breakdown of muscle proteins. Therefore, if a patient is given too high a replacement dose of glucocorticoids, this will result in muscle weakness.

If a patient with Addison's disease is given too high a replacement dose of glucocorticoids, the effect over time will be an increase in: A. muscle mass. B. muscle weakness. C. red blood cell count. D. heart rate.

A. This is not what the author suggests makes his focus different from that of other authors. B. The author suggests that other historians also accept the "weavers of dreams" metaphor; he puts his focus on a different part of the metaphor than do other authors. C. This is a Comprehension question, because it tests your understanding of a central passage theme. The answer is C because the author writes in the first paragraph that "Most often, historians have allowed the dreams that actors weave to take precedence over the process of weaving." He then goes on to distinguish his own perspective from that of "most" historians, writing, "However, actors' dealings with their employers, like those of many other laborers, were fraught with tension." The rest of the paragraph talks about the economic circumstances confronted by actors and puts that in the context of the economic conditions in the culture industry more broadly. The author's concern with the "economic realities" of actors' lives is part of what makes his work different from that of other historians, according to the passage. D. The author implies that most scholars recognize that these unequal relationships exist in business; what distinguishes the author is that he applies these economic insights to the business of acting.

In the passage, the author explains that his focus is different from that of most historians because he: A. concentrates on the early twentieth-century theater. B. accepts that actors are "weavers of dreams." C. deals with the economic realities of the theater. D. emphasizes the unequal relationship between businesspeople and their employees. **I said B

The answer is A because the Na+K+ ATPase transports 3 sodium ions out of the cell and 2 potassium ions into the cell with each ATP hydrolyzed.

In which direction does the Na+K+ ATPase transport ions across the cell membrane upon ATP hydrolysis? A. Na+ is transported out of the cell; K+ is transported into the cell. B. Na+ is transported into the cell; K+ is transported out of the cell. C. Both Na+ and K+ are transported into the cell. D. Both Na+ and K+ are transported out of the cell.

The answer to this question is B because interoceptive awareness is described as increased sensitivity to internal bodily sensations, such as heartbeat and blood pressure, which are regulated by the autonomic nervous system.

Interoceptive awareness involves sensitivity to increases in the activity of the: A. reticular activation system. B. autonomic nervous system. C. limbic system. D. somatic nervous system. **I said C

hydrophobic

Many hydrocarbons in a compound indicates it will be...?

J/s = ft•lb/s = kg•m2/s3

Measurement unit of power is watt, defined as...?

chemiosmosis

NAD+ is neither reduced to form NADH, nor is NADH oxidized to form NAD+ specifically during...?

The answer to this question is B because ACTH stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoids. According to the passage, Addison's disease occurs when cells of the adrenal cortex are destroyed, rendering them unable to secrete glucocorticoids. As part of a hormone cascade pathway, ACTH secretion is expected to be higher than normal in a patient with Addison's disease to attempt to stimulate the adrenal cortex.

Normally, a hypothalamic factor stimulates the release of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) from the pituitary gland. In a patient with Addison's disease, the secretion of the hypothalamic factor will: A. be lower than normal. B. be higher than normal. C. be unchanged. D. increase before disease onset and decrease thereafter. **I said C

6, 0, 6, d2sp3

Octahedral compounds have ______ σ bonds and ______ lone pairs. According to valence bond theory, the central atom requires the hybridization of ______ atomic orbitals, ______

The answer to this question is B, social network analysis. Used in some epidemiological studies, social network analysis is the method described in the question. It involves the mapping of social relationships among individuals.

Often utilized when studying communicable diseases, which type of analysis maps the series of relationships among a set of individuals? A. Social support analysis B. Social network analysis C. Social stratification analysis D. Social reproduction analysis

The answer is B because both p65 and cRel function as transcription factors, which bind DNA and subsequently recruit RNA polymerase.

Upon activation, p65 and cRel control the level of IL-6 mRNA by: A. binding RNA. B. binding DNA. C. replicating RNA. D. replicating DNA.

The answer to this question is C. Optimal arousal theory states that optimal performance requires optimal arousal and that arousal levels that are too high or too low will impede performance. Option C is compatible with this theory because it suggests that poor performance is a consequence of increased arousal levels resulting from negative stereotype activation.

Which explanation of the results of Study 1 presents the most appropriate application of the optimal arousal theory? Reminding participants of: A. their membership in a stereotyped group leads to optimal arousal, which results in varying levels of performance depending on ability. B. their membership in a stereotyped group leads to fluctuating arousal and results in poor performance. C. a negative stereotype associated with their identity increases arousal beyond what is optimal and leads to poor performance. D. a positive stereotype associated with them eliminates arousal completely, which results in optimal performance.

The answer to this question is A because a valid measure is one that actually measures what it is intended to assess. Because both the DMQ (a self-report measure) and the CG (a behavioral measure) were intended to assess risky behavior, a positive correlation between the two measures would support the validity of the DMQ measure.

Which finding would support the validity of the DMQ measure? A. A positive correlation between the DMQ scores and the CG scores B. A negative correlation between the DMQ scores and the CG scores C. A positive correlation between participants' scores on two different administrations of the DMQ D. A negative correlation between participants' scores on two different administrations of the DMQ

The answer to this question is A because increased electrical conductivity of the skin is a physiological indication of increased sympathetic arousal, which is associated with anxiety.

Which measure would be most useful if the researchers were interested in the degree of sympathetic arousal experienced in the different conditions of Study 1? A. A measure of electrical conductivity of the skin B. A CT scan of the hindbrain C. A PET scan of the parietal cortex D. A measure of melatonin levels

The answer is B because P-gp is an ABC transporter protein, which uses ATP to actively transport antitumor drugs out of the cell.

Which mechanism best describes how P-gp facilitates drug resistance? A. P-gp binds to antitumor drugs in the presence of ATP and degrades the drugs. B. P-gp serves as a pump and uses active transport to move antitumor drugs outside the cell. C. P-gp prevents the entry of anti-tumor drugs into the cell. D. P-gp causes increased membrane permeability, which causes antitumor drugs to exit the cell.

The answer to this question is D because nucleotides are linked to one another by phosphodiester bonds between the sugar base of one nucleotide and the phosphate group of the adjacent nucleotide in a way that the 5' end bears a phosphate, and the 3' end a hydroxyl group.

Which of the following best describes the bond that would form between the following two nucleotides if they were located adjacent to each other as shown in a single strand of DNA? (5' Thymine, 3' Adenine) A. A bond between the phosphate of the thymine and the phosphate of the adenine B. A bond between an oxygen in the thymine base and a nitrogen in the adenine base C. A bond between the phosphate of the thymine and the sugar of the adenine D. A bond between the phosphate of the adenine and the sugar of the thymine

branching

________ occurs through an α-1,6-glycosidic bond in glycogen

The answer to this question is B because hair cells of the cochlea are specialized mechanoreceptors.

Sound-induced vibrations depolarize hair cells of the cochlea by opening ion channels that are gated in what way? A. Chemically B. Mechanically C. Electrically D. Synaptically

The answer to this question is C because the passage states that aldosterone causes excretion of K+. Therefore, aldosterone deficiency will not lead to a decrease in serum levels of K+ ions.

The aldosterone deficiency associated with Addison's disease will cause a decrease in the serum levels of all of the following ions EXCEPT: A. Na+ ions. B. Cl- ions. C. K+ ions. D. HCO3- ions. **I said A

A. The quotation in option A does not support the point about the unequal relationships between actors and businessmen. B. The quotation in option B does not support the point about the unequal relationships between actors and businessmen. C. The quotation in option C talks about the different opportunities that were open to different actors, but this does not specifically support a point about the power held by the businessmen who controlled the theater. D. This is a Reasoning Within the Text question, as it asks you to determine which of the choices provides the strongest support for a passage claim. The answer is D, because this option describes a situation in which theater managers controlled a large number of the opportunities for employment, giving the actors much less leverage to negotiate (for higher salaries, better working conditions, etc). As the author writes, once the theater managers were able to book engagements in a whole group of theaters at once, "this strengthened their bargaining position immeasurably." Because they were able to control a concentrated number of employment opportunities at once, the actors had less opportunity to look elsewhere for a better deal. Thus, this quotation supports the passage claim that the actors were "locked into an "unequal relationship with . . . businessmen."

The author claims that actors were locked into an unequal relationship with the businessmen who controlled the U.S. theater in the early twentieth century. Which of the following statements by the author provides the strongest support for this claim? A. "[T]he economic world was divided into an unpleasant sphere where goods were produced and a gratifying sphere where they were consumed." B. Performance is an unusual commodity "in that it is a labor process exhibited before and consumed by an audience." C. "In the reconfigured theatrical economy of the early twentieth century, actors' labor was highly segmented." D. Combination companies allowed theater managers to "book several weeks of a touring company's business in a single transaction." **I said C

A. The fourth paragraph says a capitalist society "needs to generate images of new commodities" [which refers to advertising] and "forms of entertainment in order to stimulate buying." Both are used in order to stimulate buying; it's not that the first, advertising, is used to stimulate buying, and the second is used to amuse; thus, the capitalist society does not separate the two, according to the passage author. B. This is a Comprehension question, because it asks you to recognize an implicit assumption on which a passage argument is based. The answer is B. In paragraph 3, the author distinguishes the aesthetic approach from the instrumental approach to image-making. The first is matched up with private perception ("Cameras capture and 'fix' impressions from that mythical space known as private perception"); and the second linked to the social order ("cameras also arm vision in the service of power - of the state. . . ."). In the next paragraph, this dichotomy is described as a capacity to "subjectify" reality and to "objectify it." C. "Cameras are both the antidote and the disease" (paragraph 5) is the only reference to illness in the passage and in this metaphor the camera paradoxically acts as both. But it's not the capitalist society that separates them, and the analysis doesn't depend on the separation. D. "The freedom to consume a variety of images and goods is equated with freedom itself" (paragraph 4); therefore, these two are NOT separated.

The author's analysis of image-making rests on the assumption that a capitalist society separates: A. advertising from entertainment. B. private perception from social order. C. diseases that afflict society from their cures. D. free political choice from free economic consumption.

A. The author asserts that "The camera empowers everyone to make artistic judgments about importance, interest, or beauty" (paragraph 2). This happens, according to the passage, each time someone decides "that would make a good picture." In other words, the author asserts that this is already happening; it is not the goal of a "new form of conservation." B. The problem, for which "a new form of conservation" is the solution, is due to "the increasing supply of photographic images" (paragraph 6). Therefore, it wouldn't make sense, for a new form of conservation to increase the production of images; instead a solution would involve a decrease in the production of images. C. This is a Social Science passage, belonging to the content category "Sociology." It is a Comprehension question, as it asks you to identify an aspect of the author's argument. The answer is C. The author postulates that the increasing supply of photographic images is a problem because it "can overwhelm and threaten to obliterate reality" (final paragraph). It threatens reality because these images do not actually depict "reality"; they are framed and positioned versions made by the picture-taker and reproduced by some form of media. According to the passage author, these second-hand, mediated images confront individuals in modern technological society, outnumbering and drowning out direct perceptions. "The remedy lies in a new form of conservation" (paragraph 6) that would reduce the number of artificial images and restore balance between what is actually seen with the naked eye and what is staged or manufactured by means of technology. Option C is the best answer. D. The only references to, or examples of, the use of images as an instrument for governing relate to surveillance, verification, or documentation of identity: for example, the photographic image is referred to as "an object of scrutiny to assist officials responsible for governing." In terms of the "instrumental approach" the images are part of a "sphere of surveillance and social utility." Conserving or limiting the number of these images would therefore result in less rather than more control by the government. It would not, moreover, further any "coherent ideology."

The author's main purpose in exploring the aesthetic and the instrumental approaches to photography is to suggest that a new form of conservation must: A. allow ordinary people to make judgments about beauty. B. increase constantly the production of entertaining images. C. solve the problem of the continual proliferation of images. D. develop a coherent ideology to facilitate the task of governing.

α-1,4-glycosidic bond

The bond that is formed by glycogen synthase is the main chain linkage of glycogen, which is an ______.

hydrophobic

The environment of the retinal binding site is most likely:

The answer to this question is B because the nine-year-olds performed differently from adults, suggesting that spatial memory keeps undergoing changes after nine years of age. Because this categorical bias was present in adults, spatial memory does not necessarily become more accurate with age. Because world knowledge about categories affects people's judgments of distance, it is not accurate to say that spatial memory relies solely on the recall of distances.

The findings described in the passage suggest that memory for locations: A. is comparable to adults by nine years of age. B. is influenced by categorical knowledge. C. becomes more accurate with age. D. relies solely on recall of distances.

The compound that exhibits the lowest molecular weight and also the weakest intermolecular forces of attraction. This substance will therefore migrate the fastest and be the first peak in the gas chromatograph (gc) trace.

The first peak observed in the gc trace is attributable to which compound?

The velocity of the blood to decrease

The high number of capillaries in the body means that the total cross-sectional area of these vessels is larger than any other vessel type in the circulatory system. This causes...?

The answer to this question is A because the initial filtration in the glomerulus occurs as blood pressure forces the fluid from the glomerulus into the lumen of Bowman's capsule.

The initial filtration step in the glomerulus of the mammalian kidney occurs primarily by: A. passive flow due to a pressure difference. B. passive flow resulting from a countercurrent exchange system. C. active transport of water, followed by movement of electrolytes along a resulting concentration gradient. D. active transport of electrolytes, followed by passive flow of water along the resulting osmolarity gradient.

The answer to this question is B, because protein levels relate most directly to mRNA levels.

The lung cells of heavy smokers would be expected to have greatly increased concentrations of cP-450 and: A. DNA sequences that code for cP-450. B. mRNA sequences that code for cP-450. C. rRNA that process cP-450. D. tRNA that are specific for cysteine.

The answer to this question is C, because gluconeogenesis is the pathway for the synthesis of glucose from other metabolic compounds and thus it is activated when the body's stores of carbohydrates are low. D is incorrect because by the time protein degradation (starvation conditions) is occuring, gluconeogenesis has already tried and failed to bring the body back to homeostasis, so it has likely used up all its reactants to make more glucose in this attempt. D is incorrect because low protein indicates a starved state, sending the body in to ketosis. At this point there are no carbs, and the liver converts FA's into ketones. Ketogenesis is the primary metabolic pathway at the point, and gluconeogenesis has failed. Gluconeogenic precursors --> Glucose --> Carbohydrates Regardless of the location or organ system participating, if you decrease glycogen concentration, the equilibrium will be pushed to the right, ass first. More glucose will be produced to eventually supply the body with more glycogen.

The most rapid rate of gluconeogenesis will most likely occur in the body when: A. blood glucose levels are high. B. cortisol release is inhibited. C. the body's stores of carbohydrates are low. D. the body's stores of proteins are low. **I said A

A. The passage actually says that the mambos and houngans guide the aspirants, "as they are possessed by the loas." It does not say that the mambos and houngans necessarily "influence" the divine loas. B. This is not an irony described in the passage, implicitly or explicitly. C. The passage actually challenges the notion that there is one kind of 'authentic; voodoo, arguing instead that "synthetic" versions of voodoo are also authentic, so this is not a claim the passage makes. D. This is a Comprehension question that tests your understanding of passage information and of the presence of irony. The answer is D, because this is the only option that accurately characterizes a passage claim. The tourist-oriented voodoo that the author describes at Mariani does enforce a distance between the audience and the ceremony, which the author suggests makes "inadvertent possession" impossible. Thus, the way that the tourists experience voodoo (designed to meet their expectations) reinforces their own pre-existing expectations about the limited possibilities of voodoo, which is ironic.

The passage describes an irony of tourist-oriented voodoo, namely that: A. mambos and houngans, although they are human, exert some influence on the loas. B. loas, although they are supreme beings, deign to inhabit the bodies of humans. C. audiences who make the most effort to find authentic voodoo are least likely to actually find it. D. audiences are kept at a safe distance, which reinforces their lack of belief in the powers of voodoo. **I said B

The answer is A because viruses can only reproduce in a host cell, and are therefore obligate intracellular parasites.

The process of culturing bacteria often involves inoculation of cells on a noncellular, agar-based medium. Such a methodology would NOT result in growth of animal viruses because animal viruses: A.are obligate parasites. B. lack DNA. C. assimilate carbon. D. require essential vitamin supplements for growth.

A. increase sensitivity to low light. B. enable the detection of different colors. C. ensure fast recovery of 11-cis-retinal after exposure. D. increase refractive index of the eye lens.

The production of a variety of opsins functions to: (B)

Kinases transfer a phosphate from ATP to a different substrate. This does not mean that kinases are the SOURCE of phosphate. They are just the mediators.

The requirement of ATP for kinase activity implies the phosphate groups come from ATP. All the other responses do not have phosphate to transfer.

The answer to this question is D because spreading activation suggests that, when a concept is activated, the activation spreads to concepts that are semantically or associatively related to it. Thus, people often retrieve unpresented members of a category when tested on their memory for a series of presented concepts from that category.

The researchers change the procedure such that instead of placing the objects in a box, the participants have to recall all the objects that they have seen during training. According to the spreading of activation theory, which type of memory error is most likely? A. Making source monitoring errors regarding the location of the training objects B. Poorer memory for the training objects seen at the later points in the experiment C. Selective forgetting of the training objects that were placed in the center of the box D. Recalling objects that were not presented but are from the same category as the training objects

The answer to this question is C because the independent variable in the study was exposure to a stressor. The stress group (who expected to give a presentation) should differ from the control group (who did not expect to give a presentation). The stress response is associated with elevated heart rate and skin conductance. Therefore, the stress condition should lead to higher scores on these variables.

The researchers collected data on participants' heart rates and electrical skin conductance at different stages of the experiment. Which pattern would verify that the independent variable had the intended effect? Heart rate and skin conductance are higher: A. for all the participants before they participate in the first phase of the experiment compared to after. B. for the participants who chose to share $120 compared to those who chose to walk away with $30. C. for the participants in the stress group than for the participants in the control group. D. for all the participants before they participate in the second phase of the experiment compared to after.

ATP

The source of the phosphate groups that are added to rhodopsin is:

!

Transmembrane proteins enter the endomembrane system by docking at the rough ER. This is facilitated by using a signal sequence. Mature mRNAs are not likely to contain introns (B) or promoter sequences (C). A nuclear localization signal permits proteins to enter the nucleus. This is not likely for a transmembrane protein (D).

A. The author actually considers all preoccupation with the artist herself—with her biography, and with souvenirs of the author's body or life—to be equivalent. She does not suggest that souvenir hunters are superior to biographers (or vice versa). B. This statement does not provide evidence of the author's views of the souvenir hunters' motives; the author gives perhaps the clearest hint of her theories about their motives when she says, 'You may feel 'close' to a writer when you . . . examine locks of his or her hair" (paragraph 6). C. This is a Humanities passage that falls under the "Literature" content category. It is a Reasoning Within the Text question because it asks you to evaluate the function of a statement within the passage. The answer is C. The statement quoted in the question is introduced this way: "It seems like proof of proper intent: If you preserve the trivial, then you must truly value the serious." The author argues throughout that readers should value an author's words over tangible objects or "souvenirs," and clearly does not endorse the statement quoted in the question. Instead, she says that valuing souvenirs "seems like proof of proper intent." This implies that those "who love art" believe or want to believe that their preoccupation with tangible remnants of artists is evidence of their own seriousness of purpose. D. The author does not use this statement to suggest anything about the "respectability" of the souvenir hunters' motives.

The statement that "if you preserve the trivial, then you must truly value the serious" (paragraph 2) functions in the passage to: A. demonstrate that the motives of souvenir hunters are superior to those of biographers. B. convey the author's belief about the motives of souvenir hunters. C. explain the way souvenir hunters justify their enterprise to themselves. D. suggest that souvenir hunting is more respectable than it might seem. **I said B

The answer to this question is C because enzymes such as ornithine decarboxylase are highly specific both in the reactions that they catalyze and in their choice of substrates and therefore catalyze only a single chemical reaction or occasionally a set of closely related reactions.

The statement that the ornithine decarboxylase assay is highly specific means that it: A. requires radioactive ornithine of high specific activity. B. generates diaminobutane of high specific activity. C. can distinguish ornithine decarboxylase activity from the many other enzymatic reactions in a cell. D. can measure the small amount of ornithine present in a cell. **I said B

A. This anecdote does not testify to the "seriousness" of those who value the trivial; as is clear in item -02, the author sees that contention as a rationalization on the part of the collectors. B. While the anecdote does humorously expose the nanny as a fraud, this story is not included in order to demonstrate something about the nanny; rather, it is intended to demonstrate something about the souvenir hunters. C. This is a Reasoning Within the Text question because it asks you to establish the likely purpose or function of an anecdote that the author includes in the passage. The answer is C because the story of Stevenson's nanny, who purported to have a "single" lock of his hair, but actually sold countless locks of dubious origin, shows how common is the desire to own something that apparently belonged to an author. The author writes archly that "by the time" the nanny was finished with her sales, "there was enough Stevenson hair around to open a wig shop." D. The story really does not say anything about Stevenson's books, which is part of the reason that the author dislikes souvenir hunting.

The story of Stevenson's Scottish nanny (paragraph 2) is probably included in order to: A. demonstrate that those who preserve the trivial also value the serious. B. expose the nanny as a charlatan. C. establish the pervasiveness of the desire to collect an author's mementos. D. demonstrate the popularity of Stevenson's books. *I said A

Opsin info

The wavelength of light absorbed by a molecule depends on its structure, and so the production of a variety of structurally related opsins functions to enable the detection of different colors

glucose

UDP release means that only ______ was added.

A. There is no suggestion that it would have been impossible to paint a house blue in the sixteenth century—it just would have been expensive. B. This is a Humanities passage that falls under the content category of Art History. This is a Reasoning Beyond the Text question, as it asks you to use passage information to answer a question about a scenario that is not discussed in the passage. The answer is B, because the passage refers to a development in the seventeenth century, when a particular kind of blue pigment was developed "as a cheaper and more workable alternative to the expensive pigments azurite and smalt" (paragraph 2). Thus, you can infer that, in the sixteenth century, it was still expensive to produce blue paint; in these circumstances, using blue paint might well have been a sign of wealth. C. The passage says that brightly colored pigments are "stable"; it does not suggest that the sixteenth century paints, containing more expensive pigments, were likely to be less stable (or more likely to fade). D. The passage does not support this suggestion.

What does the passage suggest about the use of blue paint for a house in the sixteenth century? A. It would have been impossible. B. It may have been a statement of wealth. C. The paint would have faded quickly. D. The original paint may have been titanium-white. **I said C

Since a new solid forms when Al(s) is mixed with Zn2+(aq), it is reasonable to assume that Al(s) is more susceptible to oxidation than Zn(s).

When a strip of Zn is placed in a beaker containing 0.1 M HCl, H2(g) evolves. A strip of Al is placed in a beaker containing 0.1 M HCl, and H2(g) does evolve. Why?

Yes; Al is oxidized and H+(aq) is reduced.

When a strip of Zn is placed in a beaker containing 0.1 M HCl, H2(g) evolves. If a strip of Al is placed in a beaker containing 0.1 M HCl, does H2(g) evolve?

The answer is D because glomerular filtrate is most concentrated in the medullary portion of the collecting duct, compared to the other kidney structures listed.

When concentrated urine is being produced, in which of the following regions of the kidney will the glomerular filtrate reach its highest concentration? A. Proximal convoluted tubule B. Distal convoluted tubule C. Cortical portion of the collecting duct D. Medullary portion of the collecting duct

A. Option A refers to what the passage calls "indirect" democracy, and "the sovereignty of the masses" is another way of describing "direct" democracy. B. This is a Comprehension question, as it asks you to determine the meaning of a phrase as it is used in the context of the passage. The answer is B, because the author first refers to the "mechanical and technical impossibility of [the] realization" of the "sovereignty of the masses" (paragraph 4). He later states that some "technical and administrative" factors "render impossible the direct self-government of large groups" (final paragraph), and it is clear that this is another way of stating "the sovereignty of the masses." C. The author claims that very large groups do a poor job of "serious discussions or thoughtful deliberations," and there is no indication that "sovereignty of the masses" suggests that large groups are indeed able to engage in this kind of deliberation. D. The author suggests that large groups tend to be susceptible to popular orators, so it is unlikely that he implies that "the sovereignty of the masses" suggests that the masses can see popular orators for what they are.

When using the term "the sovereignty of the masses" (paragraph 4), the author seems to mean the ability of the masses to: A. vote in elections that decide who their leaders will be. B. make every decision concerning their governance. C. discuss all the potential consequences of specific actions. D. understand the difference between popular orators and natural leaders. *I said C

Alanine and tyrosine

Which AAs do not covalent bond to anything?

Serine is the residue that was phosphorylated, and phosphorylation enabled the protein to be subsequently attached to hydroxyapatite (HA).

Which amino acid was incorporated into Compound 1 as a future site of covalent attachment to HA prior to mineralization?

The answer to this question is A, development of affordable housing. Gentrification is the reinvestment in lower income neighborhoods in urban areas, which results from the influx of more affluent groups. With the arrival of more affluent residents, housing demand increases and generally results in a decrease of affordable housing for lower income residents. In contrast, the other response options present more likely outcomes of gentrification.

Which effect is LEAST likely to occur with the process of gentrification? A. Development of affordable housing B. Increased neighborhood stratification C. Displacement of lower-income residents D. Expanded tax base for local government **I said C

A. To assert that this option was correct, we would need to know more about conditions in Brazil - for example, whether it was like France and Spain, in culture and law, or like Portugal. B. This is a Reasoning Within the Text question, as it asks you to evaluate the strength of evidence for passage claims. The answer is B. "Reforms," especially in the context of this passage, represent clear efforts at making progressive social changes. Retraction of such measures by a highly repressive King (possibly initially consented to as the price for being allowed to return from exile) would strongly illustrate this king's resistance to change. C. Without a link being established between John and Portugal, on the one hand, and Brazil on the other, this option would be irrelevant. D. To assert this option, we would need to know why he stopped reigning as monarch after five years. This information is not included in the passage.

Which of the following facts most strongly supports the authors' image of John VI as resistant to social change in his realm? A. When Napoleon invaded Portugal, he fled to exile in Brazil. B. On returning from exile, he agreed to reforms but quickly revoked them. C. As soon as he returned to power, Brazil declared its independence from Portugal. D. After his return, he reigned as monarch of Portugal for only five years.

A. The passage does not suggest this. B. This is not what the phrase "obliteration of the factory" implies. C. This is another Comprehension question, as it asks you to understand what a particular phrase means in the context of the passage. The answer is C, because the author explains that Ewen talks about the "obliteration of the factory" to describe the division of the economic world into "an unpleasant sphere where goods were produced and a gratifying sphere where they were consumed" (paragraph 2). This suggests that the "obliteration" is meant to make the production side of the consumer economy invisible, so that it the gratification of consumption seems to come without the messy realities of industrial labor. The author also explains that theatrical performance is unusual because the labor side of the equation cannot actually be hidden, as it is "embodied by the performer." As the author opposes theatrical labor to other kinds of labor, it is clear that he suggests that industrial jobs can be hidden. D. The passage does not suggest this.

Which of the following statements best explains Ewen's use of the phrase "obliteration of the factory," as it is used in the passage? A. Industrial jobs were declining in number. B. Industrial jobs produced consumer goods. C. Industrial jobs were hidden from public view. D. Industrial jobs were being replaced by new models of production. **I said D

A. sp B. sp3 C. p D. d2 sp3

Which of the following types of orbitals of the central atom are involved in bonding in octahedral compounds? (D)

This Sociology question is covered by content in the category "Understanding social structure." The answer to this question is B. Ethnographic methods are accurately described in the question as involving systematic observation of a complete social environment.

Which research methodology involves the extended, systematic observation of a complete social environment? A. Comparative methods B. Ethnographic methods C. Experimental methods D. Survey methods **I said A

The answer to this question is A. Assimilation is related to the process of social integration and generally refers to when new members adopt the main elements of a culture. The other response options each provide an aspect of the definition of assimilation (cultural adaptation, adopting new norms, and relinquishing old norms). However, the answer does NOT describe assimilation. Instead, it speculates about a possible consequence of assimilation.

Which statement does NOT identify an aspect of the concept of assimilation? A. Assimilation is the influence that cultural changes have on an individual's health. B. Assimilation is the process of cultural adaptation that results from geographic mobility. C. Assimilation occurs when individuals adopt the cultural norms of a dominant culture. D. Assimilation occurs when individuals relinquish the cultural norms of their childhood.

α-1,4-Glycosidic bond

Which type of bond is formed by glycogen synthase upon release of UDP?

A. Capillary walls are more elastic than arterial walls. B. Capillaries have less resistance to blood flow than arteries. C. The total cross-sectional area of capillaries exceeds that of arteries. D. Blood pressure is higher in the capillaries than in arteries.

Why is the velocity of blood flow slower in capillaries than in arteries? (C)

chaperones

_______ facilitates proper protein folding and inhibits the formation of nonfunctional protein aggregates

Laforin

_______ is an enzyme that removes phosphate from glycogen.