MCAT Sociology Part, THINK MCAT Psychology/Sociology Terms

MDMA (ecstasy)

"Inc. dopamine, serotonin and blocks the re-uptake of serotonin; Neurons now make less which leads to severe depressed state."

Chunking

"Memorizing things in small groups, rather than alone or in one large group. This is why we write and think of phone numbers as 555-867-5309. We remember 555, then 867, and 5309. ROYGBIV."

Social Mobility

"Movement of groups or individuals between different social class positions"

What is deviance?

"Not the act itself, but the reaction" (Becker); violation of norms; relative

Continuous Reinforcement

"Occurs on a 1:1 ratio - this means that for each behavior, there is a reward. Occurs when the reinforcement is given every time the behavior is down."

Place Theory

"One is able to hear different pitches because different sound waves trigger activity at different places along the cochlea's basilar membrane"

James-Lange theory

"Our bodies react first, then we experience the emotional feeling. For example, a baseball pitcher suddenly sees a batted ball screaming for his face. He reacts and catches the ball. Then he feels a rush of fear/surprise/emotion. Thinking and acting came before feeling."

Labeling Theory

"Refers to how deviant individual behavior becomes even more deviant when a person is negatively labeled or classified as such."

Construct Validity

"Refers to whether or not the questionnaires used to assess something adequately measure that particular thing."

Low road sensory input

"Sensory input (from say the eyes)→amygdala→fear response. This is super-fast. It usually involves fear or likes/dislikes. It's like the person who "wears his emotions on his sleeve" and reacts to any situation immediately."

Panic disorder

"Sudden and paralyzing fear that something terrible is about to happen. It lasts minutes. Can have heart palpitations, shortness of breath, choking feelings, trembling, sweating, and dizziness."

Symbolic Interactionism

"Symbolic meaning of usage, developed through social interactions, explains why individuals become sustained users."

Labeling

"Terms used to negatively identify or classify are considered to also negatively influence the person's self and social identity."

Ego

"The "smart guy" who figures out some way for the id to get what he wants, but in a manner that superego is okay with."

Id

"The id is the bad guy. Id is the little devil on your shoulder saying, "Do it! 1. These are unconscious desires. The id goes for whatever feels good, right now. The id wants sex and drugs, for instance."

Bridging Process Model

"Two populations with different behaviors are linked by a few individuals who bridge the boundary between each world."

Antisocial personality disorder

"Used to be called a "sociopath" or a "psychopath." This person is usually a male, usually starts to show signs before age 15, and begins to lie, steal, fight, or display unrestrained sexual behavior. 2. An antisocial person doesn't feel sorrow or any bit of remorse or wrongdoing. Feels no empathy towards others. Individuals may be exploitative in the their sexual relationships. Failure to conform to social norms, deceitful, irritable and aggressive.

Motion Parallax

"When you are moving, objects closer than your point of visual focus move in direction opposite to you, while objects beyond your focus point move in same direction."

Self efficacy

(Bandura) belief in one's ability to organize and execute a series of actions. 2 types are strong (RISE) and weak (FALL)

Ambient stressors

(Global) in background such as pollution, physically perceivable but not urgent

Dramaturgical approach

(Goffman) fronstage- when people in social setting, manipulate how he's seen to gain socially. Backstage- more private area when act is over, can be yourself and few to no one knows about. Crossing over occurs due to social media

Biological theory

(Many variations) important components are inherited or determined in part by our genes

Motion parallax

(Monocular cue) when in a car, things that are closest to you seem to be moving quickest

Importance of roles

(Social norm) accepted standard behavior of social group. Provide order in society

Linguistic determinism

(Weak) language influences thought (strong) langauges determines thought completely (Whorfian hypothesis)

Hippocampus

(in the temporal lobe) seems important in writing new memories.

Socialism

- 3 characteristics: public ownership of means of production, central planning, no profit motive; - central committee makes decisions- to eliminate competition- all work for government

Durkheim

- functionalist perspective: how parts of social system contribute to continuation of system; study of suicide showed that more social integration = lower suicide rate

Pluralism

- mutual respect between different cultures in a society; able to express culture- no hostility/prejudice; truths exist in other races and cultures

Thalamus

From diencephalon, important role in sensory functions, and higher brain function (lots of connections)

Learned helplessness

From external locus of control, don't make effort to change situation. Perceived lack of control

Muscle spindles

Group of sensory receptors in muscle that detect changes in length of muscle

Racial group

Group set apart because of some kind of physical characteristic that has taken on social significance

Minority

Group that makes up less than half of population and treated differently

Tracts

Groups of axons traveling in proximity of each other

Residential segregation

Groups of people separate into different neighborhoods (by race, income). Where we live affects our life chances and availability to resources in general.

Microculture

Groups or organizations that only have a limited influence on someone's life and temporary. Subculture is more permanent

Learned behavior

Habituation, classical/operant conditioning, insight learning (come up with a novel skill using previously learned skills)

Post-traumatic stress disorder

Anxiety disorder with haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpiness, and/or insomnia that lasts weeks after a traumatic experience. Characterized by onset of fear-based emotional or behavioral symptoms.

Obsessive-compulsive disorder

Anxiety disorder with unwanted repetitive thoughts and/or actions.

Exchange theory

Application of RCT to social interactions, study relationships. Determined by weighing rewards and punishments. Social approval is reward, disapproval is punishment

Evolutionary game theory

Applying theory to situation where there is no conscious application in order to predict behavior and evolutionary stable strategies

Humanistic

Approach led by Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers. This approach focuses on our potential for growth and reaching our full potential.

Psychoanalytic

Approach proposed mostly by Sigmund Freud. This approach suggests that people do things because of unconscious struggles started in childhood, often sexual in nature.

Anterior chamber

Aqueous humor fluid filled space and provides pressure, nutrient flow. Between the cornea and lens.

Progressive

Artificial creations that could be harmful if not reined in

Dominant group

Ascribes racial identity to minority group that they do not identify

Equilibrium

Assimilating keeps us in equilibrium

Cerebellum

Associated with balance and coordination.

Frontal Lobe

Associated with changes in personality and cognitive processing.

Orbitofrontal Cortex

Associated with the processing of both positively and negatively balanced emotions.

Wernicke's Area

Associated with understanding language. (Temporal Lobe)

Informative influence

Assume that the group knows best and agree to do what they do

Tend and befriend response

Behavior exhibited by some animals, including humans, in response to threat. It refers to protection of offspring and seeking out the social group for mutual defense;modulated by oxytocin (stronger with women)

Reciprocal relationship

Behavior influences consequences and consequences influence behavior

Prototype willingness model

Behavior is a function of 6 things: previous behavior, attitudes towards behavior, subjective norms, intentions, willingness to engage, prototypes (models)

Aversion control

Behavior is controlled by threat of something unpleasant. The behavior is maintained to prevent the unpleasant stimuli.

Labeling theory

Behavior is deviant if people have labeled it as such (primary and secondary)

Partial reinforcement

Behavior is reinforced only part of the time

Feeding and eating

Behavioral abnormalities related to food

Taboos

Behaviors that are completely forbidden in any circumstance

Parallel processing

Being able to see color, form, and motion all at same time

Universalists

Believe thought determines language.

Exchange-Rational Choice Theory

Believes that decisions are made by rational beings who have weighed all aspects of the problem, and who then proceed to make the rational choice.

Subliminal

Below the 50% threshold

Lens

Bend and focus light on back of eyeball, adjust light coming in

Altruism

Beneficial behavior to society (and self) but not really altruistic. Roots in empathy?

Social support

Best coping mechanism, allows us to confide in others and understand we are not alone. Marriage, friendships, domestic pets

Organ of corti cross section

Hair cells that get pushed down and up on to move back and forth (hair bundle with kinocilium with tip link linked to potassium channel and calcium also flows in causing AP, spiral ganglion cell)

Laissez-faire

Hands-off

Relative poverty

Median level of income rises meaning that less people live in absolute poverty as proportion, meaning there is a different marker used to denote poverty. Poverty Is a percentage level below median income (less than 60% of median income)

Target characteristics

Characteristics of listener: in good/bad mood? How intelligent?

Somatic Symptom Disorder

Characterized by onset of several somatic symptoms like pain or fatigue.

Selective Mutism

Characterized by social anxiety and lack of speech in select social situations.

Pheremone

Chemical molecules released that can be scented by another organisms. Specialized olfactory cues that causes response in smelling species, trigger innate response (very important in insects)

Psychoanalytic theory

Childhood experiences and unconscious desires, influence behavior, concept of libido (energy that fuels mind)

Nativist/innatist perspective

Children born with ability to speak language Chomsky- language acquisition device), universal grammar

Vykostsky (sociocultural cognitive development theory)

Children learn actively and through hands on experiences. Parents, peers, attitude, language have big impact on child internalization. Social interaction during cognition

Damaging effects of stress on reproductive

Chronic stress disrupts pregnancy hormones and inhibition, male testosterone reduction

External attribution

Circumstantial considerations: consistency, distinctiveness, consensus

Levels of urban areas

City= 50000+ metropolis= 500000+ megalopolis= many cities

Well defined problems

Clear starting and end point

Learning performance distinction

Learning and performing are different. Not perform does not mean not learn

Shaping

Learning through practice by successively reinforcing behaviors that approximate target behavior

Positive moods

Left frontal. This may be due to lots of dopamine receptors in the left lobe. Essentially, right is cranky, left is happy.

Contralateral control

Left side brain controls right body and visa versa (true from almost all senses except smell and signals to the cerebellum)

Bystander effect

Less likely to help another when in a group due to presence of others

Dysthymic disorder

Less severe than major depressive disorder.

Incubation

Let problem set and come up with a solution after time

Socialization

Life long process where we learn about social expectations and how we interact with others, behavioral norms that helps us fit in

Obsessive compulsive

Like things to be ordered and controlled (NOT OCD)

∆I = IK

Linear relationship between background intensity and increment threshold

Law of continuity

Lines are seen as following the smoothest path

Opearnt conditioning

Link between behavior and consequences; not autonomic; learned

Mnemonic devices

Link to easier devices in long term memory already, such as visual imagery. Pegword system (verbal), method of loci (use locations instead of events), acronyms

Vertigo

Liquid in semicircular canals does not stop moving once we have/ dizziness

Norepinephrine

Located in pons, locus coereleus

Parasympathetic Nervous System

Long preganglionic neuron synapses close to organ, short post ganglionic neuron. Rest and Digest. See the bear!

Age stratification

Look at age as way of regulating behavior of generation. Hierarchical ranking of age groups. A way this is done in America is by putting an end to childhood at the age of 18, when you start to vote. When ageism is used as a form of prejudice, ageism is exhibited. Age stratification helps the government plan for the coming years about how many children, adults, and elderly will be in the community.

Social epidemiology

Look at health disparities through social indicators and how social factors impact a person's health

Interactionist perspective

Look at micro level for day to day behavior. Societal norms mean that you are forbidden to talk about movie with people you are watching with.

Microsociology

Look at small scale everyday interactions, don't have same large test group. Interpret individual interactions to greater patterns

Functionalism

Look at society as a whole and how institutions that make up society adapt to keep stable and functioning

Feature detection

Looking at components that make up a visually processed object (color, form, motion)

Behavior genetics

Looking at genetic component to behavior

Population pyramid

Looking at population of a country to divide number of people of different ages and genders. Expansive means lots of birth and death. Stationary means low rates. Constricted also means low rates but fewer young people than old (stable population)

Basal ganglia

Motor, cognition, emotion. separated by white matter but functional unit

Transnational

Move across borders for better opportunity

Problem solving

Move from current state to goal state

Suburbanization

Move to city outskirts, but increase commute and harder healthcare access. Sometimes build own economic centers

Kinesthesia

Movement of body, more behavioral than proprioception.

Seismic communication

Movement of bug in spider's web to find food

Urbanization

Movement of people from rural to urban areas (rural <1000 people per square mile, less than 2500 residence.)

Encoding strategies

Moving from working memory to long term storage (limited capacity)

Iris

Muscles surrounding pupil to change its size

White matter

Myelinated axons

Adoption studies

Clinical genetic study designed to evaluate genetic and environmental influences on phenotype. Links between biological parents and children suggests genetic influences whereas links between adopted family suggests environmental influences.

Attachment

Close bond between child and mother, based on comfort as shown in harlow monkey experiment

Inclusive fitness

Close relatives have related genes and want to help family, helps explain evolution in a greater sense

Inner ear

Cochlea (full of auditory receptors), semicircular canals (anterior, posterior, lateral all orthogonal), endolymph is fluid that shifts when we move

Adrenal cortex

Cortisol, steroid hormone that suppresses immune system and redistributes glucose; aldosterone; androgens. "Salt, Sugar/Stress, and Sex": Aldosterone, Cortisol (glucocorticoids), Androgens

Appraisal Focused Coping

Could involve denying or distancing from the reality of the disease or the situation and is similar to avoidance focused coping. Methods may also involve altering goals and values.

Problem Focused Coping

Could involve learning more about something, evaluating the pros and cons of different types of treatment, or taking control of a treatment plan.

Increase in national trade

Created and supported by international regulatory groups, like NAFTA, all countries are dependent on international trade for prosperity

Easy signal

Creates more hits than misses

Skeptical perspective

Critical of globalization, consider international processes as regionalized not globalized. Countries' borders are not being integrated as quickly. Not leading to global capitalism

Cultural Transmission

Culture is passed along from generation to generation through various child rearing practices

Subculture

Culture of a meso-level subcommunity that distinguishes itself from dominant culture (from the larger society) and large enough to support a community (not like micro culture)

Culture lag

Culture takes time to catch up with technological innovations which results in problems. Culture and technology do not work together since non-material culture resists change

Cultural leveling

Cultures become similar; driven by mass market media; mostly West to East

Functionalist Theory (Durkheim)

Deviance can be functional; affirms moral boundaries; promotes social unity; promotes social change

Theory of differential association

Deviance is learned behavior that comes from exposed behavior ("monkey see monkey do")

Modified semantic network

Each network depends on specific knowledge and experience. All ideas are connected

Achieved status

Earned by achievements or choice. (status earned by merit) mother, athlete

Sociocultural factors

Eat for certain events, conscious choices (at certain times, desire to eat, appeal of food, availability)

Cosmopolites

Driven to city for cultural value. A person who is cosmopolitan in his or her ideas, life, etc; citizen of the world.

Intoxication

Drug exerts effect on behavior (drug specific)

Opiates

Drugs that decrease CNS ACTIVITY and REM sleep: Short term memory loss from night of drinking.

Society

Education, employment, healthcare are sources of stigma. Anti-discrimination law

Lower motor neurons

Efferent neurons of PNS going to skeletal muscle in limbs, trunk, and head.

Mcdonaldization

Efficiency calculability, predictability control to take over other organizations

Defense Mechanisms

Emerge when the ego can't do his job and keep both the id and superego happy.

Limbic System

Emotion/memory; Between Cerebrum (Telencephalon) and Diencephalon; Amygdala, cingulate gyrus, hippocampus.

Kinds of social support

Emotional, esteem, informational, tangible, companionship

Schizoid

Emotionally detached

Amalgamation

Occurs when majority and minority groups combine to form a new group. Creates the classic melting pot analogy (in contrast to the "salad bowl" analogy in which the cultures still exist individually.) Can be achieved through interracial marriages.

Partial or intermittent reinforcement

Occurs when the reinforcement is not given after every behavior.

Feminist theory

Offshoot of conflict theory. Inequalities are apparent in medicine, male dominated field. Disparity in jobs and salary, specialized vs. family fields

Minimal Justification

Often follows an impulsive action which was performed without a real reason.

Conjuctiva

One layer thin sheet of cells, protects from dust. The mucous membrane that covers the front of the eye and lines the inside of the eyelids.

Side effect discrimination

One organization negatively influencing another, such as employer and criminal legal system for charged individuals

Learning theory

Only learn language through reinforcement, not born with innate ability

Pupil

Opening before the lens that modulates light entering eye

Nostril

Opening to allow air into nose

Spatial mismatch

Opportunities for low income people in segregated neighborhoods may be available but there is a large physical distance that makes it harder for them to access

Dominant/nondominant hemisphere

Opposite of hand we right with; left is language/analytic. Nondominant is tone and emotion processing, creativity, spatial processing, big picture, attention

Routes of entry

Oral, inhalation, injection, transdermal (patches), intramuscular

Information processing model

Our brains are similar to computers, but does not say WHERE it happens. Sensory register/memory is where we first interact with info (sight and sound are most important- iconic and echoic memory), but we can't process it all

Them

Out group

Pinna

Outer portion of ear that funnels sound

Round window

Output of cochlea

External locus of control

Outside forces beyond personal control like fate control destiny

Fundamental attribution error

Over attribute others' behavior to internal/dis-positional

Panic disorder

Panic attacks, sudden, intense. Physical symptoms,

Depression

Physical symptoms, low focus, low mood, self-esteem, helplessness. Number 1 reason for mental health services (~20% of population).

Autonomic nervous system

Physiological changes that cause sensation of emotion (sympathetic and parasympathetic)

Long term potentiation

Physiological mechanism of learning, connections between neurons strengthen

Cocktail Party Effect

Pick-up on relevant information from unattended auditory channels. Ability to tune in on only one auditory input while blocking out other potential stimuli

Intersectionality

Point at which multiple points of discrimination overlap and exist. experience multiple forms of discrimination for overlapping areas (sex, gender, culture, race). Originally developed by Crenshaw in 1989 for feminist discrimination but has expanded since

Just noticeable difference

Point at which threshold is accomplished so you can tell difference between intensity of 2 stimuli (2 vs. 2.2 pounds)

Urban renewal

Revamping parts of city that are old/falling apart, but can also lead to gentrification pushing out people originally living there

Ascribed status (born with status)

age, sex, race, ethnicity

accommodation

change the schema in order to accommodate new information

horizontal social mobility

changing jobs without changing occupational status

Alzheimer's disease

characterized by cognitive dysfunction in verbal fluency and negative priming

Gustatory receptors

chemoreceptors on the tongue that respond to chemicals in food

Maternal mortality rate

Reverse champagne glass. Much higher in lower income brackets due to accessibility to healthcare. 10 out of 100,000 in Europe/North America, 700 or more/100000 in Africa

Devil effect

Reverse halo effect (from negative overall impression)

Meritocracy

Reward based on individual talent or effort

Incentive theory

Reward is presented after occurrence of action to make behavior occur again (positive meaning to behavior), must be reasonable reward. Positive reinforcement

Operant conditioning

Rewards and punishments to increase/decrease behavior

Clonus

Rhythmic contraction of antagonist muscles (opposite effect on joint). A muscular spasm that involves rhythmic contraction of muscles; a type of hyperactive reflex; caused by permanent lesion in descending motor neurons.

Gyri

Ridges on cortex

Hypothalamus

Right below thalamus, controls pituitary gland part of endocrine system

Phone analogy

Society is the hardware (institutions), culture is like the software- set of instructions and code, constantly being updated

Social Stratification

Socioeconomic gradients in health are an aspect of social stratification (how people are categorized into rankings of socioeconomic tiers).

Parietal lobe

Somatosensory cortex (perception), spatial processing and manipulation (orientation)

Homunculus

Somatosensory map of body superimposed on brain

Spearman's Idea

Some aspects of intelligence would be impaired with a disorder while others remain intact

Neural Plasticity

Some parts of the brain can adapt to perform new functions if needed.

Anxiety

Some specific (phobias) or general (GAD), panic disorder. Characterized by restlessness, fatigue, difficulty concentrating, muscle tension, sleep problems,

Media

Source of stigma, represent conditions as failure. Social media as well

Theory of general intelligence (Spearman)

Spearman believed that general intelligence represented an intelligence factor underlying specific mental abilities. All tasks on intelligence tests, whether they related to verbal or mathematical abilities, were influenced by this underlying g-factor.

Magno pathway

Specialized cells to encode motion, high temporal resolution

Hair cell

Specialized receptor of audition

Phobias

Specific focused anxiety, patterns (animals, insects, blood, enclosed spaces, etc.) avoidance behavior. Social phobias

Hierarchy of needs

Specific order (bottom to top): physiological, safety (these 2 are basic), love/acceptance (social), self-esteem (respect), self-actualization- reaching max potential

Schizophrenia

Split between reality and what a person thinks is real.Disorganized thinking; selective attention; Inappropriate emotions and actions. seem to have many more dopamine receptors in their brains. Decreased size of gray matter in temporal lobe.

Spacing

Spread out study sessions over time

Malthusian theory

Stabilization of population as a result of being too large

Demographic transition

Stabilization when switching from high birth/death rates to low. Most countries have + growth rate

Generalized anxiety disorder

Symptoms are things such as dizziness, sweating palms, heart palpitations, ringing in the ears, edginess, lack of sleep, and "the shakes."

Freud Psychosexual Stages of Development

The five stages of his psychosexual development theory include the oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital stages, described below. Oral - During this stage, the mouth is the pleasure center for development.

Superego

The good guy. Superego is the little angel on your shoulder. This is our moral compass that details right from wrong. Superego knows it's just not right to go around satisfying our sexual cravings anywhere and everywhere. Freud thought this kicked in starting around age 4 or 5.

Rorschach test

The inkblot test is a method of psychological evaluation. Psychologists use this test in an attempt to examine the personality

Null Hypothesis

The null hypothesis states that there is no difference between the two groups that you're trying to compare. Generally in statistics, you're trying to prove the null hypothesis wrong, saying that there actually is a difference between the groups (i.e., saying that there's a difference between the control and experimental group).

Cerebral Cortex

The outermost layer of the cerebral hemisphere which is composed of gray matter. Cortices are asymmetrical. Both hemispheres are able to analyze sensory data, perform memory functions, learn new information, form thoughts and make decisions.

Glass ceiling

The point in a women's career when she can no longer rise any higher while their male colleagues rise to the top

Fecundity

The potential reproductive capacity of a female in a population

Food deserts

Urban areas with no grocery stores, need fast food to eat and no nutritional capabilities

Disequilibrium

Use accommodation to return to equilibrium

Gender oppression

Women are different and also subordinated, comes down to power. Positive power of women not acknowledged. Institution of family benefits man

Structural oppression

Women's oppression due to capitalism and patriarchy (ties to conflict theory).

Eysenck

We have 3 major dimensions encompass all traits but differential expressions: extraversion, neuroticism, psychoticism

Similarity effect

We think that the more time we spend with someone the more similar they become, but this may not actually be true

Multitasking

We're bad at it, shadowing task (attended channel and unattended channel)

Primary groups

Wedding-- bridesmaid + groomsmen. Belonging and shared sense of identity, loyalty. Belong to group is inherent value, anchor point. Close relationships, love cooperation concern

Visuospatial sketchpad

Working memory visual. A component of working memory responsible for handling visual and spatial information. It temporarily stores information on how things look and allows us to manipulate images in our mind

Milgram studies

Willingness of participants to do what authority states even when it is wrong, 65% went all the way to 450 V

Just world phenomenon

World is fair so people get what they get, a way of justifying actions especially to victims

Positive Reinforcement

Would encourage a desired behavior, refers to adding a stimulus.

Emotion Focused Coping

Would involve a focus on restructuring or managing emotions that accompany stress. One method for managing or restructuring emotions could be meditation, or using relaxation based exercises like deep breathing.

Acquisition

in classical conditioning, the process of learning the association between a conditioned stimulus and response. Example: Pavlov's dog has acquisition when the dog salivates to the ringing bell.

Stanley Milgram

conducted research on obedience where he asked subjects to administer a shock to what they thought was another subject (but was just an actor) and he monitored the degree of subjects' compliances or obedience

Amygdala

neural centers in the limbic system linked to emotion

Mirror neurons

neurons that fire when a particular behavior or emotion is observed in another; may be responsible for vicarious emotions and a foundation for empathy

Folkways

norms that are more informal, yet shape everyday behavior (style of dress, ways of greeting, etc.)

semantic memory

not drawn from personal experiences (common knowledge)

context effects

not relevant to a person's judgment and decision making process, but can still have a biasing impact on those processes

Extended family

nuclear + other relatives

distal stimulus

object which provides information for the proximal stimulus

unidirectional

occurs independently of other factors

Functions of religion

social solidarity- emotional comfort- guidelines

Negative stereotypes

unreliable generalizations about all members of a group

Ethnocentrism

use own culture to judge other cultures; creates loyalty and discrimination

shadowing

used in attention studies where a person repeats word for word as a person speaks and other stimuli are playing in the background

Linguistic isolation

Changes in language in segregated communities

incentive theory

factors outside of individuals can motivate behavior

Orientation

family you are born into

Procreation

family you create

Phineas Gage

famous case of a man who suffered damage to his prefrontal cortex after a railroad tie blasted through his head. His symptoms due to damage to this area included: impulsivity, an inability to stick to plans, an inability to demonstrate empathy

universally expressed emotions

happiness, sadness, surprise, fear, disgust, anger

Reticular formation

helps control arousal

Executive functions

higher order thinking processes that include planning, organizing, inhibition, and decision-making

Rhombencephalon

hindbrain (pons medulla cerebellum)

cultural transmission

how culture is learned

population pyramid

illustrate the age and sex distribution of a population

Looking Glass Self (Cooley)

imagine appearance to others; interpret other's reactions; develop a self-concept

fMRI

imaging technique that measures brain activity by detecting associated changes in blood flow

PET

imaging technique that uses radioactive substances to detect diseases in the body

Infantile amnesia

lack of explicit memory for events that occurred before the age of roughly 3.5 years, while people are unable to recall memories from this part of their life, learning and memory do still occur, the reason for infantile amnesia is unknown

Gender socialization

learn culturally defined gender roles; learn behavior/attitude for each sex; reinforced

ME

learned behaviors, attitudes, and expectations of others and society, socialized and conforming aspect of the self

humanistic theory

look at human behavior through the eyes of the observer as well as the eyes of the person being observed

Pluralistic society

many diverse groups

Endogamy

marry in-group (race/social class)

Exogamy

marry out-group(incest taboo)

pituitary gland

master endocrine gland

partial report technique

measures iconic memory

sanctions

mechanisms of social control (punishments and rewards)

general adaptation syndrome

model of the body's stress response that consists of three stages: alarm, resistance, and exhaustion

Nuclear family

mom, dad, siblings

vertical social mobility

movement up or down a social hierarchy

Polysomnography (PSG)

multimodal technique for measuring physiological processes during sleep, including EEG, EMG and EOG

support-seeking

overcome stress by seeking support, seeking information

dependence

overcoming stress by relying on others

status-seeking

overcompensates stress through high achievement

spinal cord

pathway for neural fibers traveling to and from the brain; controls simple relfexes

Marx

people should change society --> revolution; struggle between social classes is cause of change

place theory

perception of sound depends on where each component frequency produces vibrations along the basilar membrane

sensitive period

point in early life development that can have a significant influence on physiological or behavioral functioning later in life

associative learning

process of learning in which one event, object, or action is directly connected with another. Two general categories include classical and operant conditioning

Parietal Lobe

processing of sensory input. Body orientation (proprioception)

demographic transition theory

progressive movement from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates

Encoding specificity principle

proposed by researchers Thomson and Tulving, states that memory is most effective when information available at encoding is also present at retrieval; explains why a subject is able to recall a target word as part of an unrelated word pair at retrieval with much more accuracy when prompted with the unrelated word than if presented with a semantically related word that was not available during encoding

Theories of Prejudice

scapegoating; authoritarian personality;

Mores

serious norm, demands conformity, severe consequences

Narcolepsy

sleep disorder in which the individual experiences periodic overwhelming sleepiness during waking periods that usually last less than 5 min

stage 2 of sleep

sleep spindles

Proprioception

relative position of body parts in relation to each other

pons

relays information between the cerebrum and the cerebellum, controls arousal and regulates respiration

thalamus

relays messages between lower brain centers and cerebral cortex

mcdonaldization

replace traditional and emotional thought with reason and efficiency (uniformity, efficiency, and technological control)

stimulant

same psychological response as stress, increases glucose metabolism

Prodrome

Deterioration in behavior and function, going downhill. Schoolwork suffers, relationships, paranoia, delusions

Freud's idea for sleep

Dreams are unconscious thoughts and ideas that come to forefront

Arcuate tasciculus

Fibers implicated in language function. Bundle of axon that connects the Wernicke and Broca's area.

Parvo pathway

Figuring out shape of an object (spatial resolution but poor temporal resolution)

Case Study

"Examines one individual in depth over time to thoroughly understand all aspects of that person's functioning."

Social Epidemiology

"Focuses on the contribution of social and cultural factors to disease patterns in populations"

FREUD Fixation

"For example, a person who got too much oral pleasure, or too little, may grow up to be a smoker or lash out verbally."

Amygdala

"Headquarters of emotion. Most consistently associated with fear. Damage has been linked to difficulty attending to facial expressions that would normally signal fear. Part of limbic system."

Punishment

"Decrease of a behavior. DISCOURAGES a behavior (whereas negative reinforcement encourages a behavior by removing something unpleasant)."

Narcissistic personality disorder

"Exaggerating your own importance. A narcissist thinks he/she has done great things, hates any criticism, wants to be in the limelight, is very arrogant, but has no empathy for others. It's me- first and me-only."

Variable ratio

"A reward after a randomized number of responses. Reinforcer is given after a random number of behaviors. Think of pulling a slot machine handle, you never know which pull will win."

Confounding Variable

"A third variable that could explain differences between groups, and compromises study results. Confusing Variable." A confounding variable is an additional independent variable that may have an effect on the dependent variable, may increase variance and introduce bias.

Biopsychosocial approach

"ALL behavior comes from the interaction of the body/genetics and one's background/experiences as well as our thoughts."

Stereotype Threat

"Addresses task performance anxiety induced by the implicit activation of stereotypes"

Bottom-up Processing

"Analysis of the stimulus begins w/ the sense receptor and work up to brain, /-\ (I see something, oh it's an A)."

Phonemes

"Basic sounds. English has 26 letters, but 40 of these (40 sounds)."

Retinal Disparity

"Binocular depth cue that gives you a slightly different view of the same object and contributes to depth perception."

Index of dissimilarity

0 = total segregation, 100 = perfect distribution

Erikson stages

0-1 Basic trust vs. mistrust; 1-3 Autonomy vs. shame and doubt; 3-6 Initiative vs. guilt; 6-12 Industry vs. inferiority; 13-19 Identity vs. role confusion; 20-39 Intimacy vs. isolation; 40-64 Ego integrity vs. despair

Scientific method

1. Select topic 2. Define problem 3. Literature review 4. Form hypothesis 5. Choose research method 6. Collect data 7. Analyzing results 8. Sharing results

Ekman

6 universal emotions

Old age cohort

10% live below poverty line, people living longer due to medical intervention. Age 65 is when people retire and no longer contribute. Slowly deteriorating state, health care inequality from availability of resources

Rods/cones

120 million/6-7 million centered in fovea note: photopsin instead of rhodopsin

Cattell

16 essential personality traits are basic dimensions (16PF). The self-report provides a measure of normal personality and can also be used by psychologists, and other mental health professionals.

Dissociative identity disorder

2+ identities within same person that are distinct with own mannerisms and behaviors, denial. History of child abuse, extreme stress. Very rare and controversial

Beck Depression Inventory

21 question multiple-choice self-report inventory, one of the most widely used psychometric tests for measuring the severity of depression. Its development marked a shift among mental health professionals, who had until then, viewed depression from a psychodynamic perspective, instead of it being rooted in the patient's own thoughts. Designed for individuals aged 13 and over, and is composed of items relating to symptoms of depression such as hopelessness and irritability, cognitions such as guilt or feelings of being punished, as well as physical symptoms such as fatigue, weight loss, and lack of interest in sex

Malleus/incus/stapes

3 bones of middle ear

Capitalism

3 characteristics: private ownership of means and production, market competition, pursuit of profit

Triarchic theory of intelligence

3 independent intelligences pertaining to real world success, based on one's personal standards-and within one's sociocultural context. The ability to achieve success depends on the ability to capitalize on one's strengths and to correct or compensate for one's weaknesses. Success is attained through a balance of analytical, creative, and practical abilities-a balance that is achieved in order to adapt to, shape, and select environments.

Baddeley's Mode of working(short term) memory

4 components: phono (verbal); visuospatial sketchpad (visual); episodic buffer (working interacts with long-term memory; central executive (overseas).

Sleep stages

4-5 times per night 90 minute cycles- N1 N2 N3, REM

Personality disorder

A (eccentric), B (emotional/impulsive), C (anxious)

Catecholamines

A catecholamine is a monoamine, an organic compound that has a catechol (benzene group with two hydroxyl side groups at carbon 1 and 2) and a side-chain amine. Catecholamines are derived from the amino acid tyrosine, which is derived from dietary sources and the synthesis of phenylalanine. Epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine. Adrenal medulla releases epinephrine and norepinepherine as part of the fight or flight response.

Impression Management

Addresses how individuals actively manifest their sense of self in social interactions

Hidden discrimination

A factor of social exclusion in segregation

World systems theory

A fluid model focused on core, periphery and semi periphery countries.

Discrimination magnet

A force in social exclusion

Anomia

A form of aphasia; unable to name everyday objects.

Classical conditioning

A learning process that occurs when two stimuli are repeatedly paired; a response that is at first elicited by the second stimulus is eventually elicited by the first stimulus alone.

Class system

A model of social stratification in which people are grouped into hierarchical social categories such as upper, middle, and lower class. America has an open model of social stratification where place in the system may be earned on merit, and social mobility is possible. The class system in a country like India is partly stringent due to the hundreds of years of social stability that the caste system caused.

Mirror neuron

A neuron that fires both when an animal acts and when the animal observes the same action performed by another. Thus, the neuron "mirrors" the behavior of the other, as though the observer were itself acting.

Attachment theory

A psychological model that attempts to describe the dynamics of long-term and short-term interpersonal relationships between humans which depends on the person's ability to develop basic trust in their caregivers and self. (joint work of Mary Ainsworth and John Bowlby). A strong and physical attachment to at least one primary caregiver is critical to personal development.

Groupthink

A psychological phenomenon that occurs within a group of people in which the desire for harmony or conformity in the group results in an irrational or dysfunctional decision-making outcome. Group members try to minimize conflict and reach a consensus decision without critical evaluation of alternative viewpoints by actively suppressing dissenting viewpoints, and by isolating themselves from outside influences.

Retinal disparity

A result of binocular vision (eyes 2.5 inches apart)

Complex behavior

A result of mixed innate and learned behavior. Ability to fly starts as innate but becomes more efficient in flight and this is learned, interaction of genes and behavior.

Variable interval

A reward after a random amount of time. Reinforcer is given after a random time period. Think of watching a bob-cork and waiting for a fish to bite.

Fixed ratio

A reward after a set number of responses. Reinforcer is given after a set number of behaviors. Think of being paid for every 10 units you make on an assembly line.

Improvement

A subjective term that is nearly impossible to define in certain situations. Sociology attempts to remain free from bias, and not label situations in this manner.

Paraphasia

A type of language output error associated with aphasia and characterized by the production of unintended syllables, words, and phrases during the effort to speak.

Mediating Variable

A variable that attempts to assess the mechanisms underlying in the relationship between an independent and dependent variable.

Adrenal glands

Adjacent to kidneys, stimulated by ACTH. Cortex- steroid hormones (cortisol/aldosterone) and medulla (inside- catecholamine)

Self control

Ability to control impulses and delay gratification

Selective attention

Ability to focus on task at hand

Cognitive flexibility

Ability to take one step back and reformulate to see what's not working ("serenity prayer"). Perspective change, wisdom

Sleep-wake

Abnormal behaviors for sleep or during

Personality disorders

Abnormal/distressing change in personality features. Outside societal norms (eccentric, emotional, anxious)

Neurodevelopmental

Abnormality in brain development to abnormal function retardation)

Depressive

Abnormally negative mood (long term emotional state). Or affect/perception. Emotion = brief mood is more persistent. Hopelessness, suicide, anhedonia

Successful social movement

Absorbed into the dominant culture and incorporated

Assimilation

Absorption into majority group: Integration or incorporation of a immigrant group of the host society they're living in.

12 step programs/group meetings

Acceptance, surrender, active involvement Examples of 12 step programs: AA, cocaine anonymous (CA), Nicotine Anonymous, etc. Programs are a set of guiding principles to help one recover from addiction. Begin by admitting that you have a problem, accept that there's a higher power, look at past mistakes, amend mistakes, new way of life.

Crystallized intelligence

Accumulated knowledge (does not decrease as we get older). The ability to use learned knowledge and experience (in contrast to fluidic intelligence).

Validity

Accurately address the construct.

Opiates

Act at body's endorphins receptors, otherwise similar function to depressants

William James

Act happy= Be happy.

Relative deprivation theory

Actions of groups who are oppressed or deprived of rights that others in society enjoy-- response to inequality. More important about perception of deprivation and discrepancy between expectations and reality. Need relative deprivation, desire to feel better, and lack of other methods to improve

Nucleus accumbens

Activated by neurons that orginate in the Ventral Tegmentum Area (VTA) and goes on to release dopamine. Its located in the basal forebrain. Part of the dopaminergic reward pathway; releases dopamine in response to many drugs contributing to addictive behavior

Types of movements

Activist, progressive

Generalization

Adaptive value to have classical conditioning to 2 similar but not the same stimulus

Exchange Theory

Addresses decision making via cost-benefit analyses

Accommodation

Adjusting to come up with new schema. When new information causes you to modify your schema, instead of making the information fit a new organized pattern of knowledge. Example: When a waiter writes a thank you note on your receipt, you change your schema to believe that most waiters will write a thank you note on your receipt instead of creating a new schema for just that waiter.

Intragenerational mobility

Affecting one person in his/her own lifetime

Rural rebound

Afford to leave the city and looking to get away

Sex (sociocultural)

Age, cultural, stimulus, emotions/desires

Agents of socialization

Agents that help us learn about the social world (family, schools, mass media like children's books). Four most important agents of socialization: family, schools, peers, mass media. Most influential during one's childhood and help people learn how to interact with others and social expectations.

Life course theory

Aging is social biological and psychological process. Can't tell age by number anymore

Conflict theory

Alienation of workers by increased division of labor. By Karl Marx, "society is always in a state of perpetual conflict because people are always competing for limited resources."

Serotonin

All over brain stem, pons, raphe nuclei

Random mating

All potential members of species can be mate

Drowsiness

Almost asleep but semi aware of world

Posterior chamber

Also filled with aqueous humor

Psychoactive drugs

Alter consciousness

Modify cognition

Alteration to reduce discomfort

Hallucinogens

Altered perceptions, wide range of specific physiological effects. Ecstasy is hallucinogen and stimulant, damage serotonin neurotransmitter, also heightened sensations. Can be used for PTSD treatment methods. For example LSD, magic mushrooms, rocket fuel, and cough syrup.

Bipolar disorder

Alternating between mania and depression. Also called manic depression; effects 3 million in the US; cant be cured (treatment may help); chronic - can last for years or be lifelong. Alternating periods of elation and depression. Clear changes in mood, energy, and activity levels. Less severe manic periods are known as hypomanic episodes.

Bandura's social cognitive theory

Am I motivated? Attention, memory, imitation, motivation. Core component of social cognitive theory is Bandura's concept of self-efficacy in which one believes that they they have the capabilities to organize and execute the course of action for a particular problem. The social cognitive theory emphasizes the role of observational learning, social experience, and reciprocal determinism( you influence the environemnt and the environment influences you).

Emotional effects of stress on anxiety

Amygdala, fear (flight of response)

Absolute poverty

An absolute value associated at which if you go beneath survival is difficult. This is a universal amount ($1-2 per day) but it's also arbitrary with variability across cultures. Universal characterization by severe deprivation of human needs, including food, drinking water, sanitation

Socialism

An economic system where resources and production are collectively owned; it includes a system of production and distribution designed to satisfy human needs (goods/services are produced for direct use instead of for profit)

Anterograde amnesia

An inability to form new memories. Long term memories formed before the accident stay intact

Independent Variable

An independent variable is the explanatory variable. The one you are comparing.

Humanism

An outlook or system of thought attaching prime importance to human rather than divine or supernatural matters. Stresses the potential value and goodness of human beings, emphasize common human needs, and seek solely rational ways of solving human problems.

Multiple intelligences (Sternberg)

Analytical, creative, practical types of intellegence

Means end analysis

Analyze into problems and deal with biggest problems first then deal with subgroups of problems

Foraging

Animal searching for food in environment with cost-benefit analysis. Innate and learned behavior

Conjunction fallacy

Assuming that specific conditions are more probable than a general one. For example, while jogging around the neighborhood, you are more likely to get bitten by someone's pet dog, than by any member of the canine species. Actually, that is not the case. "Someone's pet dog", would also be a member of the canine species. Therefore, the canine species includes wolves, coyotes, as well as your neighbor's shih tzu

Role playing

At beginning of new role, feel phony. Trying to follow social quota to be best at role, give new role longer time and what feels like acting becomes normal. Change attitude towards role by acting out behavior

Suspensory ligaments

Attached to ciliary muscle to form ciliary body, secretes aqueous humor. Change shape of lens

Vestibukar hair cells

Attached to crystals and direction of pulling allow you to detect head position

Oval window

Attached to stapes and vibrates

Cocktail party effect

Attend to one voice when hearing your own name among lots of conversations

Attention

Attention is the behavioral and cognitive process of selectively concentrating on a discrete aspect of information, whether it be subjective or objective, and ignore other perceivable information. Focusing on one thing at the expense of other things, limited resource especially for complicated stimuli.

Signal detection

Attention, motivation and expectations can also have an impact on whether you perceive

Treismann's attenuation theory

Attenuator weakens but does not eliminate stuff that is not high priority. Difficulty of task impacts attenuator function. For example, in an experiment with bilingual participants, Treisman presented the attended message in English and the unattended message in a French translation. When the French version lagged only slightly behind the English version, participants could report that both messages had the same meaning.

Animal communication

Attract mate, establish/defend territory, convey info about food, warn about danger, establish dominance/submission

External locus

Attribute events to external circumstances

Temporal Lobe

Auditory reception and interpretation, expressed behavior, receptive speech, information retrieval

Schizotypal

Avoid relationships and magical thinking

Daydreaming

Awake but not aware of world around us

Categorical self

Aware that we exist in a world with other objects that have properties, comes after existential self. Concrete defining characteristics, becomes more abstract as we get older. One of two aspects of the broader concept of self (the other aspect being existential self). Once a child understands that they exist as a separate being, then they consider themselves as an object in the world.

Efferent Neuron

Away from CNS

Vitreous chamber

Filled with vitreous humor, jelly substance to provide round shape pressure and nutrients

Sensory adaptation

Change in sensitivity of perception of sensation, desensitization (hearing, touch, smell, proprioception, sight- both down and up regulation)

Older generations

Baby boomers, silent generation, GI generation

PTSD

Bad memories, insomnia, requires trigger, require 4+ weeks, hypervigilance

Centralization

Baddeley's working memory model: central executive is the driving force of the entire working memory model (CE = boss of working memory) and allocates data to the subsystems (visuo-spatial sketchpad and phonological loop) which also deal with cognitive tasks such as mental arithmetic and problem solving.

Intentions

Based on attitudes toward a certain behavior, subjective norms (what we think others think of behavior), perceived behavior control (how easy we think it is to control behavior)

Imitation

Basic form of social behavior, understanding between difference of self and others (debate as to when one can imitate). Born with capacity to imitate and interact socially?

Primary cortex

Basic motor or sensory function

Base and apex

Basilar membrane of cochlea hair cells at base activated by high frequency, low frequency at apex

Disengagement theory

Become more self-absorbed as you age. Aging is an inevitable, mutual withdrawal resulting in decreased interaction between the individual and their social system.

Continuous reinforcement

Becomes less enforcing over time Continuous Variable Represent complex variables with an infinite number of distinctions. All numbers.

Bottom up processing

Begins with stimulus and influences perception. No preconceived cognitive concepts. All stimuli are new and novel so try to comprehend, allow stimulus to influence. Data driven. i.e., first you see a bowl of ice cream. Then this leads to a series of emotions "hunger, desire" and then there's cognition and directive for action in which you now understand that you want the ice cream, and you motion your hand for it.

Situational approach

Behavior changes in different environments. Learn more about person with more observation

Reciprocal determinism

Behavior cognition and environmental factors intertwine and are determinants of each other. Bandura observational learning

Memory reconstruction

Change memory every time we recall it depending on our mental state/mood/desires

Cohort

Group of people

Brain waves

Beta, alpha, theta, delta. Brainwaves are produced by synchronized electrical impulses from masses of neurons communicating with each other. Brainwaves change according to what we're doing, as in which stage of sleep we're in. Beta brainwaves dominate our normal waking state of consciousness when attention is directed towards cognitive tasks, beta is fast activity. Continual high frequency processing is not a very efficient way to run the brain, as it takes a tremendous amount of energy (that's why its important to go to sleep). Alpha brainwaves are the resting brainwaves. alpha is dominant during quietly flowing thoughts, and in some meditative states. Theta brainwaves occur most often in sleep but are also dominant in deep meditation. Acts as a gateway to learning and memory. While theta brainwaves are occurring, our senses are withdrawn from the external world and focused on signals originating from within. While theta waves are occurring, we are in a dream; vivid imagery, intuition and information beyond our normal conscious awareness; Delta brainwaves are slow, loud brainwaves (low freq and deeply penetrating, like a drum beat - generated in deepest meditation and dreamless sleep. delta brainwaves suspend external awareness and are the source of empathy. healing are regeneration are stimulated in this state, and that's why deeper restorative sleep is so essential to the healing process.

Context dependent memory

Better memory score when learning and tested in same place

N1

Between sleep and wakefulness (theta waves) hypnagogic hallucinations

Selection bias

Bias that arises when the sample is not representative of the population, such as not being randomly chosen

Kluver-bucy syndrome

Bilateral amygdala destruction, hyperorality, hypersexuality, disinhibited behavior

Social interactionist theory

Biological and social factors interact to cause motivation to speak language. Vygotsky was big proponent

Sex, gender, orientation

Biological, identity, expression, attraction, fornication

Sex

Biological, male/female

Increase population

Birth (total fertility rate, typical family 2.1 kids) and immigration. Fertility rate of 2 does not cause any net increase. Immigration is scaled by people/1000. number of births+immigration/1000 is growth rate

Tastes

Bitter, salty, sweet, sour, umami (glutamate) dependent on specific receptors

Dependence

Body starts to produce effect without even taking drug so need more to get to high point

Global aphasia

Both Broca and Wernicke damage

Means-End Analysis

Breaking the big problem down into smaller problems and solving them one at a time.

Old brain

Breathing, body regulation functions occur without awareness are apart of the

Retrieval

Bring from long term memory into conscious recall

Ethnic villages

Bring native culture when immigrate and have same background in neighborhood

Non-fluent aphasia

Broca's aphasia (speech production problem)

Social capital

Building up reliable trust worthy social networks

Olfactory bulb

Bundle of nerves that send projections into olfactory epithelium. Receptors at end specific to different aromas

Evolutionary psychology

Buss- mating strategies and patterns

Trauma and stressor related

Changes after stressful events (PTSD)

Stimulants

Caffeine, nicotine, cocaine, speed increase CNS activity.

Incentive Theory of Motivation

Calls attention to how factors outside of individuals, including community values and other aspects of culture, can motivate behavior

Substance induced disorders

Can affect mood, anxiety, sleep, sexual function, psychosis

Internal locus

Can attribute events to their own characteristics, destiny. Tend to be happier and less stressed

Rational choice exchange theory

Can break down in any institutions as choices. What is purpose of medical system? Keep people healthy or some other form, make most money? Benefit private companies more than sick people? Will going to doctor benefit more in long run or cost more?

Class consciousness (Marxist theory)

Can develop class consciousness and solidarity with people in own class. workers part of the working class do not realize that they are being exploited by capitalist means. Want to take over capitalist regime. refers to the belief people hold of their own social class or rank in society. This consciousness of "place" in society often leads to a revolution - as Marx would describe it, the transformation from a wage-earning, property-less mass into the ruling class.

Meditation

Can help lower heart rate and blood pressure

Fixation

Can't see with fresh eyes; focus on what worked in past.

Thesis and antithesis

Cannot exist peacefully together, must lead to synthesis

Conduction aphasia

Cannot repeat even if understanding what is being said; disruption between Wernicke and Broca. May also be known as associative aphasia, an acquired language disorder. Patients suffer from poor speech repition, depsite having intact auditory comprehension and fluent (with paraphasia) speech production.

Gestalt psychologists

Cannot understand the essence in parts must look at the whole and greater patterns

Phonological Store

Capacity to store is around 2 seconds.

Adrenal medulla

Catecholamine hormones- epinephrine and norepinephrine, supporting sympathetic nervous system. Derived from the neural crest (ectoderm), produce catecholamines.

Ordinal Variable

Categorical and can be ranked in order.

Nominal Variable

Categorical and cannot be ranked in order

Processing levels

Categorize, identification, social comparison

PKU

Caused by mutation in gene that codes for liver, enzyme (phenylalanine hydroxylase), build up phenylalanine

Ganglia

Cell bodies outside CNS

Trivialize

Change importance of cognition or trivialize

Sensory adaptation

Change in response to stimulus over time

Frontal Lobe

Cognition and memory. Prefrontal area: The ability to concentrate and attend, elaboration of thought. The "Gatekeeper"; (judgment, inhibition). Personality and emotional traits. Motor Cortex (Brodman's): voluntary motor activity. Premotor Cortex: storage of motor patterns and voluntary activities. Language: motor speech

Kohlberg (moral theory)

Cognitive development based, ways in which moral reasoning grows. Heinz dilemma. 3 levels of moral reasoning on moral ladder (pre-conventional, conventional, post-conventional). Obedience vs. punishment at premoral, avoid physical punishment as well as individualism and exchange multiple viewpoints, up ladder to conventional authority is about good boy and good girl (be good to be seen as good to others, conformity) and law and order, awareness of wider society rules. then post conventional: social contract of self-chosen principles since law might work against self interest, universal ethical principle (develop own set of moral guidelines)

Proprioception

Cognitive sense of where our body is in space-- position. Originates from sensors in our body in muscles (spindles)

Exogenous/endogenous cues

Come from environment or external (pop out effect)/internally driven and higher order

Normative organizations

Come together with shared goals, which is focused purpose

Social support

Comes from everyone we reach out to and get support from. Bigger support gives better life expetancy and quality.

Cultural universals

Common practices and beliefs shared by all cultures

Corpus Collosum

Communication between the two hemispheres. Aka callosal commissure. Connects right and left hemispheres. Largest white matter structure in the brain. Wide, flat bundle of neural fibers.

Social isolation

Community separates itself from main stream based on own religious or cultural factors. This is not like exclusion in which external factors are acting

Twin studies

Compare prevalence between MZ and DZ twins who share some environment but different genes (100% to 50%)

Anomie

Condition in which society provides little moral guidance to individuals. May occur when the society is too rigid and does not provide too much outside integration sometimes producing an anomie, resulting in suicides. Anomie is mostly associated with Durkheim. Not so much of absence of norms as it is mismatch.

Role conflict

Conflict between 2 or more different statuses

Internalization

Conform privately with behavior as well as publicly (stronger factor and internalize idea)

Brainstem

Connects all parts of central nervous system and most cranial nerves: midbrain, pons, medulla. Host somatosensory and motor tracts. The brainstem regulates vital cardiac and respiratory functions and acts as a vehicle for sensory information. Posterior part of the brain that adjoins to the spinal cord. Nerve connections from the motor and sensory systems of the cortex pass through the brainstem to communicate with the PNS. Consists of the medulla oblongata, pons, and midbrain.

Alertness

Conscious and awake to what is going on in environment

Explicit memory

Consciously recalled memories. AKA declarative memory. These are things like facts or experiences that you can call up.

Group lateness

Consensus when lots of people exhibiting same behavior --> external judgments not internal

Theory of planned behavior

Consider our implications of actions before we decide how to behave. Best predictor is strength of intention in situation

Covariation model

Consistent display of behavior and so we think this a dispositional/internal attribution. An attribution theory in which people make causal inferences to explain why other people and ourselves behave in a certain way. It is concerned with both social perception and self-perception. We use social perception to attribute behavior to internal or external factors.

Visual processing

Contralateral vision

Impression management

Control how others see us on front stage. Multiple front stages and so multiple scripts. Work on impression management in backstage

Circadian Rhythm

Control sleep-wake cycle: Regulated by melatonin of pineal gland.

Cryogenic blockade

Cooling down neurons until they stop functioning (down with cryoloop), temporary effects

Cerebellum

Coordinate voluntary movement and speech (impacted by alcohol consumption), smooths movement

Behavior

Coordinated hormonal responses that link body's physiology to psychology and cognition

Emotional effects of stress on addiction

Coping mechanisms for stress, such as alcohol or tobacco. Impairment of frontal cortex, lack of judgment

Split brain patients

Corpus callosum splitting, causing lack of hemispheral connection. Cannot name objects in left hemisphere

Patient "tan"

Damage to Broca's area disrupted speech production

Broca's Aphasia

Damage to the language production center of the brain. (Frontal Lobe). Individuals with brocas aphasia have difficulty producing speech fluently but have sound comprehension (if their wernickes area is intact). Patients have difficulty producing grammatical sentences and their speech is limited mainly to short utterances of less than 4 words.

Decrease population

Death and emigration. Mortality rates does not say anything about types of death. Population pyramid indicate type of population (wide or constricted). Expansive population pyramid or look at age specific rates. Life/mortality table tells probability someone will die by age. emigration measured by people /1000.

Hypotonia

Decrease in skeletal muscle tone (inherent resistance)

Punishment (+/-)

Decrease tendency of behavior to happen again.

Atrophy

Decreased bulk of skeletal muscle

Depression biological basis

Decreased frontal lobe, increased limbic. Abnormal blood concentration of cortisol (irregular hypothalamus communication), raphe nuclei in brainstem, locus coeruleus, VTA, genetic abnormalities, psychosocial factors

Hyporeflexia

Decreased muscle stretch reflexes

Trait theory

Define personality in terms of identifiable patterns of behavior. Description NOT explanation

Social potency trait

Degree to which person assumes leadership in situation

Denial

Denying that cognition and behavior are even related

Gene + environment interaction

Dependent on each other extensively

Strong social constructionism

Dependent on language and social habits, no brute facts

Small society

Dependent on self, but not sustainable will eventually become larger. Then specialization and mutual dependence, then need coordination and mutualism

PsychoActive agents 4 main groups:

Depressants (less CNS and processing speed), stimulants (increase CNS function), hallucinogens (distorted perceptions, varying energy and mood), opiates (depress CNS, analgesic by reducing pain)

Emotional effects of stress

Depression, anhedonia, anterior cingulate decreased response to serotonin

Sleep disorder

Deprivation (irritability, obesity, more cortisol, depression), insomnia persistent problems avoid dependence/tolerance on meds, narcolepsy (1/2000 people, genetic), sleep apnea (1/20 people) no N3 sleep! Sleepwalking/talking, mostly genetic in N3 sleep

James-Lange Theory

Describes an event (story describing fear) followed by a physiological response (fight or flight) which is interpreted as fear and fear is perceived.

Cannon-Bard Theory

Describes an event (story describing fear) which elicits simultaneous physiological response (fight or flight) and perception of an emotion (fear). Cannon-Bard theory was created in refutation of the James-Lange theory. Cannon-Bard suggests that emotions and bodily changes do not share a cause and effect, rather they occur simultaneously, following a stimulating event.

Urban villages

Designed for people to work live and recreate in city plan, facilitate interactions and stronger community

Shadowing task

Different info coming into different earpieces, repeat everything in one ear and ignore other

Cerebral localization

Different parts of brain correspond to different function (early theory)

Demographic structure

Different ways you can look at a population of people, different groups in society to analyze for different statistics. Describes the age distribution of a population and thereby is also called population age structure. A ratio of total dependent population (under 15 and over 65) to the total working population.

Discrimination

Differential treatment and action against minorities at individual or institutional level

Fovea

Dip in macula covered in cones

Central executive

Direct components of working memory to get integrated for episodic buffer

Social stigma

Disapproval and discrediting of individual by society, stereotypes prejudices and discrimination

Cognitive dissonance

Discomfort experienced from contradictions in attitudes and behaviors. Protective mechanism-- people strive for harmony

Mental disorder

Disorder of mind. 25% meet criteria for at least 1 disorder, 6% to have serious disability

Visual Agnosia

Disorder of the ventral pathway, an inability to recognize an image.

Mass media

Dissemination of information or transmission within culture (print or digital). Consumption changes across culture

Auditory processing range

Distinguishing between sounds of different frequencies (20 Hz to 20k Hz)

Pathological

Distort reality to deal with situation (denial)

4D's

Distress, disability, danger, deviance 4, not 1, behaviors are used to the guide the diagnosis of abnormal behavior. The group of 4 terms helps the differentiation between "crazy" and "eccentric". Thoughts, actions, and emotions are causing one to be distressed, disabled/dysfunctional (unable to carry out normal tasks), threat to themselves or others, and are different from the norm of society.

Neurocognitive

Distress/disability from loss of cognitive function: delirium, infections, dementia, Alzheimer's

5 main characteristics of ideal bureaucracy (Weber)

Division of labor, hierarchy of organization, written rules and regulations, impersonality, employment based on technical qualifications. Preconditions for a bureaucracy: growing population, growing administered tasks, and economic exchange.

Compliance

Do behavior to get reward or avoid punishment (don't necessarily know why you're doing it). Refers to changing one's behavior due to the request or direction of another person. When a target is urged in perhaps an implicit or explicit way and are forced to produce a response upon the introduction of a stimulus. Doing something you didn't really want to do but just did because somebody asked you. i.e., buying something after being pushed by an aggressive salesperson,

Inattentional blindness

Do not process things in our field when we do not direct attention to it. For example, if you count passes by the players wearing black, you are more likely to notice the gorilla than if you count passes by the players wearing white because the color of the gorilla more closely matches that of the black-shirted players

Rote rehearsal

Do over and over again to learn

Identification

Do something because want to be liked/respected by another individual

Asch line experiments

Do you go with what everyone says even though it's clearly wrong? Solitary participants conformed at least 75%. 18 trials, incorrect answer on 12. no pressure to conform or prize in this experiment, only perceived pressure

Coercive organizations

Don't have opportunity to leave, highly structured (like military)

Cognitive (bandura)

Don't have opportunity to leave, highly structured (like military). total institutions in which membership is forced rather than voluntary; control is maintained through force; members are typically stripped of individuality and ordered to conform. Need permission to leave the organization. While you may join the military on voluntary basis, the structure is strict, and leaving is not as easy as just quitting.

Reward pathway

Dopamine produced in VTA in midbrain, goes to many parts of brain (amygdala, nucleus accumbens, prefrontal cortex, hippocampus), mesolimbic pathway, serotonin goes down

Poverty magnet

Drag poor people from society and one instrument of social exclusion

Borderline

Dramatic, on brink of some kind of breakdown, unstable

Activation synthesis hypothesis

Dreams are part of our brain and generalized thinking processes

Schacter and Singer Theory

Emotions are made up of (1) physical arousal and (2) a cognitive label (we must be actually aware of the physical arousal). This one says that we feel our bodies react, we're aware of this reaction, then we feel the emotion associated with it. Describes an event (story describing fear) which elicits physiological response (fight or flight).

Social Process Model

Emphasizes social interaction and influence in shaping behavior or actions.

Behaviorism

Emphasizes the idea of characteristics are learned and can be shaped specific ways. A systematic approach to understanding the behavior of humans and animals; behaviors are either responses to stimuli, or a consequence of an individuals history including reinforcement and punishment.

Biological Psychology

Emphasizes the importance of innate skills. The application of the principles of biology to the study of psychological, genetic, and developmental mechanisms of behavior in humans, and other animals.

Psychoanalysis

Emphasizes the importance of internal desires and impulses.

Yerkes-Dodson law

Empirical relationship between arousal and performance. The law dictates that performance increases with physiological or mental arousal, but only up to a point. An example of this is an athlete who performs better under real game situation than he/she does during practice games. There is more arousal (stress, excitement) during the real games which increases their performance. But, if the pressure becomes too much, their performance can decrease

Outsourcing

Enabled by technological advances, sending work to other countries for cheaper labor. People in core country losing jobs

Negative Reinforcement

Encourages a behavior by removing something unpleasant. Would encourage a desired behavior, but requires the removal of a stimulus

Pluralism

Encouraging racial and ethnic variation

Dark adaptation

Enlargement of the pupil; Increased sensitivity of the cones (color receptors); Increased sensitivity of the rods (night-vision receptors). Preference increased sensitivity of the rods in comparison to the sensitivity of the cones.

Source characteristics

Environment of message: where did info come from?

Functionalism

Equilibrium is goal to stabilize, structures like institutions change only if necessary (institutions are structures that fulfill needs of society). Takes lots of energy to change so do only minimal amount of work, minor changes

Secondary appraisal

Evaluation of ability to cope with stressful situation. Appraisal of harm (damage caused), threat (future potential damage), challenge (how can situation be overcome)

Cultural Relativism

Evaluation of another culture based on that culture's standards; In contrast to ethnocentrism.

Iron rule of oligarchy

Even most democratic organizations become more bureaucratic over time

Lazarus

Event - appraisal (label) - emotion + physiological response. Can be biased by prior experiences and schemas, reversed order of Schacter singer

James-lange

Event - physiologic response - interpretation - emotion

Cannon-bard

Event - physiological response + emotion simultaneously. many emotions have same physiological response. Too slow to produce emotion?

Schacter-Singer

Event - physiological response - cognitive label - emotion

Attitude to behavior process model

Event triggers an attitude (something that will influence perception of object). Use this with outside knowledge to cause behavior

Ambient Stressors

Events that are in the background of most individual's lives; such as pollution.

Catastrophic Stressors

Events that happen that are out of the control of groups of individuals.

Peter principle

Every employee hierarchy will get promoted until they reach peak and cannot go any further

Cooley

Every interaction can influence our personality, looking glass self. Perception of others and self influence us by appearance, what others think of us, revise based on impressions. We are influenced what we IMAGINE others to think of us (correct/incorrect impressions). Believed that the influence of groups within a society had a strong impact on human behavior. Contribution to sociology includes the study of an individuals primary groups - the most influential on our learning of ideas, beliefs, and ideals. Theory of Looking Glass Self: our self-image comes from our own self-reflection and from what others think of us. Therefore, Cooley believed that the self is a product of our social interactions.

Dream

Every night during REM sleep, last 5-20 minutes at a time not localized to brain regions

Rational choice theory

Everything people do is fundamentally rational (weighing costs and benefits to maximize personal gain). Act in self interest and motivated by personal goals, calculate by social resources cost and gain. Can explain complex phenomena

Symbolic Interactionism

Examines small scale social interactions, focusing attention on how shared meaning is established among individuals or small groups

Halo effect

Excellent first impression modulates our overall impression, perceive that they are better at other skills based on overall impression. Attractiveness

Diffusion

Expansion of ideas spread of invention or discovery from one place to another (capitalism, religion, etc.). Mechanisms = exploration, military conquest, internet, etc.

Gender roles

Expectations of proper behaviors of males and females, taught from birth. Inundated by media and society

Creativity (5 PARTS)

Expertise; Imagination, Venturesome personality, Intrinsic motivation, Environment. Expertise: the more ideas, images, and phrases we have to work with through our accumulated learning the more we have to approach mental building blocks in novel ways. Imagination: imagination provides the ability to see things in new ways, see patterns, and to make connections. Venturesome Personality: tolerates ambiguity and risk, perseveres in overcoming obstacles, and seeks new experiences rather than following the pack. You need instrinsic motivation to keep going. ENVIRONMENT: sparks, supports, and refines creative ideas.

Gestalt Principles

Explain how we perceive things the way we do.

Deutsch and deutsch late selection

Explained that all information, both attended and unattended, undergo analysis for meaning. After such analysis, selection of a sensory input takes place. One factor that has a major effect on selecting the input is the relevance of the information during the time of processing. The late selection model is a model of how attention operates (1963). All stimuli get fully processed but there's a filter after initial process that allows the information to be processed before entering working memory.

Stereotype threat

Exposing students to negative stereotypes cause decreased performance

Priming

Exposure to one stimulus impacts processing of another stimulus. For example, a person who sees the word "yellow" will be slightly faster to recognize the word "banana." This happens because yellow and banana are closely associated in memory.

Reticular formation

Extends from brain stem into other areas such as thalamus, acts as filter, part of sleep/awake cycle. Plays a role in alertness and consciousness

Cribriform plate

Extension from brain olfactory bulb in between brain and plate. Component of the ethmoid bone that's responsible for separating the nasal cavity from the brain.

Locus of control

Extent to which people perceive to have control over events in life

Auditory canal

External auditory meatus. Runs from the outer ear to the middle ear; runs from the pinna to the eardrum.

Cued recall

Extra retrieval cues- added cues make easier access, better performance

Means of production

Facilities and resources by which we can produce goods

Lack of education, housing, jobs

Factors pushing people to fringes of society

Institutional facts

Facts that are dependent on human agreement for existence

Change blindness

Fail to notice difference between previous and current state. For example, in an experiment, researchers engaged participants in a conversation. Then, during a period of distraction, they switched the original person for someone else. Surprisingly, only about half of the participants noticed the swap. A failure to detect that an object has moved or disappeared and is the opposite of "change detection". Surprising difficulty observers have in noticing large changes to visual scenes.

Environmental justice

Fair distribution of environmental benefits and burdens in society across all groups (does not typically happen)

Type II Error

False negative, is the incorrect acceptance of a null hypothesis that is actually false.

Type I Error

False positive, is the incorrect rejection of the null hypothesis.

Albert Bandura

Famous for his Bobo doll studies that demonstrated observational learning; also pioneered the idea of the importance of self-efficacy in promoting learning. Also came up with the concept of social cognitive theory, and reciprocal determinism.

In group favoritism

Favor people in our group, neutral to those in out group, no favors given

Normative influence

Fear of social rejection by not conforming with group (public- temporary- and private- permanent)

Universal emotions

Fear, anger, happiness, surprise, joy, disgust, and sadness.

Message characteristics

Features of message: well thought out, written quality, good grammar?

Avoidant

Feel inadequate. Those with avoidant personality disorder suffer from social inhibition, extreme sensitivity to negative evaluation, and avoid social interaction despite Cluster C personality disorder.

Group cohesion

Feel stronger connection means we are more likely to go along with group

Culture shock

Feelings of disorientation, uncertainty, fear when experiencing new cultural practices (i.e. moving to new region or visiting). Begin to question decision when feeling uncomfortable

Cultural capital

Fine appreciation of culture, wide variety of experiences and knowledge. Retrieval of memory with the help of cues. The cue is related to the information to the memory that is being recalled. Non-financial social assets that promote social mobility beyond economic means. Examples: education, intellect, style of speech, dress, physical appearance.

Non-adapting neuron

Fire consistently throughout duration of stimulus

Slow adapting neuron

Fire very fast at beginning and then gradually decrease

Meissner Corpuscle

Fire when pressure is first applied and again when pressure is released.

Pacinian Corpuscle

Fire when pressure is first applied and again when pressure is released.

Merkel Receptor

Fires to constant pressure.

Ruffini Cylinder

Fires to constant pressure.

Primacy bias

First impression counts: long, strong, easily built upon

Complex behavior

Fixed action pattern, migration, circadian rhythm

Fads

Fleeting behavior that becomes popular quickly and loses influence quickly

Cochlea

Fluid filled structure and when fluid hits tip it goes back towards the round window

Cochlea and inner ear

Fluid inside cochlea pushed by oval window contains organ of corti. Circular window gets pushed out

Resource mobilization theory

Focus on factors that help or hinder a movement, such as access to resources ability to get people, influence, media, resources. Need strong organizational base to organize members. Need charistmatic leader to convince to organize.

Symbolic interactionism

Focus on individual and significance or meaning they give to objects, events, symbols and things in life

Cognitive approach

Focus on rationale and decision making. The human mind works similar to that of a computer.

Conformation Bias

Focus only on what we know is true.

Biological Personality Theory

Focused on genetic, structural, or functional determinants of personality.

Behavioral Personality Disorder

Focused on the environment and how it shapes personality and behavioral responses.

Humanistic Personality Disorder

Focused on the pursuit of highest potential and the ability to determine one's own future.

Psychoanalytic Personality Theory

Focused on the subconscious mind and unconscious desires.

Obedience

Following orders from authority

Post-Decision Dissonance

Follows an impulsive purchase that is difficult to return

Population transfer

Forcefully moved from territory

Prosencephalon

Forebrain

Concentration

Form of segregation in which clustering of different groups occur

Cognitive component

Form thoughts, beliefs, or some knowledge about topic that influences our attitude on topic. Part of the ABC complex.

Laws

Formal and consistent consequences still based in moral values

Secondary groups

Formal impersonal relationships, short term, few goal directed activities. Means to an end

Big 5 Personality Traits

Found in all people/populations. OCEAN; Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism 5 basic dimensions of personality where each "dimension" has a scale; Openness - the "adventurous and creative" trait where people with a lot of this trait tend to have a large imagination, and insight. People low in the openness trait are generally more traditional and have trouble with abstract thinking. Conscientiousness - high level of thoughtfullness, good impulse control and goal-directed beahviors, organized, and mindful of details. Extraversion - your average extroverted person, excitable, sociable, talkative, assertive, and high amounts of emotional expressions whereas the other end of the spectrum for extraverts is introverts who tend to be more reserved and have to expend energy in social settings. Agreeablness - trust, altruism, affection, and other "prosocial" behavior; people low in the agreaablness trait tend to be manipulative and competitive. Neuroticism - one that is high in this trait is characterized by sadness, moodiness, and emotional instability; they suffer from mood swings, irritability, and sadness whereas those low on the neuroticism trait are more stable and emotionally resilient.

Carl Rodgers

Founder of the humanistic approach; agreed with the main assumptions of Abraham Maslow, added that for a person to grow, they need an environment that provides them with genuineness (openness and self-disclosure); acceptance (being seen with unconditional positive regard), and empathy (being listened to and understood). Self-actualization occurs when a person's "ideal self" (i.e., who they would like to be) is congruent with their actual behavior (self-image). The main determinant of whether we ill become self-actualized is childhood experience.

Frustration aggression hypothesis

Frustrated emotion leads to taking out and stereotyping minorities

Maslow's needs

Fulfill needs from most basic to most complex (pyramid)

Autonomic Nervous System

Functional division of nervous system without conscious involvement (smooth, cardiac muscle and gland cells NOT skeletal which is lower motor neurons)

Theories of urbanization

Functionalism, sites of culture but also crime, conflict theory (sources of inequality increased by diversity), symbolic interactionism (see positive side)

Types of taste buds

Fungiform (anterior), foliate (lateral), circumvallate (posterior). Each contains all the taste cells to taste all 5

Gender dysphoria

Gender identification problems, need distress/disorder

Biological factors depression

Genetic link, decrease PFC activation, lower levels in reward circuitry. Neurotransmitter deficiencies, 5-HTTLPR. Depression is more than just a "chemical imbalance". Limbic system is involved, particularly, the hypothalamus regulates bodily functions and is responsible for stimulating the pituitary glands to release hormones; amygdala and hippocampus are a part of the limbic system as well. 50% of depressed population has increased levels of cortisol in their blood. Genetics: a person is 1.5 to 3x more likely to develop depression if a close family member suffered from depression.

Schizophrenia

Genetics and environment. Dopamine elevation. Abnormal beliefs (delusions) and hallucinations, isolation + disorganized, flat affect. 1% 16-30 y/o onset. High risk of prison, suicide, homelessness

Fixation

Get stuck at stage of development and predicts personality

Tolerance

Get used to and need more to produce effect, long term stimulation alters brain chemistry by shutting down receptors

Class consciousness

Getting everyone on same wavelength to overthrow current system (conflict theory). Awareness of one's place in a system of social classes, especially as it relates to the class struggle. Marx believed that the relationship between people was determined primarily by who controlled the mode of economic production, such as land or factories (wealthy citizens), thus the working class had little choice but to work for the upper controlling class. (Class consciousness is why Marx hated capitalism because he felt that it only allowed the rich to become richer and poor to become poorer).

Hypnosis

Getting people to relax and focus on internal function, only if they want to (more alpha waves in EEG); Caution is crating false memories

Fixation problem solving

Getting stuck on a problem by seeing in a single perspective

Symbolic interactionism

Give meaning to world by interacting with it. Stethoscope as a tool? Medicalization of society. Illness manufacturing is big in depression, importance and severity are marginalized.

Social constructionism

Give value to everything. As society attached different meanings to behaviors. This means, effectively, stereotypes. We treat people differently because of these assumptions. Medicalization = creating illness out of a symptom

Positive reinforcement

Given after behavior to make it occur again in the future

Damaging effects of stress on metabolism

Glucagon released and cortisol, extra glucose can exacerbate blood sugar --> diabetes. Mental stress increases heart rate, decreases vascular resistance in skeletal muscle --> moderate increase in blood pressure, acute increase in insulin-dependent glucose disposal.

Environmental benefits

Greens, park spaces, etc. that people in wealthier backgrounds typically have more access to

Sulci

Grooves on cortex (fissure is a large one)

Social loafing

Group collectively works towards common goal and individuals aren't monitored or evaluated-- put forth less effort when working in group task

Group polarization

Group decision enhances original thinking or decision making of group members

Chunking

Group information into meaningful units, or categories that we already know

Group polarization

Group makes more extreme decisions than any individual would make

Facial expressions

Happiness, Surprise, Fear, Sadness, Anger, Disgust.

Culture

Has a biological component as well as experiential, behaviors can be selected for if they contribute to general fitness

Affective component (emotional)

Have emotions about object/topic that shapes attitude

Tyranny of choice

Having too many choices can have negative impact on behavior. Information overload, decision paralysis, increased regretted choices

Emotional intelligence

Help manage emotions in interactions

Bureaucracy

Helps organization achieve maximum efficiency, not negative connotation.

Representativeness

Helps people make judgments of probability by comparing the present situation to a prototype.

Bureaucracy characteristics

Hierarchy; Division of Labor; Written Rules; Written Communication and Records

Prefrontal cortex

High order functions, processing. Greatest development after birth.

Environmental burden

Higher burden in minority/poverty areas such as waste, transport, factories and disposal. Environmental issues low on agenda and few alternatives. Can be responsible for higher incidence of obesity and asthma

right hemisphere

Holistic Functioning: processing multi-sensory input simultaneously to provide "holistic" picture of one's environment. Visual spatial skills. Holistic functions such as dancing and gymnastics are coordinated by the right hemisphere. Memory is stored in auditory, visual and spatial modalities.

Social mobility

Horizontal and vertical movement

Biological factors that regulate food,sex,drugs

Hormones, automatic/unconscious-- ventromedial hypothalamus tell us to stop eating. Leptin, insulin. Genetic predisposition to weight. Hormones are responsible for controlling the desires of food, sex, drugs. Genetic predisposition to our weight - there's a certain set point that is influenced from our parents. Leptin will curb our appetite "appetite-suppressing hormone". Sexual response cycle: first part = excitement phase - increased heart rate, uphill slope, muscle tension, (2) plateau phase. (3) orgasm (4) refractory period . sexual drive is related to testosterone levels in both males and females. testosterone levels increased sex drive. we have a genetic predisposition to sexuality (found by studying homosexuality) drugs: genetic predisposition to drugs if an individual has a history of family members that abuse drugs; withdrawl has a biological basis; biochemical factors of drug use: imbalance in brains. heroine and marijuana mimick natural NT's. cocaine causes the abnormal release of dopamine (happy drug), overstimulating the limbic system (state of euphoria - total happiness).

Framing

How decision is presented. For example, if a person you liked called you and said 1) "Would you like to go out tonight?" or 2) "What time do you want to go out tonight?"These two questions are addressing the same basic issue, but they are framed differently

Social influence

How individual thoughts and actions are influenced by social groups

Self referencing

How info relates to you, preparing to teach theory

Dependency ratio

How many people are dependent on others for living (<14 and >65 not in labor force compared to 15-64)

Conflict view

How media reflects and portrays divisions within society (race/ethnicity/etc.) often reflects dominant ideology and limit others leading to stereotypes of minority groups

Activity

How old generations regulate themselves

Social psychology

How people think feel and behave in social interactions

Population dynamics

How population of country or region changes, taking into account factors that increase or decrease. Fertility, migration, mortality. These 3 parameters are measured over 1 year per 1000 people and scaled (18.9 births/1000)

Conflict theory

How societies change and adapt over time through conflict. Conflicting viewpoints will necessarily exist, eventually polarizing society. Fragile state for society and both sides have to reach agreement and merge to make more content. 2 opposing sides at odds that lead to new synthesized society

Self concept

How someone thinks about/perceives themselves, self awareness

Behavioral component

How we act/behave to object or subject. Part of the ABC component

Rule of internalization

Incorporate role into behavior, beliefs, and cognition

Hyperreflexia

Increase in muscle stretch reflexes

Reinforcement (+/-)

Increase tendency that goal behavior happens more. Something added/something taken away

Attribution theory

How we find explanations for behaviors of others. a theory that supposes that one attempts to understand the behaviors of others by attributing feelings, emotions, and beliefs to them. For example, is someone angry because they're bad-tempered or because something bad happened? The theory is concerned with explaining how and why "ordinary people" explain events as they do. INTERNAL ATTRIBUTION: process of assigning the cause of behavior to some internal characteristic, such as personality traits. EXTERNAL ATTRIBUTION: the process of assigning the cause of behavior to some situation or event outside a persons control rather than to some internal characteristics.

Signal detection theory

How we make decisions under conditions of uncertainty. At what point is a signal strong enough that we can notice and detect a signal?

Narcissistic

Huge ego, grandiose

Chomsky

Humans have "language acquisition device" which is innate. Consists of spoken, written, and signed words. Language appears to be so close to thinking that it might actually be thinking.

Mature mechanisms

Humor, sublimation, suppression (more conscious way of pushing away negative thoughts), altruism

Group foraging

Hunting depends on behavior of self and others. Can result in conflict or improved foraging

Induced states of consciousness

Hypnosis and meditation

Main organs

Hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal glands, gonads, pancreas

Adoption studies with identical twins

Ideal interaction to study. Allows researchers to understand how enviornment influences over genetics.

Meritocracy

Idealized concept with extreme social mobility. Achieve position based on solely achievements

Culture

Ideas and things passed from one generation to the next, language and customs. Culture varies across the globe. Provide guidelines for actions and interactions

Semantic networks approach

Ideas stored in connected ideas in brain with nodes and links. Originally thought to be hierarchical (verified by connection timing)

Monozygotic/dizygotic

Identical (1 egg)/fraternal twins (2 separate eggs fertilized)

Transitivity

If A>B and B>C then A>C

Strain theory

If a person is blocked from achieving culturally acceptable goal, they get frustrated. Go to illicit means to achieve goal (i.e. steroids to become athlete)

Hypothesis of relative deprivation

If expectation of living standard is not met, then this difference is relative deprivation. Extent and rapidity of deprivation can cause prejudice

Availability Heuristic

If we easily gain info, we're more likely to lean that way.

Prior commitments

If we state something at first less likely to go against later on

Immigration reform and control act

Illegal to hire illegal immigrants, extended amnesty status to immigrants in USA

Somatic symptom

Illness without medical condition

Mimicry

Imitating others (butterfly emulates a toxic species for protection)

Spontaneous recovery

Immediate recovery to previous conditioning but not as strong

Primary appraisal

Immediate- it can be irrelevant, benign/positive, stressful

Acetylcholine/norephinephrine

Impact PNS, autonomic nervous system (acetylcholine primarily)

Globalization

Impact on economy and culture. Global market competition for cheap labor, T&C goal to minimize production cost. Rapid advance in developing nations because it brings T&C's to develop area. But incentives hurt working population because people working in factories are manipulated and cannot unionize

Growth rate

Impacted by religion, incentives, prestige

Aging

Implicit/recognition memory stable, semantic memory/crystallized IQ emotional reasoning improves over time, recall episodic memory processing speed divided attention all decline

Universalism

Implies that it is possible to apply generalized norms, values, or concepts to all people and cultures, regardless of the contexts in which they are located.

Racial construction theory

Important on social level, race identified by broad skin color category

Institutions

Impose structure on how individuals behave, we are reliant on them and they need multiple individuals. Will continue after individuals are gone

Serial Position Effect

Improved memory for words at the beginning and end of a list

Us

In group, stronger interactions than with outgroup. More influential as well

Social Gradients

In health refer to how inequalities in population health are related to inequalities in social status.

Act of observer bias

In science research, observer bias occurs when the researchers know the hypotheses of the study and allow that to influence the observations of the study. In social sciences, act of observer bias referes to how well people change their behavior when they know they're being watched. Cultural component, FAE more common in western societies.

Nervous energy

Increased energy of arousal, part of social facilitation

Damaging effects of stress on heart

Increased pressure leading to hypertension, vascular disease (of blood vessels), coronary artery disease

Hypertonia

Increased tone of skeletal muscles

Latent functions

Indirect effects and unintentional

Humanistic theory

Individuals have free will and we can develop ourselves actively to highest potential, self actualization (Freud is deterministic whereas humanistic is conscious and inherent good) only 1% of people reach actualization

Conflict theory

Inequality between groups, impact on who has access to hospitals and insurance coverage. Leads to disparities, and many conflicting groups (factories producing pollution for example).

Attribution

Inferring causes of events or behaviors (internal or external). The process by which individuls explain the cause of behavior and events.

Sex vs. gender

Inherit sex and learn gender

Innate behavior

Inherited (coded by DNA), intrinsic, stereotypical, inflexible, consummate. Reflexes, orientation behaviors (kinesis and taxis), fixed action patterns (sequence of coordinated multiple movements)

Muscinol

Inhibit GABA receptors so they can't fire temporarily

Damaging effects of stress on immune system

Innate and adaptive system, inflammation is over expressed and can attack good things in body such as arthritis. Chronically we can stop activating immune system, more susceptible to illness because immune system suppressed

Temperament

Innate disposition (genetic basis)

Dysomnia

Insomnia, narcolepsy, sleep apnea .

Conflict theory

Institutions benefit powerful and cause inequality until new order created. Social order is maintained by dominance and power rather than consensus and conformity.

Organizations

Institutions that are designed for specific purpose with collective goal, maximum efficiency

Social scripts

Instructions provided by society on how to act

Fluid intelligence

Intellect based on reasoning quickly and abstractly

Neurotic

Intellectualization (pick out intellectual from emotional), rationalization (figure out by making excuse and removing from blame), regression (go to younger stage), repression (push thoughts from consciousness), displacement

Manifest functions

Intended functions and recognized of institutions

Stimulants

Intensify neural activity and bodily functions. Release of serotonin dopamine and norepinephrine

Firing frequency

Intensity of stimulus is coded by rate of neuron firing

Social psychology

Interaction between individual and environment

Dementia

Interfering in daily life from severe forgetfulness. A chronic or persistent disorder of the mental processes caused by brain disease or injury and marked by memory loss, personality changes, and impaired reasoning.

Self stigma

Internalize negative prejudices etc. they may feel rejected by society and struggle to come to grips with condition--> avoidance or denial, isolation

Cultural changes from globalization

International trade becomes easier and so cultural practices and expressions are spread via diffusion from well-known to new areas. Military conquest/missionary/tourism used to have this role. Mass media and tech have facilitated this

Assimilation

Interpret new experiences in terms of current schemas

Substance use disorders

Intoxication, withdrawal (behavioral and psychological effects) which can lead to distressing use and abuse/withdrawal. Tolerance

Independence of irrelevant alternatives

Introducing new variable does not change rankings

Fasciculations

Involuntary twitches of skeletal muscles

Depersonalization

Learner/victim is made to seem less human and less likely to object acting against them. A reality or detachment from one self. The individual becomes a detached observer of oneself. The world becomes vague to the individual, Individual feels as if they are not control of their own thoughts. Fear of going insane, and there are visual disturbances for the individual.

Theory of multiple intelligences

It suggests that the traditional notion of intelligence, based on I.Q. testing, is far too limited. Instead, Dr. Gardner proposes eight different intelligences to account for a broader range of human potential in children and adults. These intelligences are: linguistic intelligence (""word smart""), logical-mathematical intelligence (""number/reasoning smart""), spatial intelligence (""picture smart""), bodily-Kinesthetic intelligence (""body smart""), musical intelligence (""music smart""), interpersonal intelligence (""people smart""), intrapersonal intelligence (""self smart""), naturalist intelligence (""nature smart"") "

Law of Similarity

Items that are similar are grouped together by your brain.

Law of similarity

Items that are similar to one another are grouped together by brain.

Representativeness heuristic

Judge probability based on a previous prototype. For example, if you meet someone with a laid back attitude and long hair, you might assume they are Californian, whereas someone who is very polite but rigid may be assumed to be English.

Ethnocentric

Judging and understanding an event from a different cultural viewpoint (our culture is superior)

Wernicke's aphasia

Jumbled speech (fluent aphasia); located in temporal lobe

Difference threshold

Just noticeable threshold- smallest difference that can be noticed 50% of time

Source monitoring

Keeping track of where info came from, tends to be difficult process

Excitotoxins

Kill neuron by excessive activation (kalinic acid, oxidopamine)

Social constructionism

Knowledge and aspects of world around us are only real because we give them reality through social agreement. No criticism of natural phenomena

HALLUCINOGENS

LSD, marijuana distort sensory perception.

Overconfidence

Lack of ability, knowledge, or complete information on how to succeed at a task.For example, this can be seen by watching a child try to do things that they have seen grownups do, like perhaps cooking dinner, but without the knowledge or skills necessary to do it successfully.

Korsakoff disease

Lack of vitamin B thiamine, poor glucose metabolism. At first Wernicke's encephalopathy, when untreated becomes Korsakoff's. severe memory loss with confabulation, not necessarily progressive

Vygotsky

Language and thought are independent but converge in development (learning through social interaction)

Whorfian Hypothesis

Language determines thought.

Somatosensory axons

Large diameter and usually myelinated (Schwann cell wrapping) part of nerve

Riots

Large group of people participate in destructive ways, deviant from norms. Comes from frustration or conflict, acting out in illegal ways

Mass hysteria

Large groups of people experience unmanageable delusions and anxiety at the same time. Reactions spread rapidly through rumor and fear

Macrosociology

Large scale, big phenomena that affect population, whole institutions to find big picture impact. Big statistical data, let data tell story.

Choroid

Layer beyond retina, blood vessels that nourish eye

Retina

Layer of cells at back of light, converted to stimulus that brain can read through photoreceptors

Observational learning

Learn through observing the way people behave. Occurs from watching, retaining, and replicating a behavior observed from a model. Exhibited by Albert Bandura in his bobo doll experiment where children replicated aggressive behavior when they saw adults exhibiting aggression without any consequences. Likewise, children that saw adults be punished for their aggression did not exhibit aggressive behavior.

Psychological factors depression

Learned helplessness, no power to change/control. Cognitive distortions/attributions

Attitudes (ABC model)

Learned tendency to evaluate things in a certain way. An attitude can be defined as an evaluation of ideas, events, or objects, and the ABC model (A is for Affective; B is for behavioral, and C is for cognitive). We feel an emotion (affective when we see something), we act a certain way when we see the object, and what we think about the object, or what our opinion on the object is.

Convergence

Looking at things far away our eyes relax, when close eyes flex more. Convergence of the eyes is the simultaneous inward movement of both our eyes towards each other usually in an effort to maintain single binocular vision of an object. Convergence Insufficiency is a binocular disorder in which the two eyes fail to come together when looking at something near, rather they go outward.

Deindividuation

Loss of self

Environmental/sociocultural

Low SES, isolation, trauma

Perfectionist

Low self esteem but high self efficacy

Depressants

Lower body function and activity. Benzodiazepines increase sensitivity to gaba which is inhibitory (short medium long acting). Used to treat insomnia or anxiety. Often called "benzos". Common drug names: Xanax, Klonopin, Halcion, and Librium. By increasing sensitivity to GABA, arousal levels are reduced.

Social positions

Lower middle upper classes

Feminist theory

Macro level perspective focused on gender inequalities to patriarchal society. Women marginalized though not always apparent. Forced into gender based roles but men are not subjugated. REVIEW 4 CATEGORIES!!!!

Feminist theory

Macro perspective from conflict perspective. Examine women's social role in a variety of fields, beyond male based perspective. (discrimination, objectification, oppression, stereotyping). Point out problems and big world picture, not eliminate men

Sleep importance

Maintain flexibility, consolidate memories, repair and recuperate neural pathways

Groupthink

Maintaining harmony more important than addressing and analyzing the problems. Members censor opinions by being pressured to conform to majority view

Iconic Memory

Major part of change detection, and helps us notice the changes in each progressive image, turning it into a single moving picture.

Bipolar disorder

Mania + depression (types 1 and 2- hypomania)

Bipolar

Mania mixed in with depressive mood features

Substance related and addictive

Many categories. Mental effects cause abnormalities

Tonotypical mapping

Mapping based on frequency in cortex and basilar membrane

Feminist theory

Mass media misrepresents, women are underrepresented with strict gender roles and stereotypes.

Theories of formation

Mass society theory- provide community and refuge, which was strong during fascism. A more open look after civil rights movement

Pituitary

Master gland stimulates thyroid with TSH

Sources of self efficacy

Mastery of experience, social modeling, social persuasion, psychological responses

Disassortative mating

Mate with diverse and contrasting traits. Aka negative assorting mating/heterogamy, individuals with dissimilar genotypes and/or phenotypes mate with each other in a frequency greater than that of random mating.

Assortative mating strategy

Mate with those that are similar in genotype/phenotype

Core Infection Models

Matters "which" actors are reached in intervention. A group of highly active members, which is a core, interacts frequently and passes infection to one another.

Spanning Tree Models

Matters if "some" are reached

Charismatic Authority

Max Weber definition: resting on devotion to the exceptional sanctity, heroism, or exemplary character of an individual person, and of the normative patterns or order revealed or ordained by him". One of three forms of authority as defined by Weber. Charismatic authority is power legitimized on the basis of a leaders exceptional personal qualities, or the demonstration of extraordinary insight and accomplishment, which inspire loyalty and obedience from followers. Charismatic authority is more about the relationship between the leader and their followers as opposed to the leaders characteristics.

Reality principle

May have to wait/delay to get gratification while still abiding rules of society. More mature way of accepting

Semantics

Meaning of the words.

EEG

Measure electrical activity in brain (external to measure sum electrical fields)

Meso level analysis

Medium sized groups, cities, states, tribes

Direct democracy

Meet/discuss/make decisions. aka "pure democracy" occurs when people decide on policy initiatives directly.

Utilitarian organizations

Members pay for efforts

Implicit memory

Memory without conscious recall. AKA non-declarative. 1. This can be either skills (like riding a bike) or classical conditioning. The person may know how to skateboard, but wouldn't be able to explain (or declare) that they know it.memory or procedural memory.

Cognitive reactions/experience

Mental appraisals of experience which may lead to emotion

Other disorders

Mental disorder with 4 D's but no other category

Semantic Networks

Mental maps in our heads where we connect related concepts.

Intelligence

Mental quality allowing you to learn from experience, solve problems, adapt to new situations

Heuristic

Mental shortcut

Government schemes

Methods of government to prevent social inequality- access to education and health, food stamps, develop integration methods into society

Mesencephalon

Midbrain

Dopamine

Midbrain area in ventral tegmental area, basal ganglia (substantia nigra to striatum, implicated in Parkinson's disease) also in hypothalamus to pituitary gland

Folkways

Mild type of norm, common rules we're supposed to follow.

Authoritarian personality

Militaristic, lacking compassion, oppressive, obedient, rigid. Personality likely to demonstrate prejudice, harsh upbringings, use prejudice to help cope by protecting ego.

Absolute threshold of sensation

Minimum intensity needed to detect a particular stimulus 50% of the time (account for individual differences)

Daily stressors

Minor stressors that can happen during the day. For example, standing in long lines, traffic, or noisy environments

Inter-colonialism

Minority group is segregated and exploited

Attenuation model of selective attention

Model of selective attention in which the mind has an attenuator, like a volume knob, that can tune up inputs to be attended and tune down unattended inputs, rather than totally eliminating them. Accounts for the cocktail party effect. Bottleneck theory of attention in which we can only focus on a few things at a time; a modified version of Donald Broadbent's filter model by Anne Treisman.

Neurotransmitters

Molecules that communicate between neurons and target cells in synapse towards cerebral cortex

Financial capital

Money that can invest and get returns

Relative Height

Monocular cue that provides information about distance. Objects higher are perceived to be further away than those lower.

State dependent memory

Mood/state can facilitate recall if learned in same state

Elaboration likelihood model of persuasion

More cognitive approach, focus on why/how. Information processed through central route (quality of argument), peripheral route (superficial and nonverbal cues)

Association cortex

More complex processing function (like planning of movements), language a form of cognition. Cerebral cortex outside the primary areas

Deindividuation

More likely to act impulsively, commit crimes or perform antisocial acts because presence of crowd conceals person's identity

Group size

More likely to conform in group of 3-5 people

Emotional memories

More susceptible to reconstruction flashbulb memories

Existential self

Most basic part, distinct from others. Awareness that self is constant

Glutamate

Most common excitatory, esp. in reticular formation

GABA/glycine

Most common inhibitory neurotransmitters

Hippocampus and frontal cortex

Most glucocorticoid receptors, leading to atrophy during stress response

Transformationalist perspective

National governments are changing, but certain patterns are uncertain. Outcomes unknown

Conservative view

Natural positive byproducts of human nature as it benefits

Culture 4 main points

Needs 4 points: all people share with people in society, it is adaptive, it builds on itself, it is transmitted across generations

Drive reduction theory

Needs energize drive which reduces a need

Right hemisphere

Negative emotions, isolative

Withdrawal

Negative symptoms after stopping to take drug, become depressed and anxious.

Fight of flight response

Nervous (sympathetic)/endocrine (adrenal glands) system response

Eliminiation

Nervousness from urinating/defecating

Migration statistics

Net migration = inwards - outwards. People moving towards more industrialized countries or become refugees. Internal migration does not change population but impacts economics/culture.

Conversion disorder

Neurological (problem with speech, seizure, paralysis) incompatible with any medical explanation. Psychological stressor/trauma. A mental condition in which a person has blindness, paralysis, or other nervous system disorder that cannot be explained by a medical condition.

Gray matter

Neuron somas/Cell Bodies

Alzheimer's disease

Neurons die off with synapses, shrinking cortex. Memory loss, attention, planning, semantic memory, abstract thinking. Severity increases throughout progression. Amyloid plaque build up; related to Ach

Histamine

Neurons in hypothalamus that send projections to release histamine

Hyper globalist perspective

New age in history, globalization is legitimate process. Becoming one global unit?

Learned helplessness

No control, from chronic stress to depression link. For example, if an animal is repeatedly subjected to an adverse stimulus that it cannot escape, the animal will eventually stop trying to avoid the stimulus and behave as if it is utterly helpless to change the situation. Even when opportunities to escape are presented, this learned helplessness will prevent any action.

Antisocial

No regard for others, commit crimes, no remorse

Non associative learning

No reinforcement or punishment of behavior, habituation/sensitization

Learned behavior

Non-inherited, extrinsic, permutable, adaptable, progressive.

Completeness

None of the options have equal value to an individual

Treisman Attenuation Model

Not a filter information is turned up or down.

Perceptual error

Not consciously aware that there are any dissonances in judgment, actually believe that others thought the right thing in Asch experiment

Collective behavior

Not group behavior, it is time limited but not socially limited (no group membership), under influence of loose norms. Group dynamics not observed from social psychology. Collective behavior is a short term behavior that has no clear organizers or leaders; with little guidance or procedures to follow. They are spontaneous and unstructured behavior. I.e., if a non-football fan walked into a sports bar with a game going on, they may be momentarily influenced to be enthralled with the football game and match the behaviors of the other members in the sports bar, but never act that way otherwise.

Social movements

Not just group of people with idea, need organization leadership and resources to make impact

Social Stratification

Objective hierarchy in a society

Law of closure

Objects grouped together are seen as whole to create familiar images

Law of Proximity

Objects near each other tend to be grouped together.

Law of proximity

Objects that are close to one another are grouped together

Cross-Sectional Study

Observational and involves comparisons of different population groups within a single point in time. Aka cross-sectional analysis, transversal study, or prevalence study: analyze data from a population at a single time point. In contrast to a longitudinal study

Longitudinal Study

Observe one group of individuals over an extended period of time, taking multiple measurements of behaviors.

Somatic symptom disorder

Physical symptoms, ANY symptom possible. May be able to explain or not

Medulla

Part of brainstem (site of crossing over of many neurons); This is the most caudal part of the brainstem and sits between the pons inferiorly and spinal cord superiorly. Contains the vital autonomic cardiovascular and respiratory centers controlling heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing.

Pons

Part of brainstem; lies between the midbrain (superior) and the medulla oblongata (inferior); deal primarily with sleep, respiration, swallowing, bladder control, hearing, equilibrium, taste, eye movement, facial expressions, facial sensation, and posture; implicated in sleep paralysis

Olfactory epithelium

Part of nasal passage sensitive to small molecules with accessory olfactory epithelium which sends projections to accessory olfactory bulb

Macula

Part of retina rich in cones. Center is fovea centralis

Fusiform Gyrus

Part of the visual system in the brain, and plays a role in high level visual processing and recognition. Damage can result in prosopagnosia (inability to recognize faces)

Phonological loop

Part of working memory that deals with spoken and written material. It can be used to remember a phone number. It consists of two parts: phonological Store and articulatory control process

Demand characteristics

Participant changes behavior in experiment to match demands of experimenter. A subtle cue that allows the subject to know of the results that the experimenter is looking for. Demand characteristics can change the outcome of the study by altering their behavior to conform to the experimenters expectations.

Heredity

Passing traits from parents to offspring, controlled by genes

Conformity

Peer pressure, adjusting behavior to fit in group

Rational exchange theory

People always take rational actions, weighing costs of each action. Part of pattern of choices that are consistent.

Humanistic Perspective

People are good and that a positive self-concept leads to a happy, fulfilled person. These ideas have made their way into much modern thought. Think about "self-help" books that usually stress a positive attitude and motivation.

Flashbulb Memory

People claim to remember detail of what they were doing when they received news about an emotionally arousing event

Rational choice theory

People compare pros and cons do what they think is best for themselves. Shape pattern for behavior in society but many assumptions including transient preferences

Gardner's Idea

People have different types of intelligence

Group formation

People share psychological connection with peers

Continuity theory

People try to keep same basic structure even as you age. Internal aspect structure of the individual, like their personality stays the same and relatively constant throughout a lifetime. The external relationship of an individual consists of their societal connections.

Health magnet

People who are ill especially mentally can remove from society

Nociception

Perception of pain.

Escape learning

Perform behavior to terminate unpleasant ongoing stimulus

Innate behavior

Performed correctly first time in response to stimulus (extinct)

Temporal lobe

Performs auditory processing and language comprehension, and contains Wernicke's Area

Social Reproduction

Perpetuation of social inequalities through social institutions

Social cognitive theory

Person and situation determine behavior. Cognition plays a major role in shaping our feelings and behaviors. Observational learning leads into the social cognitive theory.

Social identity theory

Personal identity (unique to each person) and social identity

Temperament

Personality but more broad, characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity, established before environmental exposure, resistant to change over time

Erikson (psychosocial theory)

Personality development occurs throughout entire lifespan, each stage is about overcoming conflict. Success/faillure can impact functioning, 8 stages

Instinctual Drifts

Phenomenon whereby established habits, learned using operant techniques, eventually are replaced by innate food-related behaviors

Biomedical

Physical abnormalities

Biopsychosocial

Physical abnormalities + cultural and psychological factors

Race

Physical differences between people

Healthcare inequality

Poor economic and environmental conditions are causes. Access to healthcare and quality gets better towards top of pyramid. Big health problems in food deserts. Race, diet, access, housing, and jobs all play a role in inequality, gender differences. LGBT discrimination in healthcare make it harder to get resources

National society

Population of people within specified geographic area unified by common ideas and goals

Left hemisphere

Positive emotions, more sociable

Democracy

Power to the people; Direct Representative

Gender inequality

Power, responsibility and biases permeate. Women subordination is a prominent feature. Gender division of labor

Proximity

Powerful indicator of relationships, easier to mate with those we meet

Discrimination

Prejudice with behavioral component

Social facilitation

Presence of others will increase likelihood that most dominant response for behavior will be expressed

Free recall

Primacy effect, recency effect (serial position curve)

Occipital Lobe

Primary visual reception and association

Dissociative identity disorder

Prior name was "multiple personalities" or "split personalities."

Zimbardo prinson experiment

Prisoners or guards. Guards could not physically hurt but generate fear and control

Dissociative

Problems with identity, multiple personalities

Bureaucratization

Process by which an organization becomes increasingly governed by law and policy

Gatekeeping

Process by which small group of people control what is expressed in media and move through multiple "gates"

Elaboration likelihood model

Process information on 2 routes- central and peripheral. 3 stages (target- filtered by perceptions, message/source- which has Deep processing vs. superficial, attitude change- lasting change or temporary)

Controlled processes

Processes in the mind that require a great deal of a person's mental resources. Generally, controlled processing is best performed when only one controlled activity is taking place.

Paranoid

Profound suspicions of others

Algorithm

Programmed method. Slow but precise approach to problem solving. Often contrasted with heuristics.

Parkinson's disease

Progressive neurological disorder, slowed movements, tremor, poor balance and walking. Substantia nigra is less dark and loss of pigmented neuron part of basal ganglia. Lewy body abnormal structures and dopaminergic neurons are destroyed.

Immature (can cause social problems)

Projection (shift feelings), projective identification (person can demonstrate projected thoughts), passive aggression (express aggression by doing it indirectly)

Social reproduction

Propagation of inequality between rich and poor across generations. Reproduce social inequality across generations. Enhanced by social and cultural capital as well as educational system

Heritability

Proportion of variation that can be attributed to genetic component (IQ is 50%), can be increased by controlling environment or having more genetic variation, dependent on population studied

Self serving bias

Protecting our own self esteem, more common in individualistic culture

Sclera

Protective part of eye, fibrous tissue coat (posterior 5/6)

Muscle stretch reflex

Protective response to prevent injury (knee jerk reaction)

Chemical messengers

Proteins/polypeptides, steroid, tyrosine derivatives (thyroid and catecholamines)

Functionalist view

Provide entertainment to occupy leisure time but also act as agent of socialization and enforcer of social norms (collective experience), bring people together such as criminal justice or glorify behaviors

Aggression

Psychological behavior designed to hurt or assault, influenced by psychology, sociocultural, biology

Defensive mechanism

Psychological shield against bad things

Schizophrenia spectrum

Psychosis- delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thinking, negative affect

Behavioral theory of personality

Result of interaction between environment and individual, focused on observable behaviors

Symbolic interactionism

Puts focus on individual and how they behave, based on ideas of what we give to things. People created by societies and act based on past experiences and meanings they give. Can have multiple meanings that change over time even in one person, based on past experiences in society

REM

Rapid eye movement, other muscles paralyzed. Paradoxical sleep, mind active but body is not

Weber's law

Ratio of increment threshold to background intensity is constant ∆I/I = k which is a constant

Optimum arousal theory

Reach full alertness or arousal, reach natural high

Dependency theory

Reaction to modernization, use of Core and periphery to look at inequalities. Third world countries export to 1st world because they are integrated as undeveloped and will not accelerate to these levels

Law of Pragnanz

Reality is organized or reduced to the simplest form possible.

Law of pragnanz

Reality is reduced to simplest form

Parts of cochlear implant

Receiver, stimulator, transmitter, speech processor (gets info through microphone)

Nociceptors

Receptors that detect noxious compounds that lead to pain

Relapse

Recovering addict goes back to drug, usually environmental triggers

Factor analysis

Reduce number of variables and detect structure between relationships of variables

Trade regulatory groups

Reduce tariffs, make customs easier to make trading across borders more feasible, benefit private industries the most.

Self-Actualization Needs

Refer to a person's need for complete fulfillment and personal growth.

Belonging Needs

Refer to a person's need for family, affection, and relationships.

Safety Needs

Refer to a person's need for physical safety (as in from war or disease) and a fair and just society.

Esteem Needs

Refer to a person's need to be respected and have self- confidence.

Within-Subjects

Refers to an experimental study where all subjects are exposed to every experimental condition or treatment. This study had no experimental condition.

Glass escalator

Refers to how men in female-dominated careers, such as teaching and nursing, often rise higher and faster than women in male-dominated fields.

Face Validity

Refers to the extent to which the research subjectively appears to examine the relationship.

Causal Mechanism

Refers to the processes or pathways through which an outcome is brought into being (why or how it happened).

Contemplation

Refers to the stage of change where an individual is aware that there is a problem and is actively thinking about ways to solve the problem.

Preparation

Refers to the stage of change where the individual begins to plan what it would take to make change happen.

Precontemplation

Refers to the stage of change where the individual is unaware of any issues with their life of behavior and has no plans to change.

Action

Refers to the stage of change where the plan is put into practice.

External Validity

Refers to whether or not results from the smaller sample of individuals can be expected from or applied to other populations or other situations.

Simple behavior

Reflexes, taxis, kinesis

Primary auditory cortex

Region responsible for cochlear information processing, sensitive to sound of different frequencies

Paracrine

Regional effect (hypothalamus and pituitary). Occurs between local cells (thus the "regional") where the cells elicit quick signals and last only a short amount of time due to the degradation of paracrine signals

Hypothalamus

Regulates autonomic nervous system

Parathyroid Gland

Regulates calcium levels

Articulatory Rehearsal Component

Rehearsal before being required to repeat. Aka reherasal loop, memory loop, or phonological loop - part of working memory that rehearses verbal information.

Confirmation bias

Reinforce information that supports the majority view and look down upon minority view. The tendency to interpret new information as one's existing belief and theories .

Fixed interval

Reinforcer is given after a set time period. Think of being paid every Friday. A reward after a set period of time.

Spreading activation

Related concepts are activated in retrieval of a concept

Monocular clues

Relative size, form of an object, or interposition, relative height, shading and contours

Trait

Relatively stable characteristic

Thalamus

Relay station of all senses (except smell)

Pancreas

Releases insulin and glucagon, regulate glucose metabolism

Social exclusion

Relegated to periphery of society and reduced opportunity/access to advantages of society. These forces can work together often

Negative reinforcement (NOT incentive theory, this is drive reduction)

Removal of punishment to encourage behavior

Mere exposure effect

Repeated exposure increases our liking of something

Self fulfilling prophecy

Repeating positive feedback loop of cognition, affective, behavioral components

Sensation

Require stimulus and receptor (to convert to neural impulse)

Reticular activating system

Required for consciousness

Sensory Adaptation

Requires a constant strength of stimulus.

Lazarus Theory

Requires that interpretation must happen before arousal or emotion, which happen simultaneously.

Social inequality

Resources in society are unevenly distributed (i.e. USA wealth distribution). Class differentiation in society- upper, middle, lower. Greater inequality for minorities in income, educational opportunity and healthcare. Also for very poor people. Consequences: social exclusion, segregated neighborhoods, political disempowerment, civil unrest

Self esteem

Respect one has for self

Discrimination

Respond only to some stimuli not all in classical conditioning

Learned behavior

Response occurs through experience

Reflex

Response to stimulus without consciousness

Temporal Lobes

Responsible for processing auditory signals, interpreting visual stimuli, and language recognition.

Parietal Lobes

Responsible for spatial reasoning and receiving somatosensory information.

Cochlear implant

Restore hearing in nerve deafness (sensorineural hearing loss) in problem with conduction from bones to cochlea

Kohlberg (moral theory)

Right vs. wrong, 3 levels of moral development each divided into 2 stages

Flynn Effect

Rising IQ scores reflect improving modern environments. IQ is part heritable and part environmental; enrich a young child's environment with opportunities to learn, and they'll have a higher IQ later in life. Better nutrition, more schooling and more stimulation could also explain this effect. Today, people are taught to think more abstractly

Syntax

Rules we use to assemble sentences from words.

Organ of corti

Runs throughout cochlea (basilar and tectorial membranes)

Selection bias

Sample is not completely random

Reticular formation

Scattered neurons/soma in the brainstem, big role in autonomic function and higher level functioning

Cultural relativism

See from new perspective of other's culture, no sense of right/wrong just different

Confirmation bias

Seek out only confirming facts. For example, Sally is in support of gun control. She seeks out news stories and opinion pieces that reaffirm the need for limitations on gun ownership. When she hears stories about shootings in the media, she interprets them in a way that supports her existing beliefs.

Gestalt principles

Seek to explain how we perceive things the way they do (fluid images vs. still images)

Political isolation

Segregated communities are politically weak, not overlapping political interests and lose votes to keep schools and establishments open. Lower quality healthcare as well

Donald Broadbent Filter Buffer

Select info to send to higher processing.

Ego depletion

Self control is limited resource and cannot use in future if you use too much over long period of time

Death drive (Thanatos)

Self destructive, harmful to others (fear anger hate inward and outward)

Rogers components

Self image, self esteem, ideal self

Vestibular system

Sense of balance and spatial orientation, which comes from our inner ear

Kinesthesia

Sense of movement.

Proprioception

Sense of position and balance.

Nociception

Sensing of pain

Proprioception

Sensing of position

Mechanoception

Sensing of pressure

Thermoception

Sensing of temperature

Sterogenesis

Sensing vibrations

Piaget stages of cognitive development

Sensorimotor (object permanence), preoperational (pretend play, symbol use, egocentric), concrete operational (conservation, math) formal operation (abstraction, moral reasoning)

High road sensory input

Sensory input (from say the eyes)→ thalamus→sensory cortex→prefrontal cortex→amygdala→creating a fear response. This is slower and we actually think about it.

Somatosensory tracts (position/fine touch, pain/gross touch)

Sensory neurons ascend contralateral to stimulus; synapse in spinal cord; then synapse in thalmus prior to reaching the sensory cortex in Parietal lobe.

Detoxification

Separating drugs from body, physiological symptoms best in combination with behavioral therapy. May be a medical treatment for removing toxic substances from an alcoholic or addict.

Segregation

Separating out groups of people and giving access to separate set of resources within society ("separate but equal"). Can be impacted by laws and informal processes such as hidden discrimination

Left Hemisphere

Sequential Analysis: systematic, logical interpretation of information. Interpretation and production of symbolic information:language, mathematics, abstraction and reasoning. Memory stored in a language format.

Development

Series of age related changes that occur over life span

Flib-Books and Stop-Motion Animations

Series of still images flashed in front of the eyes in quick succession to create a moving image.

Phototransduction cascade

Set of events when light hits rod/cone

Mass psychogenic hysteria

Several people believing that they had an illness, such as anthrax attacks

Paraphilic disorder

Sexual arousal due to strange things

Sex (Masters and Johnson)

Sexual response cycle- excitement, plateau, orgasm, resolution. Related to testosterone levels, genetic predisposition

Progression of social movement

Shared idea by a few, incipient stage in which people begin to organize in group to organize stake. Greatest accomplishment is to effect change or change approach

Globalization

Sharing of culture money and products between countries, not a recent development, also a social awareness process. Advancement of communication

Sympathetic Nervous System

Short preganglionic neuron that synapse on ganglia close to spine, long post ganglionic neuron. Fight or Flight. See the Bear!

Depression

Shows up more in the right frontal lobe. Frontal Lobe Psychopathology: Abnormalities of the bilateral frontal lobe in patients with depression, seen with MRI's, PET scans.

Primary Groups

Siblings and other family members are considered primary groups, so the effect of siblings on health behavior is the most relevant for assessing the effect of primary groups.

Avoidance learning

Signal is given before unpleasant stimulus, such as fire alarm before fire breaks out. Avoid stimulus

Miss

Signal is present and you say no

Hit

Signal is present and you say yes

Autocrine

Signaling can exert affects on cell that secretes them

Significant life change stressor

Significant personal life change event

Modernization theory

Similar development to modern society in all countries. Internal social dynamics and political/social

Constancy

Size, shape, color. Despite changes in appearance, we know that these characteristics remain constant

Atonia

Skeletal muscle paralysis.

N2

Sleep spindles and K complexes, help keep us asleep (more theta waves)

N3

Slow wave, very much asleep. Sleepwalking occurs

Spencer

Social Darwinism; survival of the fittest; intelligent members survive, and less capable die out

Weak social constructionism

Social constructs dependent on brute facts which are fundamental, can't be explained by something else

Vygotsky

Social interaction between children growing in development of cognition. Babies have 4 mental functions- attention, sensation, perception, memory. These are developed into more complex functions by interaction. MKO = more knowledgeable other. Importance of language (thought-- language)

Intergenerational mobility

Social mobility across several generations and need to consider parents and children

Status

Social position in society, impacts interaction with others. Equal, superior, or inferiority

Bystander effect

Social psychological phenomenon that refers to cases in which individuals do not offer any means of help to a victim when other people are present. The probability of help is inversely related to the number of bystanders.

Gender

Social, varies with culture

Socialism vs. Capitalism

Socialism: profit is immoral (capitalism violates freedom from poverty)- Capitalism: market forces determine prices (socialists violate freedom of opportunity)

Ethnicity

Socially defined by shared language, religion, history, cultural factor. Less statistically defined

Functionalism (Durkheim)

Society heads towards equilibrium, society made of connected structures (institutions and social facts- ways of thinking or acting w/ coercive effect like law)

Symbolic interactionist perspective

Society is a product of everyday social experiences and interactions. People change and assign meaning to things. 3 tenets: act based on meaning we have given something, give meaning to things based on social interactions, meanings we give are not permanent

Demographic transition model

Stage 1- high birth and death rates, stage 2- death rates drop as healthcare improves, stage 3- birth rates begin to fall because of trends towards smaller families and more industrialized society, stage 4- stabilization and birth/death rates balance out, stage 5- speculation that stabilization will occur

Hitting curriculum

Standard behaviors that are deemed acceptable (subtly taught in schools)

Norms

Standards for what kind of behavior is acceptable or not. Provide structure in groups, dependent on context and can change over time

Upper motor neurons

Start in cerebrum in the primary motor cortex and synapse in spinal cord onto a lower motor neuron.

Working backwards

Start with goal state and work back to current state

Ascribed status

Status that is given to you by birth

Prejudice

Stereotype with effective component

Gonads

Stimulated by FSH and LH, release sex hormones. Release estrogen/progesterone, testosterone

Long term memory

Storage of memory- explicit (semantic and episodic) and implicit (procedural and priming)

Limbic system

Structures in brain on top of brain stem that play a role in regulating emotion, ambiguous as to what constitutes (hippocampus, hypothalamus, amygdala, thalamus)

Ethology

Study of observable animal overt behaviors in environment (innate, learned, complex)

Internal capsule

Subcortical band of white matter (V shaped) part of many important pathways, corticospinal

Basal Ganglia

Subcortical gray matter nuclei. Processing link between thalamus and motor cortex. Initiation and direction of voluntary movement. Balance (inhibitory), Postural reflexes. Automatic movement

Emotions

Subjective experiences that accompany by physiological behavioral and cognitive changes and reactions that are interrelated

Activity theory of Aging

Successful aging occurs when the older generation keeps themselves active and maintains social interactions.

Brief Psychotic Disorder

Sudden onset of at least 1 psychotic symptom (i.e., delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, grossly disorganziaed or catatonic behavior). The psychotic symptoms last less than 1 month, and are followed by a full recovery.

Outgroup derogation

Super friendly to in group, discriminate against outgroup. See outgroup as detrimental to in group interest

Central Executive

Supervises the cognitive process of memory.

Spotlight model

Swing our attention to something brought to our attention

Horizontal movement

Switch jobs but stay in same part of pyramid

Sensory amplification

Upregulation of a stimulus such as photoreceptors in brain

Somatoform disorders

Symptoms that take a physical or bodily form but without a physical cause - it's like thinking yourself sick. 1. Conversion disorder assumes that anxiety is converted into physical symptoms. 2. Hypochondriasis occurs when people take small "symptoms" and imagine dreaded diseases. A person with this goes from doctor to doctor, symptom and disease to symptom and disease.

Neuromuscular junction

Synapse between lower motor neuron and skeletal muscle cell

Synaptic plasticity

Synapses change strength over time, greater activation

Endocrine system

System of glands that produce hormones that travel from one part of body to another through blood to effect change; occurs between distant cells; prolonged effect; long-term.

Thyroid

T3 and T4, tyrosine derivatives

Feedback loop

TRH (hypothalamus)-- TSH (anterior pituitary)-- T3 (thyroid)

Trial and error

Take guesses to se if something works

Multinational/transnational corporations (T&C)

Take opportunities in different countries to manufacture, distribute, promote. Influence economy and politics, can influence global trade laws

Nasal/temporal sides of eye

Temporal side does NOT cross, nasal crosses

Cognitive dissonance theory

Tendency for individuals to seek consistency among their cognitions (i.e., beliefs, opinions). When there is an inconsistency between attitudes or behaviors (dissonance), something must change to eliminate the dissonance.

Conformity

Tendency for people to bring their behavior in line with norms of group

Foot in the door phenomenon

Tendency to agree to small actions first and eventually comply with much larger actions

Traditionalism

Tendency to follow authority

Ethnocentrism

Tendency to look at other cultures through one's own culture

GAD

Tense, worried for 6+ months, identifiable physical symptoms, 2/3 female. Unclear source, co-morbid with depression

Role strain

Tension of roles in one single status, such as a student with many obligations.

Weber's Law

The Difference Threshold (or "Just Noticeable Difference") is the minimum amount by which stimulus intensity must be changed in order to produce a noticeable variation in sensory experience. The ratio of the increment threshold to the background intensity is constant.

Construct validity

The degree to which a test actually measures what it claims, or purports, to be measuring, the appropriateness of inferences made on the basis of observations or measurements (often test scores), specifically whether a test measures the intended variable

Signal Detection Theory

The detection of a stimulus depends on both the intensity of the stimulus and the physical and psychological state of the individual. Attempts to measure how we make decisions under conditions of uncertainty.

Broadbent's early selection theory

The early selection model of attention posits that stimuli are filtered or selected to be attended to, at an early stage during processing. A filter can be regarded as the selector of relevant information based on basic features, such as color, pitch, or direction of stimuli. All stimuli presented at any given time are added to a sensory buffer in which the inputs is selected on the basis of its physical characteristics for further processing by being allowed to pass through a filter.

Mores

The essential or characteristic customs and conventions of a community

Stimulus

The event which prompts some behavior in the subject

Representativeness heuristic

The probability of how well something fits a prototype.

Catharsis

The process of venting aggression as a way to release or get rid of emotions. For example, a young male may watch a film in which an attractive woman engages in sexual behavior. The young male may become sexually aroused from this and subsequently frustrated because of his inability to act out his sexual desires. To release this sexual tension, the young male may go outside and play sports or engage in fantasies about himself and the woman. The process of releasing and thereby providing relief from strong or repressed emotions.

Conditioned Response

The resultant behavior after a stimulus is presented. The salvating of pavlov's dogs to the sound of the bell

Facial feedback effect

The resulting feeling after making an emotional facial expression.

Psychophysics

The scientific study of the relationship between stimuli (specified in physical terms) and the sensations and perceptions evoked by these stimuli.

Morphemes

The smallest units of language that have meaning. Morphemes are made up of two or more phonemes.

Manifest Content

The story line of the dream.

Homophily

The tendency for people to choose relationships with other people who have similar attributes.

Belief perseverance

The tendency to stick to one's initial belief even after receiving information that disconfirms the initial belief. Ignore/rationalize dis-confirming facts. For example, members of the Jonestown cult made a public admission of their loyalty to Jim Jones by selling all their possessions and following him to Guyana. Even though they later experienced irrational manipulation and abuse, they stayed to the point of committing mass suicide when he told them to do so.

Latent Content

The underlying meaning of the dream.

Striate cortex

The visual cortex of the brain is the part of the cerebral cortex responsible for processing visual information located in the occipital lobe.

Framing

The way in which something is presented. Refers to how a problem is presented, not the thought process used to approach the problem.

Global inequality

The world is an equal place. variation in life expediencies, access to clean water. Champagne glass representing unequal distribution of income, intra and inter country wealth inequality.

Theory of primary mental abilities

Theory that suggests that the human intelligence is constituted by seven independent primary mental abilities. These are the following: verbal comprehension, verbal fluency, number or arithmetic ability, memory, perceptual speed, inductive reasoning, and spatial visualization

Preferred- Mixing

There are high levels of contact among people who share similar attributes.

Cornea

Thick fibrous transparent tissue, anterior 1/6. help focus light. The transparent front party of the eye that covers the iris, pupil, and anterior chamber. Shaped like a dome. With the anterior chamber and lens works to refract light. Most responsible for eye's focusing power.

Vertical movement

Upward or downward via promotion or demotion on the pyramid

Phototransduction cascade

Thin stacked discs with many proteins throughout rod (multimeric 7 unit proteins called rhodopsin with retinal). Conversion of 11-cis-retinal to all trans retinal so rhodopsin changes shape. Molecule with alpha beta subunit transducin and alpha subunit binds to phosphodiesterase (PDE) takes cGMP and converts to GMP which reduces cGMP concentration. Sodium channels depend on cGMP so PDE causes closing of channels, hyperpolarization occurs. This turns on on-center bipolar cells

Past-in-present discrimination

Things not allowed anymore STILL have an impact on discriminatory views

Deductive Reasoning

Thinking about broad principles and applying that information to specific situations.

Inductive Reasoning

Thinking about specific situations and applying that information to broad principles.

Thermoreceptors

Thinner axons and thin myelin sheath that sense temperature

Prefrontal cortex

This brain region has been implicated in planning complex cognitive behavior, personality expression, decision making, and moderating social behavior

Serial Position Effect- Memory

This term is a memory-related term and refers to the tendency to recall information that is presented first and last (like in a list) better than information presented in the middle.

Determinism

Thought influences language and cognitive development. All behavior is caused by preceding factors and is thus predictable. The causal laws of determinism form the basis of science. Determinism is the belief in the inevitably of causation. Everything that happens is the only thing that could have happened.

Evolutionary theory of sleep

Threat simulation and problem solving

Socially constructed gender differences

Through social customs and expectations and system that rewards (different values for men and women)

Zone of proximal development- Vygotsky

Time when you need to expand from set of skills to higher mental function

Afferent Neuron

Towards CNS

Life drive (Eros)

Towards life- healthy, safety, sex, cooperation

Meditation

Training people to self regulate attention and awareness (focused or unfocused). Light vs. deep. Implications for people with attention disorders

General intelligence theory

Transferable ability based on scores on one test (g factor of general intelligence)

Institutional Discrimination

Treatment stemming from institutional culture or policies

Major depressive disorder

Two main mood disorders, they are (1) major depressive disorder and (2) bipolar disorder. Being depressed for 2+ weeks; 5.8% of men and 9.5% of women .

Eardrum

Tympanic membrane, starts to vibrate which causes bones to vibrate

Emotional effects of stress on anger

Type A and type B individuals. Type A most likely to have heart attacks, prone hostility which is activated by stress

Depth Processing

Type of attention applied to words during encoding. One of three types of processing. It involves semantic processing in which we take the meaning of a word and relate it to synonyms. Depth processing, aka deep processing, involves elaboration rehearsal which involves more meaningful analysis and leads to better recall.

Conformity

Type of social influence involving a change in belief or behavior in order to fit in with a group. This change is in response to real (involving the physical presence of others) or imagined (involving the pressure of social norms / expectations) group pressure.

False consciousness

Unable to see exploitation and oppression, since people in charge of means of production can promote false consciousness. Owners control processes of workers, making it difficult for workers to unite

Reaction formation

Unconscious feelings end up doing opposite in conscious

Genes

Units of heredity (synthesizes a protein), we have 30,000

Drive

Universal and intrinsic

Catastrophic event stressor

Unpredictable large scale event that is threatening. For example, hurricanes, earthquakes, or wars

OCD

Unwanted thoughts and paired actions

OCD

Unwelcome thoughts or compulsions related that they have to do

Critical period

Up to 8-9 best time to learn language. LED begins to specialize to specific language. A period during one's development in which a particular skill or characteristic is believed to be most readily acquired.

Top down processing

Use background knowledge to influence perception. Theory driven, influenced by expectations. First brain is active and that leads to emotions and actions that later lead to a response in the body i.e., you think "how nice, my friend is giving me ice cream, I should take it from her" which then leads to emotions --> happy excited, grateful, curious and then a response in the body (increased heart rate, motor system causing arms to reach out to accept the ice cream".

Retrieval

Use cues and associations to bring out a concept from memory

Availability heuristic

Use examples of what's mentally accessible to guide decisions (lazy judgments). For example, after seeing several news reports about car thefts, you might make a judgment that vehicle theft is much more common than it really is in your area.

Substance use disorder

Use is causing distress in life in some way, impairment of function. Increasing doses, more time, craving, etc. withdrawal is another symptom. Cannot occur for caffeine

PET

Use radioactive glucose as a label (combine with structural methods)

Divergent Problem Solving

Used creativity and originality to solving the problem in a novel way.

General adaptation syndrome

Used to describe the body's short-term and long-term reactions to stress. Consists of the alarm phase, the resistance phase, and the exhaustion phase

Social Capital

Using one's social networks for gain

Peg Memory System

Utilizes numbers, rhymes, shapes, and sounds to create a scene based on a mental 'hook'.

Link System

Utilizes order and connections (links) to facilitate memory recovery, but is not a chunking technique.

Otolithic organs

Utricle and saccule, detect linear acceleration and head movement. Crystals move and heavier than gel environment, relies on gravity

Countercultures

Values conflict with majoirty

Dichotomous Variable

Variable in which only two levels exist. Ex: Male/Female; true/false; yes/no; 0/1.

Schizophrenia abnormalities

Ventricles are larger, size of cerebral cortex, abnormal organization of cortical layers, dopamine pathway abnormalities (mesocorticolimbic- VTA). Genes, physical stress, psychosocial factors

Dependent

Very clingy, need help from others

Caste system

Very little social mobility because role in life is predetermined by background. Great social stability

Histrionic

Very ostentatious, display emotions

Deviance

Violating a norm, behaving differently from what society thinks is normal

Circadian rhythms

Wakefulness cycles, regular body rhythms, biological clock

Normative social influence

Want to avoid social rejection or worried about group disapproval (might have different external and private views)

Factitious disorder

Want to be sick to get diagnosis to be in sick role, not money

Unanimity

Want to comply with all people in the group

Psychosexual stages

Want to gratify libido, if not there is conflict and fixation occurs. Oral, anal, phallic, latent, genital

Internal conflict

Want to help but wary of immigrant cultures, also put pressure on job availability

Culture

Way of life shared by people. Knowledge beliefs and values: artwork, language literature, shared knowledge (rules by which people live)

Society

Way people organize themselves, many people in specific geographic area. Shares common culture

Allport

We all have different traits that differ among individuals (4500 words): cardinal, central, secondary. Gordon Allport also helped to differentiate between drive and motive. Cardinal trait= dominant trait mold identity, emotions, and behaviors. Central trait = core traits, not dominant, predominantly constant among the general population; secondary trait = privately held. Allport also came up with genotype (internal forces) and phenotype (external forces) that influence a person's behavior and personality.

Fundamental attribution error

We assume other people behave characteristically badly but when we do it, it's situational

Situational attribution

We attribute our actions to social situation

Self serving bias

We could never do bad things and think better of ourselves

Informational social influence

We defer to others because we think that they are more correct/smarter than we are

Social constructionism

What a society is, not how it exists. Everything is created from mind of society, something has meaning that it doesn't have intrinsically such as money. We have agreed to give it value even though it has no inherent value

Functionalism

What is purpose of medicine? Medicine ensures return to functional state to contribute to society. Help stabilize social system in big disasters, also in day to day life to improve quality of aging people life

Working memory

What you're thinking about at the moment. Magic number = 7. Short-term memory. Instead of all information going into one single store, there are different systems for different types of information. It consists of a central executive which controls and coordinates the operation of two subsystems: the phonological loop and the visuo-spatial sketch pad.

Spreading Activation

When a concept is activated, it spreads to related concepts

Counterculture

When a conflict with larger culture becomes serious and laws of dominant society are violated. A way of life and set of attitudes opposed to or at a variance with the prevailing social norm.

Diffusion of responsibility theory

When in presence of others, feel less personal responsibility to take action. Used to explain the bystander effect.

Rod

When turned off (with light) activates bipolar cell which activates retinal ganglion, which then goes to optic nerve

Heuristics

When you "use your brain." gets you to the answer quicker. 2 types:

Pleasure principle

When young/immature, immediately want to fulfill needs and avoid suffering. We mature when we get older. Pleasure replaced by reality

Optic chiasm

Where optic nerves from L and R eyes meet

Ecological validity

Whether conditions in study meet conditions in real world

Recognition test

Which word was in list? Even better performance

Motivation

Why do we do the things we do?

Effects of urbanization

Wide variety of culture, anonymity, crowding, no close connections which we crave so we join pocket communities

Panic

Widespread fear causing people to act crazy

CT scans

X-ray to see structure of brain, less detail than MRI. Combine a series of X-ray images to produce cross-sectional images, or slices of the brain, blood vessels, bones, and soft tissues inside your body. More detailed than a plain x-ray.

Biological Sex

XX vs. XY chromosomes

Internal locus of control

You feel you can control your own fate/destiny. Achieve more and less depression

Just world phenomenon

You get what you deserve because world is just. A special force/cosmic justice ensures enforcement. Helps individuals rationalize, give predictable influence

Correct rejection

You say no and signal is absent. In signal detection theory, an instance of failing to detect a signal when the signal is in fact absent. One of four possible outcomes of a signal detection task.

False alarm

You say yes and signal is absent

Recency bias

You're only as good as your last action

Ganglion

a clump of grey matter (unmyelinated neuron cell bodies) found in the PNS

Polygyny

a form of marriage in which a man is married to more than one woman

Polyandry

a form of marriage in which a woman is married to more than one man

Polygamy

a form of marriage in which an individual may have multiple wives or husbands simultaneously

Foot-in-the-door phenomenon

a strategy that involves enticing people to take small actions, and then gradually asking for larger and larger commitment

Antisocial personality disorder

a psychological disorder characterized by a history of serious behavior problems beginning in Adolescence, including significant aggression against people or animals, deliberate property destruction, lying or theft, and serious rule violation

Histrionic personality disorder

a psychological disorder characterized by a strong desire to be the center of attention and seeking to attract attention through personal appearance and seductive behavior

Narcissistic personality disorder

a psychological disorder characterized by feelings of grandiosity with fantasies of beauty, brilliance, and power

Schizoid personality disorder

a psychological disorder characterized by little interest or involvement in close relationships, even those with family members

Schizotypal personality disorder

a psychological disorder characterized by several traits that cause problems interpersonally, including constricted or inappropriate affect; magical or paranoid thinking; and odd beliefs, speech, behavior, appearance, and perceptions

Schizophreniform disorder

a psychological disorder characterized by symptoms of schizophrenia present for a period of 1-6 months during which the symptoms may or may not have interfered with functioning

Schizoaffective disorder

a psychological disorder characterized by the combination of mood and psychotic symptoms; in this disorder, both the symptoms of schizophrenia and a major depressive, manic, or mixed episode are experienced for at least one month

Schizophrenia

a psychological disorder that is chronic and incapacitating and is characterized by psychosis and material impairment in social, occupational, and personal function

Humanistic psychology

a psychological perspective developed partially in response to Freud's psychoanalytic theory, which emphasizes an individual's inherent drive towards self-actualization. Carl Rogers is most associated with this kind of psychology

hippocampus

a structure in the limbic system linked to memory

parallel processing

ability of the brain to simultaneously process incoming stimuli of differing quality

Habit

action that is performed repeatedly until it becomes automatic

exchange theory

addresses decision making via the cost-benefit analyses

Discrimination

an action; denial of rights; excludes members of a group

Egalitarian

authority more or less equally divided between people or groups

fluid intelligence

being able to think on your feet

preoperational

between the ages of 2-7

Scapegoating

blame others for own failures; transfer responsibility

latent functions

can have a negative effect on society

reciprocal

can influence or be influenced

Episodic memory

clear memories of unique and often highly emotional events, such as where you were and what you were doing during the 9/11 terrorist attacks, also called flashbulb memories

Pygmalion effect

closely related to the self-fulfilling prophecy; the two terms are even considered synonymous in some circles; it is a type of self-fulfilling prophecy where if you think something will happen, you may unconsciously make it happen through your actions or inaction. It occurs in the workplace when a manager raises his or her expectations for the performance of workers, and this actually results in an increase in worker performance.

Solomon Asch

conducted research on conformity and group pressure by placing subjects in a room with several confederates (the subjects believes the confederates to be fellow study subjects) and observing the behavior of the subject when the confederates provided clearly wrong answers to questions

medulla

controls heartbeat and breathing

hypothalamus

controls maintenance functions such as eating; helps govern endocrine system; linked to emotion and reward

cerebellum

coordinates voluntary movement and balance

Prejudice

negative attitude/belief toward group; not disliking someone because of behavior

proactive interference

difficulty in learning new information because of previously learned information

psychophysical discrimination testing

directly assess our perception of stimuli in relation to their true physical properties

activation synthesis model

dreams are caused by the physiological processes in the brain

population stabilization

drop in birth rate

population growth

drop in death rate

Gestalt

emphasized the idea that the ways in which people's perceptual experience is organized result from how human brains are organized

instinctual drift

established habits, learned using operant techniques, eventually are replaced by innate food-related behaviors

Confederates

in psychological and social research, a confederate is a person who is working with the experimenter and posing as a part of the experiment, but the subjects are not aware of this affiliation. In the Asch experiments, all the people that were counting incorrectly were all confederates whereas the follower was the research subject.

Top-down Processing

info processed guided by higher level mental processes, recognizing face T/-\E C/-\T (I read 'the cat', no thinking).

thomas theorem

interpretation of a situation causes the action

Retrograde amnesia

occurs when one is unable to recall information that was previously encoded

Limbic System

olfactory path ways, biologic rhythms, hypothalamus

Schwann cells

one of the 2 peripheral nervous system supporting (glial) cells; they form the myelin sheathe on the axons of peripheral neuron

mindfulness-based stress reduction

protocol involving mindfulness meditation, shown to be effective for helping individuals with pain, stress and anxiety

Electroencephalogram (EEG)

recording of electrical impulses in the brain

Electrooculogram (EOG)

recording of eye movements

Electromyogram (EMG)

recording of skeletal muscle movements

Weber

sociology should remain valid; objective and neutral; use replication, or repeat study

feature detectors

specialized cells in the brain that detect certain types of stimuli, like movements, shapes, or angles

I

spontaneous, less socialized component of the self

critical period

stage where the nervous system is sensitive to certain environmental stimuli

proximal stimulus

stimulus registered by the sensory receptors

LTP

strengthening of synapses

operation span task

subjects are asked to do a simple mathematical problem then repeat a word, followed by a recall test

Assimilation

subordinate takes on characteristics of dominant group; able to express culture; no hostility/prejudice; dictates conformity; devalue minority culture

Empathy

the ability to identify with others' emotions

Iconic memory

the brief photographic memory for visual information which decays in a few tenths of a second

Functionalism/ structural functionalism

the oldest of the main theories of sociology, which conceptualized society as a living organism with many different parts/organs, each of which has a distinct purpose (Prominent theorists include Herbert Spencer, Talcott Parsons, Auguste Comte, Davis and Moore, Robert Merton, almond and Powell)

Encoding

the process of transferring sensory information into the memory system

Ethnocentrism

the tendency to judge people from another culture by the standards of one's own culture

Electra complex

this complex occurs during the phallic stage (the third of Freud's five psychosexual stages) when a female child is sexually attracted to her father and hostile toward her mother, who is seen as a rival

constructionist

this understanding describes things to be subject to the processes of meaning-making and collective definition building

social network

ties change over time, from parental and familial ties --> peer group ties

Cultural relativism

to embrace and understand other cultures not on own culture's terms

Totalitarian

total control by government

neuroleptics

treat schizophrenia, side effects include cognitive dulling, which can exacerbate negative symptoms

Gender stratification

unequal access to power, prestige, and property on the basis of sex

CT

uses X-rays to create a series of cross sectional images of the inside of your body

Night terrors

usually occurs during stage 3 sleep, unlike nightmares; the individual may sit up or walk around, babble, and appear terrified although none of it is remembered the next morning

Subcultures

values/behaviors separate members from majority, no conflict

Representative democratic

voters elect people to make decisions; US today

interposition

when objects are placed one over each other to create depth

Weber fraction

∆I/I