McGraw Hill - Chapter 3 Smart Book
A eukaryotic cell is different from a prokaryotic cell in that it contains
a nucleus
Select all of the characteristics of eukaryotic cells. (1) larger than prokaryotic cells (2) system of internal membranes (3) size is about the same as prokaryotic cells (4) lack organelles (5) nucleus (6) size is typically 10-100 times smaller than prokaryotic cells
(1) larger than prokaryotic cells (2) system of internal membranes (5) nucleus
Select all of the following that are able to pass freely through the phospholipid bilayer. (1) lipids (2) ions and polar molecules (3) small nonpolar molecules (4) O2 and C02
(1) lipids (3) small nonpolar molecules (4) O2 and C02
Select all that apply: Select all of the following that describe electron microscopes: (1) provide greater magnification than light microscopes (2) use beam of electrons instead of light (3) use multiple lenses to focus light on a specimen (4) usually require that specimen be killed (5) expensive to build and operate (6) generates true-color images
(1) provide greater magnification than light microscopes (2) use beam of electrons instead of light (4) usually require that specimen be killed (5) expensive to build and operate
Select all of the following that are roles of cell walls. (1) regulate cell volume (2) help determine cell specialization (3) organize microtubules (4) provide shape (5) synthesize ATP to power the formation of secretory vesicles
(1) regulate cell volume (2) help determine cell specialization (4) provide shape
All living things consist of one or more _________.
cells
The organelle that is the site of photosynthesis in plant cells is the ________ which is a type of plastid.
chloroplast
Although both are involved in movement and arise from basal bodies of microtubules, _________ are short and numerous extensions whereas _____ are longer and occur singly or in pairs.
cilia, flagella
What are anchoring junctions?
connect animal cells to the extracellular matrix or to adjacent animal cells in one place
The fluid part of the cell cytoplasm is called _______.
cytosol
In eukaryotic cilia and flagella, the movement of the protein ______ slides adjacent microtubules against each other and causes bending of the appendage.
dynein
The portion of the phospholipid bilayer indicated by the circle in the picture is ________
hydrophobic
What organelle of the endomembrane system breaks down debris, food and old cell parts with special dismantling enzymes?
lysosome
What type of cell has a cell wall and chloroplasts?
plant
Select all of the following that are present in plant cells but not in animal cells. (1) nucleus (2) mitochondria (3) chloroplasts (4) cell wall (5) peroxisomes
(3) chloroplasts (4) cell wall
______ junctions link cytoskeletal filaments of adjacent animal cells in one place, like a rivet.
Anchoring
Using improved lenses incorporated into the first simple microscopes, ______ observed many types of microscopic organisms but also perpetuated the idea of spontaneous generation in late 1600s.
Antony van Leeuwenhoek
Which domains of life contain prokaryotic cells?
Archaea & Bacteria
In a cell, _______ is the genetic information of the cell, and RNA plays a role in the production of _______.
DNA; proteins
Select all of the characteristics of organelles. (1) contain distinct proteins (2) surrounded by membranes (3) only found in animal cells (4) studded with membrane proteins (5) all types contain the same set of enzymes
(1) contain distinct proteins (2) surrounded by membranes (4) studded with membrane proteins
Select all of the following that are components of the cytoplasm, outside the nuclear membrane. (1) cytosol (2) nucleolus (3) cytoskeleton (4) nucleus (5) ions and enzymes (6) organelles
(1) cytosol (3) cytoskeleton (5) ions and enzymes (6) organelles
Select all the cell parts that are involved in the endomembrane system. (1) endoplasmic reticulum (2) vacuoles (3) nuclear envelope (4) lysosomes (5) chloroplasts (6) Golgi apparatus (7) mitochondria
(1) endoplasmic reticulum (2) vacuoles (3) nuclear envelope (4) lysosomes (6) Golgi apparatus
Select all of the following that are true about prokaryotes. (1) lack a nucleus (2) evolved after eukaryotes (3) most ancient forms of life on Earth (4) simplest types of life (5) contain membranous organelles
(1) lack a nucleus (3) most ancient forms of life on Earth (4) simplest types of life
Select all of the following that are components of cell membranes. (1) ribosomes (2) proteins (3) steroids (4) phospholipids
(2) proteins (3) steroids (4) phospholipids
What microbiologist discovered key molecular differences between two types of prokaryotes, and following his work, biologists divided life into three domains?
Carl Woese
Protists, including the single-celled organisms Amoeba and Paramecium, belong to domain ________.
Eukarya
Describe Domain Eukarya
possible larger cell size, fatty acids in the cell membrane, and nucleus present
Inside the nucleus of a cell, the ribosomes are made in the _______
nucleolus
The endomembrane system is a coordinated system of ______ in eukaryotic cells.
organelles
Select all of the following that are true about organisms in Domain Bacteria. (1) some live in human intestines and help with digestion (2) contain multiple nuclei in each cell (3) important decomposers and producers (4) Earth's oldest organisms (5) some are used to make pharmaceuticals (6) most lack cell walls
(1) some live in human intestines and help with digestion (3) important decomposers and producers (4) Earth's oldest organisms (5) some are used to make pharmaceuticals
Select all the roles that membranes play in cells. (1) transport substances into and out of the cell (2) receive and respond to external stimuli (3) enclose organelles in eukaryotic cells (4) transcribe DNA into RNA and assemble ribosomes
(1) transport substances into and out of the cell (2) receive and respond to external stimuli (3) enclose organelles in eukaryotic cells
Select all of the following that are contained within a plant's central vacuole. (1) water and salts (2) pigments (3) weak acids (4) ribosomes (5) several chromosome pairs (6) degrading enzymes
(1) water and salts (2) pigments (3) weak acids (6) degrading enzymes
Select all of the following that are present at the connection between normal cells of multicellular organisms. (1) ways that cells can communicate with each other (2) a way for cells to adhere to one another (3) organelles for producing food molecules shared between cells (4) centrioles for coordination of cell division
(1) ways that cells can communicate with each other (2) a way for cells to adhere to one another
Select all of the locomotory structures that consist of shaft of microtubules linked together by dynein protein. (1) plasma membranes (2) cilia (3) microvilli (4) flagella
(2) cilia (4) flagella
Select all of the following that are present in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells: (1) nucleus (2) cytoplasm (3) ribosomes (4) pigments (5) RNA (6) DNA
(2) cytoplasm (3) ribosomes (5) RNA (6) DNA
Select all of the following that are present in bacterial cells. (1) endoplasmic reticulum (2) enzymes (3) DNA (4) mitochondria (5) ribosomes (6) cytoplasm
(2) enzymes (3) DNA (5) ribosomes (6) cytoplasm
Select the organelles that are involved in the production of milk proteins to be secreted by mammary gland cells in animals called mammals. (1) mitochondrion (2) nucleus (3) Golgi apparatus (4) lysosome (5) endoplasmic reticulum
(2) nucleus (3) Golgi apparatus (5) endoplasmic reticulum
Select all of the following that are components of phospholipid molecules, which are the main constituents of cell membrane. (1) ribose sugar (2) phospholipid molecules (3) glycerol molecule (4) peptide bond (5) two fatty acids
(2) phospholipid molecules (3) glycerol molecule (5) two fatty acids
Select all of the following that describe gap junctions. (1) anchor cells to the extracellular matrix (2) protein channels between adjacent animal cells (3) allow the coordinated contraction of heart muscle cells (4) prevent substances from passing between adjacent cells
(2) protein channels between adjacent animal cells (3) allow the coordinated contraction of heart muscle cells
Select all of the following that are contained within a plant's central vacuole. (1) ribosomes (2) weak acids (3) pigments (4) water and salts (5) degrading enzymes (6) several chromosome pairs
(2) weak acids (3) pigments (4) water and salts (5) degrading enzymes
Select all of the following that are true about Archaea. (1) only live in aquatic environments (2) larger than eukaryotic cells (3) can occupy same environments as bacteria (4) found in extreme and moderate environments (5) include methanogens and extremophiles
(3) can occupy same environments as bacteria (4) found in extreme and moderate environments (5) include methanogens and extremophiles
Select all of the functions of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum. (1) synthesize proteins to be secreted from the cell (2) recycle old organelles (3) house enzymes that detoxify drugs and poisons (4) synthesize lipids
(3) house enzymes that detoxify drugs and poisons (4) synthesize lipids
Protists, plants, fungi and animals are organisms in the domain ________.
Eukarya
The ______ is a series of flattened sacs that sorts and packages materials into vesicles to be sent to the cell membrane.
Golgi apparatus
_______ cells are the simplest forms of life and lack a nucleus.
Prokaryotic
What English physicist first observed the outlines of cells when he looked at cork from an oak tree?
Robert Hooke
Why are ions and polar molecules unable to pass directly through a cell membrane?
The interior of the phospholipid bilayer is hydrophobic.
True or false: Bacteria are the most abundant and diverse organisms.
True
True or false: Most cells have a small size that is less than 0.1 mm in diameter to maximize surface area relative to volume.
True
What type of cell has centrioles?
animal
In cell membranes, the phospholipids are arranged into a __________.
bilayer
A(n) _______ is the smallest and most basic unit of life and can function as one or many working together.
cell
What is the smallest unit of life that can function independently?
cell
What cell shape has the most efficient exchange of materials between the cell's interior and exterior?
cell with more surface area relative to volume
What did Robert Hooke call the little units he observed when he viewed cork under lenses of glass?
cells
Whether bacterium or blue whale, every organism is made of
cells
What are gap junctions?
channels for the exchange of substance between adjacent animal cells
The ______ includes all of the cell contents between the nucleus and the cell membrane.
cytoplasm
The two-layered nuclear envelope separates the nucleus of a cell from the __________.
cytoplasm
The microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules shown in the picture comprise the ________ which is a network of proteins that provide a structural framework within the cell.
cytoskeleton
What is the network of protein fibers and tubules inside the cell that provides support and aid in cell division and movement?
cytoskeleton
What type of microscope allows resolution of objects that are about 5 nanometers in size?
electron
The internal membranes of several organelles are interconnected and form the _______ system of a eukaryotic cell.
endomembrane
The ____________ is a network of membranes originating at the nuclear envelope and winding through the cell.
endoplasmic reticulum
What is a network of sacs and tubules extending off the nuclear envelope and is where proteins and lipids are produced?
endoplasmic reticulum
Organelles called lysosomes contain _______ that break down food particles, old organelles, and other cellular debris.
enzymes
Cells that contain membrane-bounded organelles and a nucleus are called
eukaryotic cells
In animal tissues where cells are not in direct contact with each other, what holds cells together and coordinates cell activities?
extracellular matrix
Outside of the cell membrane in many animal cells is the ______ which holds the cells together and coordinates some activities between cells.
extracellular matrix
What is the function of mitochondria in eukaryotic cells?
extract energy from food
The _______ microscope is ideal for viewing living cells that are between 200 nanometers and 1 millimeter in size.
light
What type of microscope passes light through a transparent or thinly sliced specimen to generate true-color views of cells?
light microscope
Organelles carry out specialized functions in the cell and are enclosed by ___________.
membranes
Archaeans called methanogens use carbon dioxide and hydrogen from the environment and produce _____ as a byproduct.
methane
Dutch scientist Antony van Leeuwenhoek improved lenses for magnification and used them in devices called _________.
microscopes
Cellular respiration extracts energy from food and takes place in the organelle called a ___________.
mitochondria
The ______ found within the nuclear envelope are lined with specialized proteins that allow the transport of substances into and out of the nuclues.
nuclear pores
In prokaryotic cells, DNA congregates in an area called the:
nucleoid
The area within the cytoplasm of a prokaryotic cell where the circular DNA molecule is found is called the ______ and is not bounded by a membrane.
nucleoid
In eukaryotic cells, the DNA that codes for the cell's proteins is stored in a membrane-bounded organelle called the
nucleus
What feature enables eukaryotic cells to keep biochemicals and related structures in close proximity and increase efficiency within a relatively large cell volume?
organelles
Within the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells, there are multiple specialized compartments called ________.
organelles
All cells are surrounded by cell membranes, also called plasma membranes, that separate the cytoplasm from the _________.
outside environment
Biological membranes are selectively _______ meaning they allow only specific types of molecules to pass into or out of the cell.
permeable
The cell membrane is composed of a type of lipid molecule called a(n) _________, which has two fatty acids and a phosphate group extending from a glycerol molecule.
phosopolipid
In cell membranes, what part of a phospholipid molecule is oriented toward the outside of the bilayer?
phosphate head
What molecules are key components of cell membranes arranged in bilayers?
phospholipids
In all cells, RNA and ribosomes play a role in the production of ________ which are molecules that carry out all the cell's work.
proteins
What component of cell membranes functions in a diversity of roles, including recognition, transport, adhesion and facilitating reactions?
proteins
Proteins to be secreted outside of a eukaryotic cell are formed at ribosomes on the surface of the ______ endoplasmic reticulum.
rough
Describe Domain Bacteria
small cell size, fatty acids in the cell membrane, and prokaryotic
Describe Domain Archaea
small cell size, nonfatty acid lipids in the cell membrane, and prokaryotic
In animal cells, cell junctions called ______ junctions form barriers between cells that prevent leaking of fluids and water-soluble molecules.
tight
What are plasmodesmata?
tunnels for the exchange of substances between adjacent plant cells
Plant cells have large central ______ where water, salts, and sugars are stored and where materials are broken down and recycled with enzymes similar to lysosomes in animal cells.
vacuole
Plant cells have large central _______ where water, salts and sugars are stored and where materials are broken down and recycled with enzymes similar to lysosomes in animal cells.
vacuoles
Membranous spheres that transport materials inside the cell as part of the endomembrane system are called ________.
vesicles
What are tight junctions?
fuse cell membranes of adjacent animal cells, forming a barrier
What type of cell has organelles?
Eukaryotic
Put the following steps in order for making a protein that will be exported from a eukaryotic cell, beginning with the first step at the top of the list. (a) In the nucleus, genes in the DNA that encode the membrane protein are copied into a messenger RNA (mRNA). (b) The mRNA binds to a ribosome of the rough ER and produces a protein, which exits the ER in a vesicle. (c) The vesicle delivers the protein to the Golgi apparatus, where the protein folds and is packaged in a vesicle for export from the cell. (d) The mRNA exits the nucleus through nuclear pores of the nuclear envelope. (e) The vesicle fuses with the cell membrane and releases the protein to the extracellular environment.
(a) In the nucleus, genes in the DNA that encode the membrane protein are copied into a messenger RNA (mRNA). (d) The mRNA exits the nucleus through nuclear pores of the nuclear envelope. (b) The mRNA binds to a ribosome of the rough ER and produces a protein, which exits the ER in a vesicle. (e) The vesicle fuses with the cell membrane and releases the protein to the extracellular environment. (c) The vesicle delivers the protein to the Golgi apparatus, where the protein folds and is packaged in a vesicle for export from the cell.