McGraw Hill Chapter 6

Which of the following is an example of operant conditioning?

All of the answers are correct.

Rewards are positive and reinforcers are

either positive or negative

When a previously conditioned response decreases and eventually disappears, _______ has occurred.

extinction

A dog has learned to salivate to a bell, but the bell no longer means that food is coming. If this failure to pair the bell with food occurs often enough, the dog will stop salivating to the bell. In other words, the salivation response will have been

extinguished

Strengthening a response in operant conditioning means it will occur

more often.

Positive reinforcement occurs when something that an individual wants _____ in an effort to increase a behavior.

is presented to that individual

When a behavior is learned, but not demonstrated until there's a reason to do so, this is known as ______ learning.

latent

When a behavior is learned, but not demonstrated until there's a reason to do so, this is known as

latent learning.

The consequences of an action influence the frequency with which that action is displayed in the future. What does this describe?

law of effect

The idea that consequences of a behavior can increase or decrease the likelihood that a behavior will be repeated is referred to as which of the following?

law of effect

Unlike primary reinforcers, secondary reinforcers are

learned

According to the cognitive view of classical conditioning,

learners actively develop expectations about the link between a UCS and CS.

Laura watched a public service announcement to curb smoking in which a young boy describes how his mother died from lung cancer after smoking for 20 years. In this example the unconditioned response would be

sadness regarding a mother's death.

The pattern of the frequency and timing of reinforcement following desired behavior is known as the ________ of reinforcement.

schedule

Johnny received a quarter when he made his bed all week without being told to do so. The quarter is a ____ reinforcer.

secondary

Albert Bandura's perspective on learning, which includes observational learning, is often called the _______ _________ approach.

social cognitive

learning theory focuses on the thought processes that underlie learning.

Cognitive

Which of the following are examples of responses learned through classical conditioning?

Doing homework on time to receive praise

Martina uses Pocket Points. Which of the following scenarios best exemplifies punishment?

During class one day, her professor offers extra credit to any student who can provide the correct answer to a question first. Students can use their phones to get the answer. Martina is using the Pocket Points app, so she is not able to get the extra credit.

We owe the understanding of classical conditioning to the person who discovered a dog would salivate upon hearing sounds that were often paired with receiving food. That person was ______.

Ivan Pavlov

_____ is a relatively permanent change in behavior brought about by experience.

Learning

In contrast to the modern cognitive psychological understanding of human learning, ________ believed that people could learn through mechanistic unthinking manner.

Pavlov

reinforcement is the presentation or addition of a stimulus after a behavior occurs that increases how often that behavior will occur.

Positive

Why does considering reinforcers as nothing but rewards oversimplify things?

Reinforcers can be positive or negative; rewards are only positive.

Why did Richardson and Gardner build Pocket Points?

They were annoyed that students were paying attention to their phones in class rather than to the teachers.

________ is the conditioned stimulus and ________ is the conditioned response in the above example.

Toilet Paper Smiling

What is the definition of learning?

a relatively permanent change in behavior brought about through experience

The frequency and timing of reinforcement that follows desired behavior is referred to as

a schedule of reinforcement.

Positive punishment is the

addition of a stimulus to decrease a behavior.

Even severe psychological disorders such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) can be explained by _________ conditioning.

classical

An approach to the study of learning that focuses on the thought processes that underlie learning is known as

cognitive learning theory.

When Tobias passed his driver's exam, the song Fire and Rain by James Taylor was playing on the radio. Now, whenever Tobias hears this sad song, he feels joyous. Tobias's joyful reaction to the sad song can be classified as a(n)

conditioned response

If a person is reinforced each time they put the appropriate amount of money in a candy machine, they are on what type of schedule of reinforcement?

continuous

Reinforcing a behavior every time it occurs rather than intermittently is called ________ reinforcement.

continuous

Jillian, a stay-at-home mother, watches a lot of daytime television. During the day, Charmin toilet paper runs lots of television ads. Jillian always smiles when she sees these ads because they have so many cute babies on them. When Jillian is shopping at her local market, she finds herself smiling when she is in the toilet paper section, especially when she is near the Charmin toilet paper. In this example, the unconditioned stimulus(i) is(are) the

cute babies

A pattern of reinforcement in which reinforcement follows a set number of responses is known as a ______ _______ schedule.

fixed-ratio

The pattern of intermittent reinforcement in which reinforcement follows a set number of responses is called a

fixed-ratio schedule

When a person has a conditioned response to one stimulus, and later also responds to other, similar stimuli, this is known as stimulus

generalization

Which of the following is an example of positive punishment?

getting spanked for running in the street

John lost his wallet. He hopes it is somewhere in his bedroom. He has searched for it but the room is so messy he hasn't found it and can't be sure it is there. If John stops leaving his room in a mess in the future, then losing his wallet has functioned as a

negative punishment.

The removal of something pleasant to decrease a behavior is called

negative punishment.

Larry is a chain smoker who just flew 10 hours straight from Honolulu to Sydney, Australia. When he gets off the plane, he lights up as soon as he finds a smoking area so his terrible cravings will disappear. In this example, smoking is a .

negative reinforcement

When removal of a stimulus in response to a behavior increases the frequency of that behavior, ______ is said to have occurred.

negative reinforcement

A ______ refers to unpleasant stimulus whose removal leads to an increase in the probability that a preceding response will be repeated in the future.

negative reinforcer

reinforcement, behavior is reinforced some but not all of the time.

partial

The reinforcing of a behavior some but not all of the time is known as a ______ reinforcement schedule.

partial (or intermittent)

The addition of a stimulus to decrease a behavior is known as

positive punishment.

Molly lives in the desert but wants to be a surfer. Her father promised her that if she gets straight A's on her next report card, the family will vacation on the coast and she can learn to surf. If Molly gets straight A's on her next report card, then the surfing vacation has functioned as a .

positive reinforcement

The Pocket Points app is an example of

positive reinforcement.

Whenever Johnny's dog sat upon command, Johnny gave him a dog treat. The dog treat is a ____ reinforcer.

primary

When a behavior is repeated less frequently because of the consequences that followed it, this is known as

punishment

Punishment will tend to

reduce the frequency of a behavior.

When a behavior is repeated more frequently because of the consequences that followed it, this is known as

reinforcement

When a stimulus increases the chances that a preceding behavior will be repeated, this is known as

reinforcement

When a stimulus increases the chances that a preceding behavior will be repeated, this is known as .

reinforcement

Any stimulus that increases the probability that a preceding behavior will occur again is

reinforcer

is any stimulus that increases the probability that a preceding behavior will occur again.

reinforcer

The association between a UCS and a CS can be extended to include more stimuli (more stimuli related to the CS can elicit the CR). What is this phenomenon called?

stimulus generalization

Positive reinforcement ________ and negative reinforcement

strengthens behavior by adding a stimulus; strengthens behavior by removing a stimulus.

In operant conditioning, what does it mean to say a response has been strengthened or weakened?

that responses are more or less likely to occur predictably

Every time second-grader Sarah raises her hand in class and gives the correct answer, her teacher gives her a sticker. Receiving a sticker increases the likelihood of Sarah's participation. This is an example of

the law of effect.

Relying on observing others to learn is called observational learning or

the social cognitive approach.

Jillian's smiling at the cute babies is a(n)

unconditioned response

The pattern of intermittent reinforcement in which the number of responses needed for reinforcement changes is called a

variable-ratio schedule.