Meaning and Dimensions of Culture

Analyze the image that shows the components of cultural diversity, and match the numbers (in the left column) with the corresponding components (in the right column).

1 matches Choice, The implicit, basic assumptions that lead individuals' behavior The implicit, basic assumptions that lead individuals' behavior 2 matches Choice, The norms and values that lead the society The norms and values that lead the society 3 matches Choice, The explicit artifacts and products of the society The explicit artifacts and products of the society

Match the types of cultures (in the left column) with their descriptions (in the right column).

A neutral culture matches Choice, A culture in which emotions are held in check A culture in which emotions are held in check An emotional culture matches Choice, A culture in which emotions are expressed openly and naturally A culture in which emotions are expressed openly and naturally

Match the types of cultures based on the aspects of public space and private space (in the left column) with their descriptions (in the right column).

A specific culture matches Choice, A culture in which individuals have a large public space they readily let others enter and share and a small private space they guard closely and share with only close friends and associates A culture in which individuals have a large public space they readily let others enter and share and a small private space they guard closely and share with only close friends and associates A diffuse culture matches Choice, A culture in which public space and private space are similar in size and individuals guard their public space carefully because entry into public space affords entry into private space as well A culture in which public space and private space are similar in size and individuals guard their public space carefully because entry into public space affords entry into private space as well

Match the types of cultures based on accorded status (in the left column) with their descriptions (in the right column).

An achievement culture matches Choice, A culture in which people are accorded status based on how well they perform their functions A culture in which people are accorded status based on how well they perform their functions An ascription culture matches Choice, A culture in which status is attributed based on who or what a person is A culture in which status is attributed based on who or what a person is

Which of the following refers to a current trend in the Japanese value system?

An increasing number of Japanese are beginning to embrace what is being called the "era of personal responsibility."

Match the cultural dimensions listed by the Global Leadership and Organizational Behavior Effectiveness (GLOBE) research program (in the left column) with their descriptions (in the right column).

Assertiveness matches Choice, The degree to which individuals in organizations or societies are confrontational and aggressive in social relationships The degree to which individuals in organizations or societies are confrontational and aggressive in social relationships Future orientation matches Choice, The degree to which individuals in organizations or societies engage in behaviors such as planning, investing, and delaying gratification The degree to which individuals in organizations or societies engage in behaviors such as planning, investing, and delaying gratification Performance orientation matches Choice, The extent to which an organization or society encourages and rewards group members for execution improvement and excellence The extent to which an organization or society encourages and rewards group members for execution improvement and excellence Humane orientation matches Choice, The degree to which individuals in firms or societies encourage and reward people for being fair, altruistic, friendly, generous, caring, and kind to others The degree to which individuals in firms or societies encourage and reward people for being fair, altruistic, friendly, generous, caring, and kind to others

Acquired knowledge that people use to interpret experience and generate social behavior is known as

Blank 1: culture

The extent to which less powerful members of institutions and organizations accept that power is distributed unequally is known as

Blank 1: power Blank 2: distance

The extent to which people feel threatened by ambiguous situations and have created beliefs and institutions that try to avoid these is known as

Blank 1: uncertainty Blank 2: avoidance

Basic convictions that people have regarding what is right and wrong, good and bad, and important and unimportant are known as

Blank 1: values

In the context of a research study on the effects of the U.S. environment on the cultural values of Japanese managers working for Japanese firms in the United States, which of the following are generally very important in Japanese culture? (Check all that apply.)

Conformity Group orientation Paternalism

In China, _____ is slowly gaining popularity, and it places emphasis on respect for authority, concern for others, balance, harmony, and overall order.

Confucianism

Match the types of countries in terms of uncertainty avoidance (in the left column) with their features (in the right column).

Countries populated with people who do not like uncertainty matches Choice, The people tend to have a high need for security and a strong belief in experts and their knowledge. The people tend to have a high need for security and a strong belief in experts and their knowledge. Countries with low uncertainty avoidance matches Choice, The people are more willing to accept that risks are associated with the unknown and that life must go on in spite of this. The people are more willing to accept that risks are associated with the unknown and that life must go on in spite of this.

Match the types of countries based on their indulgence index (in the left column) with their features (in the right column).

Countries that show a high indulgence index matches Choice, People take part in more sports and activities, see themselves as being in control of their own destiny, and express happiness freely. People take part in more sports and activities, see themselves as being in control of their own destiny, and express happiness freely. Countries that show a low indulgence index matches Choice, People participate in fewer activities and sports, think that their own destiny is not in their control, and display less happiness. People participate in fewer activities and sports, think that their own destiny is not in their control, and display less happiness.

Match the types of countries based on their indulgence index (in the left column) with the associated regions (in the right column).

Countries that show a high indulgence index matches Choice, They tend to be located in the Americas and Western Europe, including the USA, Australia, Mexico, and Chile. They tend to be located in the Americas and Western Europe, including the USA, Australia, Mexico, and Chile. Countries that show a low indulgence index matches Choice, They tend to be located in Asia and Eastern Europe, including Egypt, Russia, India, and China. They tend to be located in Asia and Eastern Europe, including Egypt, Russia, India, and China.

Match the types of cultures based on the aspects of public space and private space (in the left column) with their examples (in the right column).

Cultures that are highly specific matches Choice, The United States The United States Cultures that are highly diffuse matches Choice, Germany Germany

Match the types of cultures based on the ways in which people deal with their environment (in the left column) with their characteristics (in the right column).

Cultures that believe that things move in waves or natural shifts and one must "go with the flow" matches Choice, A flexible attitude, which includes a willingness to compromise and maintain harmony with nature, is important. A flexible attitude, which includes a willingness to compromise and maintain harmony with nature, is important. Cultures in which people believe strongly that they are masters of their own fate matches Choice, A dominant attitude toward the environment and discomfort when things seem to get out of control is seen. A dominant attitude toward the environment and discomfort when things seem to get out of control is seen.

Match the types of cultures based on people's accorded status (in the left column) with their examples (in the right column).

Cultures with high achievement matches Choice, Austria and Switzerland Austria and Switzerland Cultures with high ascription matches Choice, China and Venezuela China and Venezuela

Match the types of cultures (in the left column) with their examples (in the right column).

Cultures with high neutralism matches Choice, Japan and the United Kingdom Japan and the United Kingdom Cultures with high emotionalism matches Choice, The Netherlands and Switzerland The Netherlands and Switzerland

According to the study by Dutch researcher Fons Trompenaars, match the kinds of relationship orientations (in the left column) with their features (in the right column).

Cultures with high universalism matches Choice, The focus is more on formal rules than on relationships. The focus is more on formal rules than on relationships. Cultures with high particularism matches Choice, The focus is more on relationships and trust than on formal rules. The focus is more on relationships and trust than on formal rules.

True or false: Humane orientation and future orientation are the cultural dimensions identified by the Global Leadership and Organizational Behavior Effectiveness (GLOBE) research program that have their origins in Dutch researcher Geert Hofstede's dimensions.

False

True or false: There is increasing evidence that individualism in Japan is declining, indicating that Japanese values are seldom changing

False

Match the types of organizations in terms of power distance (in the left column) with their features (in the right column).

Firms in high-power-distance countries matches Choice, They are likely to be centralized and have tall organization structures. They are likely to be centralized and have tall organization structures. Firms in low-power-distance countries matches Choice, They tend to be decentralized and have flatter organization structures. They tend to be decentralized and have flatter organization structures.

Match the types of organizations in terms of power distance (in the left column) with their descriptions based on their workforce (in the right column).

Firms in high-power-distance countries matches Choice, They will have a large proportion of supervisory personnel, and the people at the lower strata of the workforce often will have low job qualifications. They will have a large proportion of supervisory personnel, and the people at the lower strata of the workforce often will have low job qualifications. Firms in low-power-distance countries matches Choice, They will have a smaller proportion of supervisory personnel, and the lower strata of the workforce often will include highly qualified people. They will have a smaller proportion of supervisory personnel, and the lower strata of the workforce often will include highly qualified people.

Match the levels of organizational loyalty of people (in the left column) with their descriptions (in the right column).

High organizational loyalty matches Choice, Individuals identify very strongly with their enterprise or employer. Individuals identify very strongly with their enterprise or employer. Low organizational loyalty matches Choice, Individuals identify with their occupational group, such as engineer or mechanic. Individuals identify with their occupational group, such as engineer or mechanic.

Match the types of uncertainty-avoidance societies (in the left column) with their features (in the right column).

High-uncertainty-avoidance societies matches Choice, They have a great deal of structuring of organizational activities, more written rules, less risk taking by managers, lower labor turnover, and less ambitious employees. They have a great deal of structuring of organizational activities, more written rules, less risk taking by managers, lower labor turnover, and less ambitious employees. Low-uncertainty-avoidance societies matches Choice, They have organizational settings with less structuring of activities, fewer written rules, more risk taking by managers, higher labor turnover, and more ambitious employees. They have organizational settings with less structuring of activities, fewer written rules, more risk taking by managers, higher labor turnover, and more ambitious employees.

Match the cultural dimensions identified by Dutch researcher Fons Trompenaars (in the left column) with their definitions (in the right column).

Individualism matches Choice, Refers to people regarding themselves as persons Refers to people regarding themselves as persons Communitarianism matches Choice, Refers to people regarding themselves as part of a group Refers to people regarding themselves as part of a group

Based on the aspects of cultural dimensions, match the terms (in the left column) with their definitions (in the right column)

Individualism matches Choice, The tendency of people to look after themselves and their immediate family only The tendency of people to look after themselves and their immediate family only Collectivism matches Choice, The tendency of people to belong to groups or collectives and to look after each other in exchange for loyalty The tendency of people to belong to groups or collectives and to look after each other in exchange for loyalty

Identify the true statements about organizations with high power distance. (Check all that apply.)

Individuals blindly follow the orders of their superiors. Strict obedience is seen even among high-level employees.

Which of the following primarily exhibit a high long-term orientation? (Check all that apply.)

Indonesia China Japan

Based on the cultural dimension of indulgence versus restraint identified by Dutch researcher Geert Hofstede, match the types of societies (in the left column) with their features (in the right column).

Indulgent societies matches Choice, Maintaining order in the nation is not given a high priority, and leisure is given higher importance. Maintaining order in the nation is not given a high priority, and leisure is given higher importance. Restrained societies matches Choice, There are a higher number of police officers per 100,000 population, and leisure is given lower importance. There are a higher number of police officers per 100,000 population, and leisure is given lower importance.

In the context of the cultural dimension of indulgence versus restraint identified by Dutch researcher Geert Hofstede, match the types of societies (in the left column) with their features (in the right column).

Indulgent societies matches Choice, People are more likely to remember positive emotions and give higher importance to leisure. People are more likely to remember positive emotions and give higher importance to leisure. Restrained societies matches Choice, People are less likely to remember positive emotions and give lower importance to leisure. People are less likely to remember positive emotions and give lower importance to leisure.

Match the types of organizational procedures (in the left column) with their descriptions (in the right column).

Informal procedures matches Choice, Most tasks are accomplished through casual means. Most tasks are accomplished through casual means. Formal procedures matches Choice, Official procedures are set forth and followed rigidly. Official procedures are set forth and followed rigidly.

Match the types of cultures based on the ways in which people deal with their environment (in the left column) with their examples (in the right column).

Inner-directed cultures matches Choice, Switzerland, Belgium, and Indonesia Switzerland, Belgium, and Indonesia Outer-directed cultures matches Choice, China, Japan, and Singapore China, Japan, and Singapore

Which of the following is true about culture?

It is dependent on the human ability to symbolize.

Which of the following refers to an aspect of culture?

It is not inherited or biologically based.

Identify a true statement about culture.

It shapes values, builds attitudes, and influences behavior.

Which of the following show the significance of the Global Leadership and Organizational Behavior Effectiveness (GLOBE) research program? (Check all that apply.)

It studies the different components of the dynamic relationship between the culture and organizational behavior. The nine constructs of the program were explained, conceptualized, and operationalized by a multicultural team of over 100 researchers.

In the context of time orientation, match the various types of cultures (in the left column) with their attributes (in the right column).

Long-term-oriented societies matches Choice, They are likely to focus on the future. They are likely to focus on the future. Short-term-oriented cultures matches Choice, They tend to focus more on the past and present than on the future. They tend to focus more on the past and present than on the future.

Match the types of scores on the collectivism I dimension identified by the Global Leadership and Organizational Behavior Effectiveness (GLOBE) research program (in the left column) with the associated inferences (in the right column).

Low scores matches Choice, These show individualistic emphasis. These show individualistic emphasis. High scores matches Choice, These show collectivistic emphasis by means of laws, social programs, or institutional practices. These show collectivistic emphasis by means of laws, social programs, or institutional practices.

Identify the original cultural dimensions that Dutch researcher Geert Hofstede examined. (Check all that apply.

Masculinity Power distance Individualism Uncertainty avoidance

Based on the findings of Dutch researcher Geert Hofstede about the effects of individualism, match the types of nations (in the left column) with their descriptions (in the right column).

Nations with high individualism matches Choice, They are likely to have more support for the Protestant work ethic, greater individual initiative, and promotions dependent on market value. They are likely to have more support for the Protestant work ethic, greater individual initiative, and promotions dependent on market value. Nations with low individualism matches Choice, They are likely to have less support for the Protestant work ethic, less individual initiative, and promotions dependent on seniority. They are likely to have less support for the Protestant work ethic, less individual initiative, and promotions dependent on seniority.

Identify the guidelines for doing business in a future-oriented culture. (Check all that apply.)

Place importance on the opportunities and limitless scope that any agreement can have. Agree to specific deadlines for completing things.

Identify the true statements about cultures that primarily show long-term orientation in comparison with those that show short-term orientation. (Check all that apply.)

Relationships are likely to be ordered by status, which can affect the way situations are handled. People are persistent, thrifty with their money, and highly adaptable to unexpected circumstances. People are more likely to believe that there are multiple truths to issues that arise

Match the various studies on cultural dimensions (in the left column) with their features (in the right column)

Research by Dutch researcher Geert Hofstede matches Choice, Concentrated on one institution and surveyed employees Concentrated on one institution and surveyed employees The Global Leadership and Organizational Behavior Effectiveness (GLOBE) research program matches Choice, Conducted interviews with managers across many corporations Conducted interviews with managers across many corporations

Match the types of cultures based on the concept of time (in the left column) with their examples (in the right column).

Sequential-time cultures matches Choice, The United States The United States Synchronous-time cultures matches Choice, Mexico Mexico

Identify the attributes of countries with a low masculinity index. (Check all that apply.)

Several women have higher-level jobs and do not find it necessary to be assertive. The school system is geared toward teaching social adaptation. Individuals are urged to be group decision makers.

Match the types of cultures based on time orientation (in the left column) with their descriptions (in the right column).

Short-term-oriented cultures matches Choice, Students attribute success and failure to luck, and traditions are sacrosanct. Students attribute success and failure to luck, and traditions are sacrosanct. Long-term-oriented cultures matches Choice, Students attribute success to effort and failure to lack of effort, and traditions are adaptable to changed circumstances. Students attribute success to effort and failure to lack of effort, and traditions are adaptable to changed circumstances.

Match the types of cultures in terms of time orientation (in the left column) with their features (in the right column).

Short-term-oriented cultures matches Choice, There is personal steadiness and stability, and service to others is an important objective. There is personal steadiness and stability, and service to others is an important objective. Long-term-oriented cultures matches Choice, Family life is led by shared tasks, and what are good and evil depend on the circumstances. Family life is led by shared tasks, and what are good and evil depend on the circumstances.

Identify the countries that were identified by Dutch researcher Geert Hofstede as having a low long-term orientation index. (Check all that apply.)

Spain The United Kingdom The United States of America

Based on Fons Trompenaars's relationship orientations based on cultural dimensions, which of the following countries have high individualism? (Check all that apply.)

Thailand Canada

According to F. Elashmawi and Philip R. Harris, match the regions (in the left column) with the cultural values they prioritize (in the right column).

The United States matches Choice, Directness Directness Japan matches Choice, Belonging Belonging Arab countries matches Choice, Parental guidance Parental guidance

According to F. Elashmawi and Philip R. Harris, match the regions (in the left column) with the cultural values they consider important (in the right column).

The United States matches Choice, Individualism Individualism Japan matches Choice, Collectiveness Collectiveness Arab countries matches Choice, Authority Authority

Identify the countries that were identified by Dutch researcher Geert Hofstede as having a low long-term orientation index. (Check all that apply.)

The United States of America Spain The United Kingdom

Match the cultures (in the left column) with the descriptions of the degree to which they are past-, present-, or future-oriented (in the right column).

The United States, Italy, and Germany matches Choice, The future is more significant than the past or the present. The future is more significant than the past or the present. Venezuela, Indonesia, and Spain matches Choice, The present is more important than the past or future. The present is more important than the past or future.

Identify a true statement about a low-uncertainty-avoidance firm compared with a high-uncertainty-avoidance firm.

The firm urges personnel to use their own initiative and assume responsibility for their actions.

Match the components of cultural diversity (in the left column) with their descriptions (in the right column).

The implicit, basic assumptions that lead individuals' behavior matches Choice, By understanding the elements of this stage, members of a culture can organize themselves in a way that helps them increase the effectiveness of their problem-solving processes and interact well with each other. By understanding the elements of this stage, members of a culture can organize themselves in a way that helps them increase the effectiveness of their problem-solving processes and interact well with each other. The norms and values that lead the society matches Choice, The elements of this stage are both formal and informal and are designed to help people understand how they should behave. The elements of this stage are both formal and informal and are designed to help people understand how they should behave. The explicit artifacts and products of the society matches Choice, This stage is observable and includes such things as language, food, buildings, and art. This stage is observable and includes such things as language, food, buildings, and art.

In the context of a research study on managerial values, which of the following show the effects of the U.S. environment on the cultural values of Japanese managers working for Japanese firms in the United States? (Check all that apply.)

The stateside Japanese managers did not perceive conformity and obedience to be very important. The stateside Japanese managers did not think that unconditional tenure in a firm was very important.

Identify the true statements about values. (Check all that apply.)

They help guide a person's behavior. They are acquired from the culture in which an individual is reared.

What are the fifth and sixth cultural dimensions that Dutch researcher Geert Hofstede examined? (Check all that apply.)

Time orientation Indulgence versus restraint

What was the meta-goal of the Global Leadership and Organizational Behavior Effectiveness (GLOBE) research program?

To create an empirically based theory to explain and foresee the effects of cultural variables on leadership and organizational processes and the effectiveness of these processes

Which of the following are true about the countries that were identified by Dutch researcher Geert Hofstede as having a low long-term orientation index? (Check all that apply.)

Traditional approaches are respected, and feedback cycles tend to be short. Gift giving and greetings are shared and reciprocated. Individuals believe in absolutes, value stability and leisure time, and spend money freely.

An attribute of countries with a low masculinity index is that _____.

Traditional approaches are respected, and feedback cycles tend to be short. Individuals believe in absolutes, value stability and leisure time, and spend money freely. Gift giving and greetings are shared and reciprocated.

True or false: Confucianism was worshipped for over 2,000 years in China, but the powerful messages through Confucius's teachings were overshadowed when profit was prioritized.

True

True or false: In the context of cultural dimensions, the Global Leadership and Organizational Behavior Effectiveness (GLOBE) research program gives a current comprehensive overview of general stereotypes.

True

True or false: When developing the measures and conducting the analysis as part of the Global Leadership and Organizational Behavior Effectiveness (GLOBE) research program, researchers used archival measures of country economic prosperity and of the physical and psychological welfare of the cultures studied.

True

Match the cultural dimensions identified by the Global Leadership and Organizational Behavior Effectiveness (GLOBE) research program (in the left column) with their definitions (in the right column).

Uncertainty avoidance matches Choice, The extent to which members of an organization or society strive to keep away from unsureness by reliance on social norms, rituals, and bureaucratic practices to alleviate the unpredictability of events The extent to which members of an organization or society strive to keep away from unsureness by reliance on social norms, rituals, and bureaucratic practices to alleviate the unpredictability of events Power distance matches Choice, The degree to which members of an organization or society expect and agree that authority should be unequally shared The degree to which members of an organization or society expect and agree that authority should be unequally shared Collectivism I: societal collectivism matches Choice, The degree to which organizational and social institutional practices encourage and reward collaborative distribution of resources and collaborative action The degree to which organizational and social institutional practices encourage and reward collaborative distribution of resources and collaborative action Collectivism II: in-group collectivism matches Choice, The degree to which individuals show pride, loyalty, and cohesiveness in their organizations or families The degree to which individuals show pride, loyalty, and cohesiveness in their organizations or families

Based on the study by Dutch researcher Fons Trompenaars, match the kinds of relationship orientations (in the left column) with their definitions (in the right column).

Universalism matches Choice, The belief that ideas and practices can be applied everywhere without modification The belief that ideas and practices can be applied everywhere without modification Particularism matches Choice, The belief that circumstances dictate how ideas and practices should be applied The belief that circumstances dictate how ideas and practices should be applied

According to the study by Dutch researcher Geert Hofstede about the effects of individualism, match the types of countries based on their economy (in the left column) with their descriptions (in the right column).

Wealthy countries matches Choice, They have higher individualism scores. They have higher individualism scores. Poorer countries matches Choice, They have higher collectivism scores. They have higher collectivism scores.

In the context of the importance given to time periods, match the situations (in the left column) with the guidelines that effective international managers should follow according to Dutch researcher Fons Trompenaars (in the right column).

When doing business with future-oriented cultures matches Choice, Managers should place emphasis on the opportunities and limitless scope that any agreement can have. Managers should place emphasis on the opportunities and limitless scope that any agreement can have. When doing business with past- or present-oriented cultures matches Choice, Managers should place emphasis on the history and tradition of the culture. Managers should place emphasis on the history and tradition of the culture.

What are the features of countries with a high masculinity index? (Check all that apply.)

Young men expect to have careers, and those who do not often consider themselves failures. The workplace involves high job stress, and many managers think that their employees dislike work and must be kept under some degree of control. The school system is geared toward fostering high performance.

Originally called Confucian Work Dynamism, time orientation is explained by Dutch researcher Geert Hofstede as _____.

dealing with society's search for virtue

According to Dutch researcher Geert Hofstede, a situation in which the dominant values in society are caring for others and the quality of life is called _____.

femininity

When doing business with a past- and present-oriented culture, managers should not _____.

fix deadlines for completions

Research on the effects of the U.S. environment on the cultural values of Japanese managers working for Japanese firms in the United States found that the stateside Japanese managers supported the idea of _____.

formal authority

According to Dutch researcher Geert Hofstede, a cultural characteristic in which the dominant values in society are success, money, and things is termed _____.

masculinity

An objective of the Global Leadership and Organizational Behavior Effectiveness (GLOBE) research program is to _____.

provide a worldwide standard guideline that lets managers focus on local specialization

Unlike people in sequential-time cultures, people in synchronous-time cultures will _____.

stop what they are doing to meet and greet a person coming into their office

A feature of countries with a high masculinity index is that _____.

they emphasize earnings, recognition, advancement, and challenge

An attribute of countries with a low masculinity index is that _____.

they tend to emphasize cooperation, a friendly atmosphere, and employment security