med questions

A pt is diagnosed with hypokalemia. After reviewing the pt's current medications, which of the following might have contributed to the pt's health problem? 1. corticosteroid 2. thiazide diuretic 3. narcotic 4. muscle relaxer

1. corticosteroid

A pt prescribed spironolactone is demonstrating ECG changes & complaining of muscle weakness. The nurse realizes this pt is exhibiting signs of which of the following? 1. hyperkalemia 2. hypokalemia 3. hypercalcemia 4. hypocalcemia

1. hyperkalemia

A client with acute kidney injury develops severe hyperkalemia. What prescription would the nurse anticipate?

50% glucose and regular insulin

A client who is admitted with urolithiasis reports "spasms of intense flank pain, nausea, and severe dizziness." Which intervention does the nurse implement first? A. Administers morphine sulfate 4 mg IV B. Begins an infusion of metoclopramide (Reglan) 10 mg IV C. Obtains a urine specimen for urinalysis D. Starts an infusion of 0.9% normal saline at 100 mL/hr

A. Administers morphine sulfate 4 mg IV Morphine administered IV will decrease the pain and the associated sympathetic nervous system reactions of nausea and hypotension.

13. A client with acute renal failure develops hyperkalemia. What drug should the nurse be prepared to administer? A. Kayexalate B. Furosemide C. Dopamine D. Mannitol

A. Kayexalate Kayexalate (sodium polystyrene) is a cation exchange resin that exchanges sodium for potassium. This drug can be given orally or as a retention enema.

The client has returned form a captopril renal scan. Which teaching should the nurse provide when the client returns? A."Arise slowly and call for assistance when ambulating." B. "I must measure your intake and output (I&O)." C. "We must save your urine because it is radioactive." D. "I must attach you to this cardiac monitor."

A."Arise slowly and call for assistance when ambulating." The drug can cause severe hypotension during and after the procedure. Warn him or her to avoid rapid position changes and of the risk for falling as a result of orthostatic (positional) hypotension.

19. A patient with chronic kidney disease (CKD) brings all home medications to the clinic to be reviewed by the nurse. Which medication being used by the patient indicates that patient teaching is required? a.Multivitamin with iron b.Milk of magnesia 30 mL c.Calcium phosphate (PhosLo) d.Acetaminophen (Tylenol) 650 mg

ANS: B Magnesium is excreted by the kidneys, and patients with CKD should not use over-the-counter products containing magnesium. The other medications are appropriate for a patient with CKD.

6. Which is the result of stimulation of erythropoietin production in the kidney tissue? a. Increased blood flow to the kidney b. Inhibition of vitamin D and loss of bone density c. Increased bone marrow production of red blood cells d. Inhibition of the active transport of sodium, leading to hyponatremia

ANS: C Erythropoietin is produced in the kidney and released in response to decreased oxygen tension in the renal blood supply. Erythropoietin stimulates red blood cell (RBC) production in the bone marrow.

A client with these assessment data is preparing to undergo a computed tomography (CT) scan with contrast Assessment Data: BUN 54 mg/dL Creatinine 2.4 mg/dL Ca 8.5 mg/dL Which medication does the nurse plan to administer before the procedure? a. Acetylcysteine (Mucomyst) b. Metformin (Glucophage) c. Captopril (Capoten) d. Acetaminophen (Tylenol)

Acetylcysteine (Mucomyst)

17) The nurse should include which of the following instructions to assist in controlling phosphorus levels for a client in renal failure? A.Increase intake of dairy products and nuts B.take aluminum-based antacids such as aluminum hydroxide (Amphojel) with or after meals C.Reduce intake of chocolate, meats, and whole grains D.Avoid calcium supplements

B. Take aluminum-based antacids such as aluminum hydroxide (Amphojel) with or after meals

Which information will the nurse monitor in order to determine the effectiveness of prescribed calcium carbonate (Caltrate) for a patient with chronic kidney disease (CKD)? a.Blood pressure b.Phosphate leve c.Neurologic status d.Creatinine clearance

B.Phosphate level Calcium carbonate is prescribed to bind phosphorus and prevent mineral and bone disease in patients with CKD. The other data will not be helpful in evaluating the effectiveness of calcium carbonate.

A client with acute kidney injury has been prescribed calcium carbonate. What is the rationale for this particular medication

Binds with phosphorus to eliminate it from the body

The nurse is caring for a patient in acute kidney injury. Which of the following complications would most clearly warrant the administration of polystyrene sulfonate (Kayexalate)? A. Hypernatremia B> Hypomagnesemia C. Hyperkalemia D. Hypercalcemia

C Hyperkalemia, a common complication of acute kidney injury, is life-threatening if immediate action is not taken to reverse it. The administration of polystyrene sulfonate reduces serum potassium levels.

63) A nurse is caring for a client with a nasogastric tube. Nasogastric tube irrigations are prescribed to be performed once every shift. The client's serum electrolyte results indicate a potassium level of 4.5 mEq/L and a sodium level of 132 mEq/L. Based on these laboratory findings, the nurse selects which solution to use for the nasogastric tube irrigation? A.Tap water B.Sterile water C.Sodium chloride D.Distilled water

C.Sodium chloride Feedback Rationale: A potassium level of 4.5 mEq/L is within normal range. A sodium level of 132 mEq/L is low, indicating hyponatremia. In clients with hyponatremia, sodium chloride (isotonic) should be used rather than water for gastrointestinal irrigations.

6. During assessment of a patient with a possible renal insufficiency, which of these medications taken by the patient at home will be of most concern to the nurse? a.Warfarin (Coumadin) b.Folic acid (vitamin B9) c.Ibuprofen (Motrin) d.Penicillin (Bicillin LA)

Correct Answer: C Rationale: The nonsteroidal antiinflammatory medications (NSAIDs) are nephrotoxic and should be avoided in patients with renal insufficiency. The nurse should also ask about reasons the patient is taking the other medications, but the medication of most concern is the ibuprofen.

A patient with AKI has a serum potassium level of 6.7 mEq/L (6.7 mmol/L) and the following arterial blood gas results: pH 7.28, PaCO2 30 mm Hg, PaO2 86 mm Hg, HCO3 18 mEq/L (18 mmol/L). The nurse recognizes that treatment of the acid-base problem with sodium bicarbonate would cause a decrease in which value? a. pH b. Potassium level c. Bicarbonate level d. Carbon dioxide level

b. During acidosis, potassium moves out of the cell in exchange for H+ ions, increasing the serum potassium level. Correction of the acidosis with sodium bicarbonate will help to shift the potassium back into the cells. A decrease in pH and the bicarbonate and PaCO2 levels would indicate worsening acidosis.

IV potassium chloride (KCl) 60 mEq is prescribed for treatment of a patient with severe hypokalemia. Which action should the nurse take? a. Administer the KCl as a rapid IV bolus. b. Infuse the KCl at a rate of 10 mEq/hour. c. Only give the KCl through a central venous line. d. Discontinue cardiac monitoring during the infusion.

b. Infuse the KCl at a rate of 10 mEq/hour. IV KCl is administered at a maximal rate of 10 mEq/hr. Rapid IV infusion of KCl can cause cardiac arrest. Although the preferred concentration for KCl is no more than 40 mEq/L, concentrations up to 80 mEq/L may be used for some patients. KCl can cause inflammation of peripheral veins, but it can be administered by this route. Cardiac monitoring should be continued while patient is receiving potassium because of the risk for dysrhythmias

10. The client with chronic renal failure is at risk of developing dementia related to excessive absorption of aluminum. The nurse teaches that this is the reason that the client is being prescribed which of the following phosphate binding agents? a. Alu-cap (aluminum hydroxide) b. Tums (calcium carbonate) c. Amphojel (aluminum hydroxide d. Basaljel (aluminum hydroxide)

b. Tums (calcium carbonate)

32. The nurse is providing discharge teaching. Which statement by the client indicates the need for further teaching regarding increased risk for metabolic alkalosis? a. "I don't drink milk because it gives me gas and diarrhea." b. "I have been taking digoxin every day for the last 15 years." c. "I take sodium bicarbonate after every meal to prevent heartburn." d. "In hot weather, I sweat so much that I drink six glasses of water each day."

c. "I take sodium bicarbonate after every meal to prevent heartburn." ANS: C Excessive oral ingestion of sodium bicarbonate and other bicarbonate-based antacids can cause a metabolic alkalosis. Avoiding milk, taking digoxin, and sweating would not lead to increased risk of metabolic alkalosis.

A new order for IV gentamicin (Garamycin) 60 mg BID is received for a patient with diabetes who has pneumonia. When evaluating for adverse effects of the medication, the nurse will plan to monitor the patient's a. blood glucose. b. serum potassium. c. BUN and creatinine. d. urine osmolality.

c. BUN and creatinine. Rationale: When a patient at risk for CKD receives a nephrotoxic medication, it is important to monitor renal function with BUN and creatinine levels. The other laboratory values would not be useful in determining the effect of the gentamicin.

The patient in the intensive care unit is receiving gentamicin for pneumonia from Pseudomonas. What assessment results should the nurse report to the health care provider? a) Decreased weight b) Increased appetite c) Increased urinary output d) Elevated creatinine level

d) Elevated creatinine level Gentamicin can be toxic to the kidneys and the auditory system. The elevated creatinine level must be reported to the physician as it probably indicates renal damage. Other factors that may occur with renal damage would include increased weight and decreased urinary output. Many medications have side effects of anorexia.

A 38-year-old patient who had a kidney transplant 8 years ago is receiving the immunosuppressants tacrolimus (Prograf), cyclosporine (Sandimmune), and prednisone (Deltasone). Which assessment data will be of most concern to the nurse? a.The blood glucose is 144 mg/dL .b.There is a nontender axillary lump. c.The patient's skin is thin and fragile. d.The patient's blood pressure is 150/92.

.b.There is a nontender axillary lump. A nontender lump suggests a malignancy such as a lymphoma, which could occur as a result of chronic immunosuppressive therapy. The elevated glucose, skin change, and hypertension are possible side effects of the prednisone and should be addressed, but they are not as great a concern as the possibility of a malignancy.

A patient with diabetes who has bacterial pneumonia is being treated with IV gentamicin (Garamycin) 60 mg IV BID. The nurse will monitor for adverse effects of the medication by evaluating the patient's a.blood glucose. b.urine osmolality .c.serum creatinine. d.serum potassium

.c.serum creatinine. When a patient at risk for chronic kidney disease (CKD) receives a potentially nephrotoxic medication, it is important to monitor renal function with BUN and creatinine levels. The other laboratory values would not be useful in assessing for the adverse effects of the gentamicin.

A client with chronic kidney disease (CKD) takes aluminum hydroxide gel (ALternaGEL) as a phosphate binder. On the basis of this information, the nurse determines that the client is most at risk for which problem? 1. Constipation 2. Dehydration 3. Inability to tolerate activity 4. Impaired physical mobility

1. Constipation

The nurse is planning care for a pt with fluid volume overload & hyponatremia. Which of the following should be included in this pt's plan of care? 1. Restrict fluids. 2. Administer intravenous fluids. 3. Provide Kayexalate. 4. Administer intravenous normal saline with furosemide

1. Restrict fluids.

The registered nurse is instructing a new nursing graduate about hemodialysis. Which statement, if made by the new nursing graduate, would indicate an understanding of the procedure for hemodialysis? Select all that apply. 1. "Sterile dialysate must be used." 2. "Dialysate contains metabolic waste products." 3. "Heparin sodium is administered during dialysis." 4. "Dialysis cleanses the blood of accumulated waste products." 5. "Warming the dialysate increases the efficiency of diffusion."

3. "Heparin sodium is administered during dialysis." 4. "Dialysis cleanses the blood of accumulated waste products." 5. "Warming the dialysate increases the efficiency of diffusion."

The client diagnosed with ARF is experiencing hyperkalemia. Which medication should the nurse prepare to administer to help decrease the potassium level 1. Erythropoietin. 2. Calcium gluconate. 3. Regular insulin. 4. Osmotic diuretic.

3. Regular insulin, along with glucose, will drive potassium into the cells, thereby lowering serum potassium levels temporarily.

The nurse is giving general instructions to a client receiving hemodialysis. Which statement would be most appropriate for the nurse to include? 1. "It is acceptable to eat whatever you want on the day before hemodialysis." 2. "It is acceptable to exceed the fluid restriction on the day before hemodialysis." 3. "Medications should be double-dosed on the morning of hemodialysis because of potential loss." 4. "Several types of medications should be withheld on the day of dialysis until after the procedure."

4. "Several types of medications should be withheld on the day of dialysis until after the procedure."

A client with a chronic kidney disease who is scheduled for hemodialysis this morning is due to receive a daily dose of enalapril (Vasotec). When should the nurse plan to administer this medication? 1. During dialysis 2. Just before dialysis 3. The day after dialysis 4. On return from dialysis

4. On return from dialysis

A patient who has been receiving diuretic therapy is admitted to the emergency department with a serum potassium level of 3.0 mEq/L. The nurse should alert the health care provider immediately that the patient is on which medication? a. Oral digoxin (Lanoxin) 0.25 mg daily b. Ibuprofen (Motrin) 400 mg every 6 hours c. Metoprolol (Lopressor) 12.5 mg orally daily d. Lantus insulin 24 U subcutaneously every evening

ANS: A Hypokalemia increases the risk for digoxin toxicity, which can cause serious dysrhythmias. The nurse will also need to do more assessment regarding the other medications, but they are not of as much concern with the potassium level

38. A client is being discharged and continues to be at risk for developing metabolic alkalosis. Which statement by the client indicates to the nurse that teaching has been effective? a. "I will avoid excess use of antacids." b. "I'll drink at least three glasses of milk daily." c. "I'll avoid medications containing aspirin." d. "I will not add salt to my food during meals."

ANS: A Many antacids contain bicarbonate or calcium carbonate, both of which (when taken in excess) can increase the bicarbonate content of the blood and other extracellular fluids, increasing the risk for alkalosis even further. None of the other options address a risk factor for developing metabolic alkalosis.

17. The client scheduled to have intravenous urography is a diabetic and taking the antidiabetic agent metformin. What should the nurse tell this client? a. "Call your diabetes doctor and tell him or her that you are having an intravenous urogram performed using dye." b. "Do not take your metformin the morning of the test because you are not going to be eating anything and could become hypoglycemic." c. "You must start on an antibiotic before this test because your risk of infection is greater as a result of your diabetes." d. "You must take your metformin immediately before the test is performed because the IV fluid and the dye contain a significant amount of sugar."

ANS: A Metformin can cause lactic acidosis and renal impairment because of an interaction with the dye. This drug must be discontinued for 48 hours before the procedure and not started again after the procedure until urine output is well establish

A patient with renal failure has been taking aluminum hydroxide/magnesium hydroxide suspension (Maalox) at home for indigestion. The patient arrives for outpatient hemodialysis and is unresponsive to questions and has decreased deep tendon reflexes. Which action should the dialysis nurse take first? a. Notify the patient's health care provider. b. Obtain an order to draw a potassium level. c. Review the magnesium level on the patient's chart. d. Teach the patient about the risk of magnesium-containing antacids

ANS: A The health care provider should be notified immediately. The patient has a history and manifestations consistent with hypermagnesemia. The nurse should check the chart for a recent serum magnesium level and make sure that blood is sent to the laboratory for immediate electrolyte and chemistry determinations. Dialysis should correct the high magnesium levels. The patient needs teaching about the risks of taking magnesium-containing antacids. Monitoring of potassium levels also is important for patients with renal failure, but the patient's current symptoms are not consistent with hyperkalemia

5. The client is taking a medication for an endocrine problem that inhibits aldosterone secretion and release. For which complications of this therapy should the nurse be alert? a.Dehydration, hypokalemia b.Dehydration, hyperkalemia c.Overhydration, hyponatremia d.Overhydration, hypernatremia

ANS: B Aldosterone is a mineralocorticoid that increases the reabsorption of water and sodium in the kidney at the same time that it promotes excretion of potassium. Any drug or condition that disrupts aldosterone secretion or release increases the client's risk for excessive water loss and potassium reabsorption.

Before administration of captopril to a patient with stage 2 chronic kidney disease (CKD), the nurse will check the patient's a. glucose. b. potassium. c. creatinine. d. phosphate.

ANS: B Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors are frequently used in patients with CKD because they delay the progression of the CKD, but they cause potassium retention. Therefore careful monitoring of potassium levels is needed in patients who are at risk for hyperkalemia. The other laboratory values would also be monitored in patients with CKD but would not affect whether the captopril was given or not.

1. Which information will the nurse monitor to determine the effectiveness of prescribed calcium carbonate (Caltrate) for a patient with chronic kidney disease (CKD)? a. Blood pressure b. Phosphate level c. Neurologic status d. Creatinine clearance

ANS: B Calcium carbonate is prescribed to bind phosphorus and prevent mineral and bone disease in patients with CKD. The other data will not be helpful in evaluating the effectiveness of calcium carbonate.

8. A patient with nephrotic syndrome develops flank pain. The nurse will anticipate teaching the patient about treatment with a.antibiotics. b.anticoagulants. c.corticosteroids. d.antihypertensives.

ANS: B Flank pain in a patient with nephrosis suggests a renal vein thrombosis, and anticoagulation is needed. Antibiotics are used to treat a patient with flank pain caused by pyelonephritis. Antihypertensives are used if the patient has high blood pressure. Corticosteroids may be used to treat nephrotic syndrome but will not resolve a thrombosis.

1. Which laboratory result should the nurse check before administering calcium carbonate to a patient with chronic kidney disease? a. Serum potassium b. Serum phosphate c. Serum creatinine d. Serum cholesterol

ANS: B If serum phosphate is increased, the calcium and phosphate can cause soft tissue calcification. Calcium carbonate should not be given until the phosphate level is lowered. Total cholesterol, creatinine, and potassium values do not affect whether calcium carbonate should be administered.

When assessing a pregnant patient with eclampsia who is receiving IV magnesium sulfate, which finding should the nurse report to the health care provider immediately? a. The bibasilar breath sounds are decreased. b. The patellar and triceps reflexes are absent. c. The patient has been sleeping most of the day. d. The patient reports feeling "sick to my stomach."

ANS: B The loss of the deep tendon reflexes indicates that the patient's magnesium level may be reaching toxic levels. Nausea and lethargy also are side effects associated with magnesium elevation and should be reported, but they are not as significant as the loss of deep tendon reflexes. The decreased breath sounds suggest that the patient needs to cough and deep breathe to prevent atelectasis

11. A nurse cares for a client who has a serum potassium of 7.5 mEq/L and is exhibiting cardiovascular changes. Which prescription should the nurse implement first? a. Prepare to administer sodium polystyrene sulfate (Kayexalate) 15 g by mouth. b. Provide a heart healthy, low-potassium diet. c. Prepare to administer dextrose 20% and 10 units of regular insulin IV push. d. Prepare the client for hemodialysis treatment.

ANS: C A client with a high serum potassium level and cardiac changes should be treated immediately to reduce the extracellular potassium level. Potassium movement into the cells is enhanced by insulin by increasing the activity of sodium-potassium pumps. Insulin will decrease both serum potassium and glucose levels and therefore should be administered with dextrose to prevent hypoglycemia. Kayexalate may be ordered, but this therapy may take hours to reduce potassium levels. Dialysis may also be needed, but this treatment will take much longer to implement and is not the first prescription the nurse should implement. Decreasing potassium intake may help prevent hyperkalemia in the future but will not decrease the clients current potassium level.

27. A patient admitted with acute kidney injury due to dehydration has oliguria, anemia, and hyperkalemia. Which prescribed action should the nurse take first? a. Insert a urinary retention catheter. b. Administer epoetin alfa (Epogen). c. Place the patient on a cardiac monitor. d. Give sodium polystyrene sulfonate (Kayexalate).

ANS: C Because hyperkalemia can cause fatal dysrhythmias, the initial action should be to monitor the cardiac rhythm. Kayexalate and Epogen will take time to correct the hyperkalemia and anemia. The catheter allows NmonRitorIingGof tBhe.uCrineMoutput but does not correct the cause of the renal failure.

The long-term care nurse is evaluating the effectiveness of protein supplements for an older resident who has a low serum total protein level. Which assessment finding indicates that the patient's condition has improved? a. Hematocrit 28% b. Absence of skin tenting c. Decreased peripheral edema d. Blood pressure 110/72 mm Hg

ANS: C Edema is caused by low oncotic pressure in individuals with low serum protein levels. The decrease in edema indicates an improvement in the patient's protein status. Good skin turgor is an indicator of fluid balance, not protein status. A low hematocrit could be caused by poor protein intake. Blood pressure does not provide a useful clinical tool for monitoring protein status

1. A 55-yr-old patient with end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) is scheduled to receive a prescribed dose of epoetin alfa (Procrit). Which information should the nurse report to the health care provider before giving the medication? a. Creatinine 1.6 mg/dL b. Oxygen saturation 89% c. Hemoglobin level 13 g/dL d. Blood pressure 98/56 mm Hg

ANS: C High hemoglobin levels are associated with a higher rate of thromboembolic events and increased risk of death from serious cardiovascular events (heart attack, heart failure, stroke) when erythropoietin (EPO) isNaUdRmSinIisNterGeTd Bto.aCtaOrgMet hemoglobin of greater than 12 g/dL. Hemoglobin levels higher than 12 g/dL indicate a need for a decrease in epoetin alfa dose. The other information also will be reported to the health care provider but will not affect whether the medication is administered.

A patient has a parenteral nutrition infusion of 25% dextrose. A student nurse asks the nurse why a peripherally inserted central catheter was inserted. Which response by the nurse is most appropriate? a. "There is a decreased risk for infection when 25% dextrose is infused through a central line." b. "The prescribed infusion can be given much more rapidly when the patient has a central line." c. "The 25% dextrose is hypertonic and will be more rapidly diluted when given through a central line." d. "The required blood glucose monitoring is more accurate when samples are obtained from a central line."

ANS: C The 25% dextrose solution is hypertonic. Shrinkage of red blood cells can occur when solutions with dextrose concentrations greater than 10% are administered IV. Blood glucose testing is not more accurate when samples are obtained from a central line. The infection risk is higher with a central catheter than with peripheral IV lines. Hypertonic or concentrated IV solutions are not given rapidly

39. The client with severe hypocalcemia is prescribed to receive an intravenous infusion of calcium chloride. Which nursing action or precaution is most specific for administration of this medication? A.Observe container for presence of precipitates. B.Monitor pulse oximetry every 15 minutes during administration. C.Warm the IV solution to body temperature before administering. D.Do not give this drug within 3 hours of phenytoin administration.

ANS: C The manufacturer's instructions include that all parenteral calcium solutions should be warmed to body temperature before administration unless precluded by an emergency situation.

9. The client reports the regular use of all the following medications. Which one alerts the nurse to the possibility of renal impairment when used consistently? a.Antacids b.Penicillin c.Antihistamine nasal sprays d.Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)

ANS: D NSAIDs inhibit prostaglandin production and decrease blood flow to the nephrons. They can cause an interstitial nephritis and renal impairment.

18. A patient is scheduled for a CT scan of the abdomen with contrast. The patient has a baseline creatinine of 2.3 mg/dL. In preparing this patient for the procedure, the nurse anticipates what orders? A) Monitor the patient's electrolyte values every hour before the procedure B) Preprocedure hydration and administration of acetylcysteine C) Hemodialysis immediately prior to the CT scan D) Obtain a creatinine clearance by collecting a 24-hour urine specimen

Ans: B Page and Header: 1323, Acute Renal Failure Feedback: Radiocontrast-induced nephropathy is a major cause of hospital-acquired acute renal failure. Baseline levels of creatinine greater than 2 mg/dL identify the patient as being high risk. Preprocedure hydration and prescription of acetylcysteine (Mucomyst) the day prior to the test is effective in prevention. The nurse would not monitor the patient's electrolytes every hour preprocedure. Nothing in the scenario indicates the need for hemodialysis. A creatinine clearance is not necessary prior to a CT scan with contrast.

32. Peritonitis is a common and dangerous complication of peritoneal dialysis. What is a nursing action that helps these patients fight peritonitis? A) Green's stain is used to identify the invading organism. B) Drainage fluid is cultured to erradicate the organism. C) Aminoglycosides are added to the dialysate for subsequent exchanges. D) Cephalosporins are given intravenously.

Ans: C Page and Header: 1341, Dialysis Feedback: Drainage fluid is examined for cell count; and Gram's stain and culture are used to identify the organism and guide treatment. Antibiotic agents (aminoglycosides or cephalosporins) are usually added to subsequent exchanges until Gram stain or culture results are available for appropriate antibiotic determination. Options A, B, and D are incorrect.

A pt is prescribed 10 mEq of potassium chloride. The nurse realizes that the reason the pt is receiving this replacement is 1. to sustain respiratory function. 2. to help regulate acid-base balance. 3. to keep a vein open. 4. to encourage urine output.

Answer: 2 Rationale 1: Potassium does not sustain respiratory function. Rationale 2: Electrolytes have many functions. They assist in regulating water balance, help regulate & maintain acid-base balance, contribute to enzyme reactions, & are essential for neuromuscular activity. Rationale 3: Intravenous fluids are used to keep venous access not potassium. Rationale 4: Urinary output is impacted by fluid intake not potassium.

A patient is diagnosed with stage 3 CKD. The patient is treated with conservative management, including erythropoietin injections. After teaching the patient about management of CKD, the nurse determines teaching has been effective when the patient states, a. "I will measure my urinary output each day to help calculate the amount I can drink." b. "I need to take the erythropoietin to boost my immune system and help prevent infection." c. "I need to try to get more protein from dairy products." d. "I will try to increase my intake of fruits and vegetables."

Answer: A Rationale: The patient with CKD who is not receiving dialysis is generally taught to restrict fluids. The patient would need to measure urine output and then add 600 ml for insensible losses to calculate an appropriate oral intake. Erythropoietin is given to increase red blood cell count and will not offer any benefit for immune function. Dairy products are restricted because of the high phosphate level. Many fruits and vegetables are high in potassium and should be restricted in the patient with CKD.

A patient complains of leg cramps during hemodialysis. The nurse should a. give acetaminophen (Tylenol). b. infuse a bolus of normal saline. c. massage the patient's legs. d. reposition the patient.

Answer: B Rationale: Muscle cramps during dialysis are caused by rapid removal of sodium and water. Treatment includes infusion of normal saline. The other actions do not address the reason for the cramps.

The nurse should include which of the following instructions to assist in controlling phosphorus levels for a client in renal failure? A. Increase intake of dairy products and nuts B. Take aluminum-based antacids such as aluminum hydroxide (Amphojel) with or after meals C. Reduce intake of chocolate, meats, and whole grains D. Avoid calcium supplements

B. Take aluminum-based antacids such as aluminum hydroxide (Amphojel) with or after meals Aluminum-based antacids are often prescribed in the treatment of renal failure to bind with phosphate and increase elimination through the GI tract. Dairy products and nuts are foods high in phosphorus. Chocolate, meats, and whole grains are foods high in magnesium. Clients with renal failure often require calcium supplements as a result of poor vitamin D metabolism and in order to prevent hyperphosphatemia.

A client with chronic kidney disease has been prescribed calcium carbonate (Caltrate). What is the rationale for this particular medication?

Binds with phosphorus to lower concentrations

18. Before administration of calcitriol (Rocaltrol) to a patient with CKD, the nurse should check the laboratory value for a.serum phosphate. b.total cholesterol. c.creatinine. d.potassium.

Correct Answer: A Rationale: If serum phosphate is elevated, the calcium and phosphate can cause soft tissue calcification. The calcitriol should not be given until the phosphate level is lowered. Total cholesterol, creatinine, and potassium values do not impact whether calcitriol should be administered.

12. A patient is diagnosed with stage 3 CKD. The patient is treated with conservative management, including erythropoietin injections. After teaching the patient about management of CKD, the nurse determines teaching has been effective when the patient states, a. "I will measure my urinary output each day to help calculate the amount I can drink." b. "I need to take the erythropoietin to boost my immune system and help prevent infection." c. "I need to try to get more protein from dairy products." d. "I will try to increase my intake of fruits and vegetables."

Correct Answer: A Rationale: The patient with CKD who is not receiving dialysis is generally taught to restrict fluids. The patient would need to measure urine output and then add 600 ml for insensible losses to calculate an appropriate oral intake. Erythropoietin is given to increase red blood cell count and will not offer any benefit for immune function. Dairy products are restricted because of the high phosphate level. Many fruits and vegetables are high in potassium and should be restricted in the patient with CKD.

6. During assessment of a patient with a possible renal insufficiency, which of these medications taken by the patient at home will be of most concern to the nurse? a. Warfarin (Coumadin) b. Folic acid (vitamin B9) c. Ibuprofen (Motrin) d. Penicillin (Bicillin LA)

Correct Answer: C Rationale: The nonsteroidal antiinflammatory medications (NSAIDs) are nephrotoxic and should be avoided in patients with renal insufficiency. The nurse should also ask about reasons the patient is taking the other medications, but the medication of most concern is the ibuprofen.

14. A patient with renal insufficiency develops lethargy and somnolence with a blood pressure of 100/60, pulse 62, and respirations 10. The nurse notes that the patient has been taking an aluminum hydroxide/magnesium hydroxide suspension (Maalox) for indigestion. The nurse anticipates that management of the patient will include IV administration of a. magnesium sulfate. b. potassium chloride. c. calcium gluconate. d. sodium chloride.

Correct Answer: C Rationale: The patient has a history and symptoms consistent with hypermagnesemia, so calcium gluconate or calcium chloride will be the initial therapy to oppose the effects of excess magnesium on cell function. Magnesium sulfate infusion is contraindicated because it will increase the serum magnesium level. Potassium chloride and sodium chloride will not impact the patient's symptoms and should be avoided in a patient with renal insufficiency.

57) A nursing student needs to administer potassium chloride intravenously as prescribed to a client with hypokalemia. The nursing instructor determines that the student is unprepared for this procedure if the student states that which of the following is part of the plan for preparation and administration of the potassium? A.Obtaining a controlled IV infusion pump B.Monitoring urine output during administration C.Diluting in appropriate amount of normal saline D.Preparing the medication for bolus administration

D Feedback Rationale: Potassium chloride administered intravenously must always be diluted in IV fluid and infused via a pump or controller. The usual concentration of IV potassium chloride is 20 to 40 mEq/L. Potassium chloride is never given by bolus (IV push). Giving potassium chloride by IV push can result in cardiac arrest. Dilution in normal saline is recommended, but dextrose solution is avoided because this type of solution increases intracellular potassium shifting. The IV bag containing the potassium chloride is always gently agitated before hanging. The IV site is monitored closely because potassium chloride is irritating to the veins and the risk of phlebitis exists. The nurse monitors urinary output during administration and contacts the physician if the urinary output is less than 30 mL/hr.

3. The nurse is caring for a patient with a history of systemic lupus erythematosus who has been recently diagnosed with end-stage kidney disease (ESKD). The patient has an elevated phosphorus level and has been prescribed calcium acetate to bind the phosphorus. The nurse should teach the patient to take the prescribed phosphorus binding medication at what time? A) Only when needed B) Daily at bedtime C) First thing in the morning D) With each meal

D) With each meal Feedback: Both calcium carbonate and calcium acetate are medications that bind with the phosphate and assist in excreting the phosphate from the body, in turn lowering the phosphate levels. Phosphate-binding medications must be administered with food to be effective.

A client is receiving intravenous potassium supplementation in addition to maintenance fluids. The urine output has been 120 ml every 8 hours for the past 16 hours and the next dose is due. Before administering the next potassium dose, which of the following is the priority nursing action? A. Encourage the client to increase fluid intake B. Administer the dose as ordered C. Draw a potassium level and administer the dose if the level is low or normal D. Notify the physician of the urine output and hold the dose

D. Notify the physician of the urine output and hold the dose Urine output is an indication of renal function. Normal urine output is at least 30 ml/hour. Clients with impaired renal function are at risk for hyperkalemia. Initiating a lab draw requires a physician order.

Which information will be included when the nurse is teaching self-management to a patient who is receiving peritoneal dialysis (select all that apply)? a.Avoid commercial salt substitutes. b.Drink 1500 to 2000 mL of fluids daily. c.Take phosphate-binders with each meal. d.Choose high-protein foods for most meals .e.Have several servings of dairy products daily.

a,c,d Patients who are receiving peritoneal dialysis should have a high-protein diet. Phosphate binders are taken with meals to help control serum phosphate and calcium levels. Commercial salt substitutes are high in potassium and should be avoided. Fluid intake is limited in patients requiring dialysis. Dairy products are high in phosphate and usually are limited.

10. A patient with renal insufficiency is scheduled for an intravenous pyelogram (IVP). Which of the following orders for the patient will the nurse question? a. Ibuprofen (Advil) 400 mg PO PRN for pain b. Dulcolax suppository 4 hours before IVP procedure c. Normal saline 500 ml IV before procedure d. NPO for 6 hours before IVP procedure

a. Ibuprofen (Advil) 400 mg PO PRN for pain The contrast dye used in IVPs is nephrotoxic, and concurrent use of other nephrotoxic medications such as the NSAIDs should be avoided. The suppository and NPO status are necessary to ensure that adequate visualization during the IVP. IV fluids are used to ensure adequate hydration, which helps reduce the risk for contrast-induced renal failure.

A postoperative patient who had surgery for a perforated gastric ulcer has been receiving nasogastric suction for 3 days. The patient now has a serum sodium level of 127 mEq/L (127 mmol/L). Which prescribed therapy should the nurse question? a. Infuse 5% dextrose in water at 125 mL/hr. b. Administer IV morphine sulfate 4 mg every 2 hours PRN. c. Give IV metoclopramide (Reglan) 10 mg every 6 hours PRN for nausea. d. Administer 3% saline if serum sodium decreases to less than 128 mEq/L.

a. Infuse 5% dextrose in water at 125 mL/hr. Because the patient's gastric suction has been depleting electrolytes, the IV solution should include electrolyte replacement. Solutions such as lactated Ringer's solution would usually be ordered for this patient. The other orders are appropriate for a postoperative patient with gastric suction

A patient receives 3% NaCl solution for correction of hyponatremia. Which assessment is most important for the nurse to monitor for while the patient is receiving this infusion? a. Lung sounds b. Urinary output c. Peripheral pulses d. Peripheral edema

a. Lung sounds Hypertonic solutions cause water retention, so the patient should be monitored for symptoms of fluid excess. Crackles in the lungs may indicate the onset of pulmonary edema and are a serious manifestation of fluid excess. Bounding peripheral pulses, peripheral edema, or changes in urine output are also important to monitor when administering hypertonic solutions, but they do not indicate acute respiratory or cardiac decompensation

16. A diabetic patient with poor glucose control develops diabetic ketoacidosis. The nurse notes that a patient with diabetic ketoacidosis has rapid, deep respirations. Which collaborative intervention will the nurse anticipate implementing a.Oxygen at 2 to 4 L/min b.IV sodium bicarbonate 50 mEq c.IV 50% dextrose 50 ml d.IV lorazepam (Ativan) 1 mg

b.IV sodium bicarbonate 50 mEq Correct Answer: B Rationale: The rapid, deep (Kussmaul) respirations are a compensatory mechanism to "blow off" excessive CO2 generated by the high levels of ketoacids. Oxygen therapy is not indicated because there is no indication that the increased respiratory rate is related to hypoxemia. Administration of 50% dextrose will increase serum glucose level. Ativan administration will slow the respiratory rate and increase the level of acidosis.

The nurse in the dialysis clinic is reviewing the home medications of a patient with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Which medication reported by the patient indicates that patient teaching is required? a.Multivitamin with iron b.Magnesium hydroxide c.Acetaminophen (Tylenol d.Calcium phosphate (PhosLo)

b.Magnesium hydroxide Magnesium is excreted by the kidneys, and patients with CKD should not use over-the-counter products containing magnesium. The other medications are appropriate for a patient with CKD.

1. Which statement by a patient with stage 5 chronic kidney disease (CKD) indicates that the nurse's teaching about management of CKD has been effective? a. "I need to get most of my protein from low-fat dairy products." b. "I will increase my intake of fruits and vegetables to 5 per day." c. "I will measure my output each day to help calculate the amount I can drink." d. "I need erythropoietin injections to boost my immunity and prevent infection."

c The patient with end-stage renal disease is taught to measure urine output as a means of determining an appropriate oral fluid intake. Erythropoietin is given to increase the red blood cell count and will not offer any benefit for immune function. Dairy products are restricted because of the high phosphate level. Many fruits and vegetables are high in potassium and should be restricted in the patient with CKD.

The nurse notes that a patient who was admitted with diabetic ketoacidosis has rapid, deep respirations. Which action should the nurse take? a. Give the prescribed PRN lorazepam (Ativan). b. Start the prescribed PRN oxygen at 2 to 4 L/min. c. Administer the prescribed normal saline bolus and insulin. d. Encourage the patient to take deep, slow breaths with guided imagery.

c. Administer the prescribed normal saline bolus and insulin. The rapid, deep (Kussmaul) respirations indicate a metabolic acidosis and the need for correction of the acidosis with a saline bolus to prevent hypovolemia followed by insulin administration to allow glucose to reenter the cells. Oxygen therapy is not indicated because there is no indication that the increased respiratory rate is related to hypoxemia. The respiratory pattern is compensatory, and the patient will not be able to slow the respiratory rate. Lorazepam administration will slow the respiratory rate and increase the level of acidosis

7. The health care provider orders IV glucose and insulin to be given to a patient in ARF whose serum potassium level is 6.3 mEq/L. To best evaluate the effectiveness of the medications, the nurse will a. monitor the patient's electrocardiograph (ECG). b. check the blood glucose level. c. obtain serum potassium levels. d. assess BUN and creatinine levels.

c. obtain serum potassium levels. Rationale: Changes in potassium will impact on the ECG and muscle strength, but the nurse should expect to recheck the serum potassium level during the infusion of glucose and insulin to determine the effectiveness of the therapy. The blood glucose level should be monitored during the infusion to assess for hypoglycemia or hyperglycemia. The BUN and creatinine levels will not change with administration of glucose and insulin.

16. Before administering sodium polystyrene sulfonate (Kayexalate) to a patient with hyperkalemia, the nurse should assess a. the BUN and creatinine. b. the blood glucose level. c. the patient's bowel sounds. d. the level of consciousness (LOC).

c. the patient's bowel sounds.

16. Before administering sodium polystyrene sulfonate (Kayexalate) to a patient with hyperkalemia, the nurse should assess a. the BUN and creatinine. b. the blood glucose level. c. the patient's bowel sounds. d. the level of consciousness (LOC).

c. the patient's bowel sounds. Rationale: Sodium polystyrene sulfonate (Kayexalate) should not be given to a patient with a paralytic ileus (as indicated by absent bowel sounds) because bowel necrosis can occur. The BUN and creatinine, blood glucose, and LOC would not impact on the nurse's decision to give the medication.

A patient who has acute glomerulonephritis is hospitalized with hyperkalemia. Which information will the nurse monitor to evaluate the effectiveness of the prescribed calcium gluconate IV? a.Urine volume b.Calcium level c.Cardiac rhythm d.Neurologic status

c.Cardiac rhythm The calcium gluconate helps prevent dysrhythmias that might be caused by the hyperkalemia. The nurse will monitor the other data as well, but these will not be helpful in determining the effectiveness of the calcium gluconate

A 55-year-old patient with end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) is scheduled to receive a prescribed dose of epoetin alfa (Procrit). Which information should the nurse report to the health care provider before giving the medication? a.Creatinine 1.6 mg/dL b.Oxygen saturation 89% c.Hemoglobin level 13 g/dL d.Blood pressure 98/56 mm Hg

c.Hemoglobin level 13 g/dL High hemoglobin levels are associated with a higher rate of thromboembolic events and increased risk of death from serious cardiovascular events (heart attack, heart failure, stroke) when erythropoietin (EPO) is administered to a target hemoglobin of >12 g/dL. Hemoglobin levels higher than 12 g/dL indicate a need for a decrease in epoetin alfa dose. The other information also will be reported to the health care provider but will not affect whether the medication is administered.

Which assessment finding may indicate that a patient is experiencing adverse effects to a corticosteroid prescribed after kidney transplantation? a.Postural hypotension b.Recurrent tachycardia c.Knee and hip joint pain d.Increased serum creatinine

c.Knee and hip joint pain Aseptic necrosis of the weight-bearing joints can occur when patients take corticosteroids over a prolonged period. Increased creatinine level, orthostatic dizziness, and tachycardia are not caused by corticosteroid use.

Spironolactone (Aldactone), an aldosterone antagonist, is prescribed for a patient. Which statement by the patient indicates that the teaching about this medication has been effective? a. "I will try to drink at least 8 glasses of water every day." b. "I will use a salt substitute to decrease my sodium intake." c. "I will increase my intake of potassium-containing foods." d. "I will drink apple juice instead of orange juice for breakfast."

d. "I will drink apple juice instead of orange juice for breakfast." Because spironolactone is a potassium-sparing diuretic, patients should be taught to choose low-potassium foods (e.g., apple juice) rather than foods that have higher levels of potassium (e.g., citrus fruits). Because the patient is using spironolactone as a diuretic, the nurse would not encourage the patient to increase fluid intake. Teach patients to avoid salt substitutes, which are high in potassium

A frail 72-yr-old woman with stage 3 chronic kidney disease is cared for at home by her family. The patient has a history of taking many over-the-counter medications. Which over-the-counter medications should the nurse teach the patient to avoid? a. Aspirin b. Acetaminophen c. Diphenhydramine d. Aluminum hydroxide

d. Aluminum hydroxide Antacids (that contain magnesium and aluminum) should be avoided because patients with kidney disease are unable to excrete these substances. Also, some antacids contain high levels of sodium that further increase blood pressure. Acetaminophen and aspirin (if taken for a short period of time) are usually safe for patients with kidney disease. Antihistamines may be used, but combination drugs that contain pseudoephedrine may increase blood pressure and should be avoided.

A patient who is taking a potassium-wasting diuretic for treatment of hypertension complains of generalized weakness. It is most appropriate for the nurse to take which action? a. Assess for facial muscle spasms .b. Ask the patient about loose stools. c. Suggest that the patient avoid orange juice with meals. d. Ask the health care provider to order a basic metabolic panel.

d. Ask the health care provider to order a basic metabolic panel. Generalized weakness is a manifestation of hypokalemia. After the health care provider orders the metabolic panel, the nurse should check the potassium level. Facial muscle spasms might occur with hypocalcemia. Orange juice is high in potassium and would be advisable to drink if the patient was hypokalemic. Loose stools are associated with hyperkalemia

The nurse preparing to administer a dose of calcium acetate to a patient with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Which laboratory result will the nurse monitor to determine if the desired effect was achieved? a. Sodium b. Potassium c. Magnesium d. Phosphorus

d. Phosphorus

22. A client is assessed by the nurse after a hemodialysis session. The nurse notes bleeding from the clients nose and around the intravenous catheter. What action by the nurse is the priority? a. Hold pressure over the clients nose for 10 minutes. b. Take the clients pulse, blood pressure, and temperature. c. Assess for a bruit or thrill over the arteriovenous fistula. d. Prepare protamine sulfate for administration.

d. Prepare protamine sulfate for administration. Phosphate binding agents that contain aluminum include Alu-caps, Basaljel, and Amphojel. These products are made from aluminum hydroxide. Tums are made from calcium carbonate and also bind phosphorus. Tums are prescribed to avoid the occurrence of dementia related to high intake of aluminum. Phosphate binding agents are needed by the client in renal failure because the kidneys cannot eliminate phosphorus.

The nurse is evaluating the medication list of a newly-admitted client with hypokalemia. The client has been experiencing dysrhythmias and is on a cardiac monitor. Which medication from the list would alert the nurse to pursue a discussion with the physician? a. an oral antidiabetic agent b. a cardiac rhythm drug c. an over the counter antacid d. a diuretic

d. a diuretic

32. A patient with hypertension and stage 2 chronic kidney disease is receiving captopril (Capoten). Before administration of the medication, the nurse will check the patient's a. creatinine. b. glucose. c. phosphate. d. potassium

d. potassium. Rationale: Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors are frequently used in patients with CKD because they delay the progression of the CKD, but they cause potassium retention; therefore, careful monitoring of potassium levels is needed in patients who are at risk for hyperkalemia. The other laboratory values would also be monitored in patients with CKD but would not impact whether the captopril was given or not.