Med Terms - Chapter 11

improper closure of the mitral valve

MVP (mitral valve prolapse)

blockage of arteries carrying blood to the legs, arms, kidneys and other organs

PAD (peripheral arterial disease)

largest type of blood vessel; carries blood away from the heart to all parts of the body

artery

cyan/o

blue

inflammation of the inner lining of the heart

endocarditis

inner lining of the heart

endocardium

innermost lining of the blood vessels

endothelium

abnormal swishing sound caused by improper closure of the heart valves

murmur

extra heart sound, heard between normal beats

murmur

ox/o

oxygen

sphygm/o

pulse

instrument to measure blood pressure

sphgmomanometer

ather/o

yellowish plaque, fatty substance

antihypertensive drug that blocks the conversion of angiotensin II, causing blood vessels to dilate. it prevents heart attacks, CHF, stroke, and death

ACE (angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor)

unstable angina and myocardial infarction (heart attack), which are consequences of plaque rupture in coronary arteries

ACSs (acute coronary syndromes)

narrowing of the aorta. surgical treatment consists of removal of the constricted region and end-to-end anastomosis of the aortic segments (congenital anomaly resulting from some failure in the development of the fetal heart)

CoA (coarctation of the aorta)

blood clot (thrombus) forms in a large vein, usually in a lower limb - blockage of arteries carrying blood to the legs, arms, kidneys, and other organs

DVT (deep vein thrombosis)

high blood pressure

HTN (hypertension)

passageway between the aorta and the pulmonary artery remains open after birth - ductus arteriosius normally closes after birth, but in this condition it remains open, resulting in the flow of oxygenated blood from the aorta into the pulmonary artery.

PDA (patent ductus arteriosus)

recurrent episodes of pallor and cyanosis primarily in fingers and toes

Raynaud disease

local widening of an arterial wall

aneurysm

chest pain resulting from myocardial ischemia. stable angina occurs predictably with exertion; unstable angina is chest pain that occurs more often and with less exertion

angina (pectoris)

aort/o

aorta

largest artery in the body

aorta

brachi/o

arm

abnormal heart rhythms (dysrhythmias)

arrhythmias

small artery

arteriole

arter/o, arteri/o

artery

specialized muscle fibers connecting the atria with the ventricles and transmitting electrical impulses between them

atrioventricular bundle (bundle of His)

specialized tissue in the wall between the atria. electrical impulses pass from the pacemaker (SA node) through the AV node and the atrioventricular bundle or bundle of His toward the ventricles

atrioventricular node (AV node)

one of two upper chambers of the heart

atrium

atri/o

atrium (upper heart chamber)

listening for sounds in blood vessels or other body structures, typically using a stethoscope

auscultation

drug used to treat angina, hypertension, and arrhythmias. it blocks the action of epinephrine at receptor sites on cells, slowing the heartbeat and reducing the workload on the heart

beta-blocker

device enabling ventricles to beat together so that more blood is pumped out of the heart

biventricular pacemaker

failure of proper conduction of impulses from the SA node through the AV node to the atrioventricular bundle (bundle of His)

bradycardia and heart block (atrioventricular block)

abnormal blowing or swishing sound heard during auscultation of an artery or organ

bruit

drug used to treat angina and hypertension. it dilates blood vessels by blocking the influx of calcium into muscle cells lining vessels

calcium channel blocker

smallest blood vessel. materials pass to and from the bloodstream through these thin walls

capillary

gas (waste) released by body cells, transported via veins to the heart, and then to the lungs for exhalation

carbon dioxide (CO2)

sudden, unexpected stoppage of heart action; sudden cardiac death

cardiac arrest

pressure on the heart caused by fluid in the pericardial space

cardiac tamponade

steth/o

chest

cholesterol/o

cholesterol (a lipid substance)

pain, tension, and weakness in a leg after walking has begun, but absence of pain at rest

claudication

thromb/o

clot

abnormalities in the heart at birth

congenital heart disase

blood vessels that branch from the aorta and carry oxygen-rich blood to the heart muscle

coronary arteries

blood that is oxygen-poor

deoxyggenated blood

relaxation phase of the heartbeat

diastole

drug that treats arrhythmias and strengthens the heartbeat

digoxin

record of the electricity flowing through the heart. the electricity is represented by waves or deflections called P, QRS, or T

electrocardiogram

clot or other substance that travels to a distant location and suddenly blocks a blood vessel

embolus

very rapid, random, inefficient, and irregular contractions of the heart (350 beats or more per minute)

fibrillation

rapid but regular contractions, usually of the atria - often symptomatic of heart disease and frequently required treatment such as medication, electrical cardioversion, or catheter ablation

flutter

cardi/o

heart

coron/o

heart

high blood pressure affecting the heart

hypertensive heart disease

myocardium works harder to pump blood through a narrowed pulmonary artery

hypertrophy of the right ventricle

valve between the left atrium and the left ventricle; bicuspid valve

mitral valve

myx/o

mucus

muscular, middle layer of the heart

myocardium

heart rhythm originating in the sinoatrial node with a resting rate of 60-100 beats per minute

normal sinus rhythm

gas that enters the blood through the lungs and travels to the heart to be pumped via arteries to all body cells

oxygen

specialized nervous tissue in the right atrium that begins the heartbeat. an artificial cardiac pacemaker is an electronic apparatus implanted in the chest to stimulate heart muscle that is weak and not function

pacemaker (sinoatrial node)

inflammation of the membrane surrounding the heart

pericarditis

double-layered membrane surrounding the heart

pericardium

pericardi/o

pericardium

artery carrying oxygen-poor blood from the heart to the lungs

pulmonary artery

pulmonary artery is narrow or obstructed

pulmonary artery stenosis

flow of blood from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart

pulmonary circulation

valve positioned between the right ventricle and pulmonary artery

pulmonary valve

one of two pairs of vessels carrying oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart

pulmonary vein

beat of the heart as felt through the walls of the arteries

pulse

heart disease caused by rheumatic fever

rheumatic heart disease

rrhythym/o

rhythm

small holes in the wall between the atria or the ventricles - many close while maintaing a general circulation by means of a heart-lung machine

septal defects

partition or wall dividing a cavity; such as between the right and left atria (interatrial septum) and right and left ventricles (interventricular septum)

septum

aorta overrides the interventricular septum. oxygen-poor blood passes from the right ventricle to the aorta

shift of the aorta to the right

pacemaker of the heart

sinoatrial node (SA node)

flow of blood from body tissue to the heart and then from the heart back to body tissues

systemic circulation

contraction phase of the heartbeat

systole

congnital malformation involving four distinct heart defects

tetralogy of Fallot

located between the right atrium and the right ventricle; it has three leaflets, or cusps

tricuspid valve

structure in veins or in the heart that temporarily closes an opening so that blood flows in only one direction

valve

valvul/o, valv/o

valve

abnormally swollen and twisted veins, usually occurring in the legs

varicose veins

phleb/o

vein

thin-walled vessel that carries blood from body tissues and lugns back to the heart. these contain valves to prevent backflow of blood

vein

ven/o, ven/i

vein

largest vein in the body. the superior and inferior venae cavae return blood to the right atrium of the heart

vena cava

one of two lower chambers of the heart

ventricle

ventricul/o

ventricle, lower heart chamber

large hole between two ventricles lets venous blood pass from the right to the left ventricle and out to the aorta without oxygenation

ventricular septal defect

small vein

venule

angi/o

vessel

vas/o

vessel

vascul/o

vessel

disease of the arteries surrounding the heart - pair of blood vessels that arise from the aorta and supply oxygenated blood to the heart

CAD (coronary artery disease)

heart is unable to pump its required amount of blood

CHF (congestive heart failure)