Medical Terminology - Ch. 6

ulcerative colitis

a chronic inflammatory disease of the large intestine and rectum, commonly begins in the rectum or sigmoid colon and extends upward in the entire colon

ascites

abnormal accumulation of fluid in the abdomen

deglutition

act of swallowing

postprandial

after eating

hepatitis

an inflammatory condition of the liver

gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERRD)

back flow of gastric contents in the esophagus due to mafunction of the sphincter muscle at hte inferior portion of the esophagus

regurgitation

backwards flowing, as in the return of solids or fluids to the mouth from the stomach

BUN

blood, urea, and nitrogen - indicative of kidney function

morbid obesity

body mass index (BMI) of 40 or greater, which is generally 100 or more lbs over ideal body weight

sialolith

calculus formed in a salivatory gland or duct

Crohns disease

chronic inflammation usually of the ilieum, but possibly affecting any portion of the intestinal tract

ulcer

circumscribed open sore, on the skin or mucous membranes within the body

diverticulosis

condition in which small, blister-like pockets develop in the inner lining of the large intestine and may balloon through the intestinal wall

antidiarrheals

control loose stool and relieve diarrhea by absorbing excess water in the bowel or slowing perstalsis in the intestinal tract

antiemetics

control nausea and womiting by blocking nerve impulses to the vomiting center of the brain

anatacids

counteract or neutalize acidity, usually in the stomach

colostomy

creation of an opening between the colon and the abdominal wall

ileostomy

creation of an opening between the ileum and the abdominal wall

colostomy

creation of an opening of a portion of the colon through abdominal wall to its outside surgace in order to divert fecal flow to a colostomy bag

antispasmodics

decrease GI spasms by slowing peristalsis and motility throughout the GI tract

orthodontist

dentist who specializes in correcting and preventing irregularities of abormally positioned or aligned teeth

pancreatolysis

destruction of the pancreas by pancreatic enzymes

peptic ulcer disease (PUD)

developes in the parts of the GI tract that are exposed to hydrochloric acid and pepsin, an enzyme secreted in the stomach that begins the digestion of proteins

enteropathy

disease of the intesting

gastroenterologist

dr who dx and tx disorders associated with the stomach and intestinal tract; they may also tx any area of the system such as: esophagus, stomach, large intestine, small intestine, pancreas, liver, and gallbladder

endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP)

endoscopic procedure that provides radiographic visualization of the bile and pancreatic ducts to identify partial or total obstructions, as well as stones, cysts, and tumors

hemorrhoids

enlarged veins in the mucous membranes of the the anal canal

hepatomegaly

enlargement of the live

hepatomegaly

enlargement of the liver

dyspepsia

epigastric discomfort felt after eating; indigestion

obesity

excessive accumulatio of fat that exceeds the body's skeletal and physcial standards, usally an increase of 20% or more above ideal body weight

steatorrhea

excessive amount of fat discharged in fecal matter

hyperemesis

excessive vomiting

polypectomy

excision of a polyp

gingivectomy

excision of diseased gingivital tissues

appendectomy

excision of the appendix

obstipation

extreme constipation

fecalith

fecal concretion

oral leukoplakia

formation of white spots or patches on the mucous membrane of the tongue, lips, or cheeks caused by primary irritation

cholelith

gallstone

flatus

gas in the GI tract; expelling air from a body orifice; especially in the anus

liver function test (LFT's)

group of blood tests that evaluate liver damage, liver function, and conditions often associated with the binary tract

bariatric surgery

group of procedures that treat morbid obesity

rectocele

herniation or protrusion of the rectum

Hs/hs

hour of sleep/ bedtime

dysphagia

inability or difficulty swallowing; aphagia

pyloromytomy

incision of the longitudinal and circular muscles of the pylorus; used to treat hypertropic pyloric stenosis

sigmoidotomy

incision of the signoid colon

peritonitis

inflammation inside the belly cavity

perisigmoiditis

inflammation of peritoneal tissue around the sigmoid colon

appendicitis

inflammation of the appendix

duodenitis

inflammation of the first part of the small intestine

dysentery

inflammation of the intestine, usually the colon, that may be caused by ingesting water or good containing chemical irritants, bacteria, protozoa, or parasites, which results in bloody diarrhea

stomatitis

inflammation of the mouth

pharyngotonsilitis

inflammation of the pharynx and tonsils

gastritis

inflammation of the stomach

peritoneum

inside the belly cavity

esophagoscope

instrument used to examine the esophagus

pylorospasm

involuntary spasm of the distal end (pyloric sphincter) of the stomach, as in pyloric stenosis

anorexia

loss of apetite

serum bilirubin

measurement of the level of bilirubin in the blood

mg

milligram; unit of measurement

asymptomatic

no subjective indicatiors experienced by the patient

halitosis

offensive or "bad" breath

gastralgia

pain in the stomach; aka stomachache

hepatitis panel

panel of blood tests that idenitfy the specific virus - hepatitis A, B, or C causing hepatitis by testing serum using antibodies to each of these antigens

intestinal obstruction

partial or complete blockage in the small or large intestine that prevents forward flow of digestive products

melena

passage of dark-colored or tarry stools, due to the presence of blood altered by intestinal juices

steatorrhea

passage of fat in large amounts in the feces due to failure to digest and absorb it

perianal

pertaining to the area around the anus

sublingual

pertaining to the area below the tongue

buccal

pertaining to the cheek

labial

pertaining to the lips, particularly the lips of the mouth

oral

pertaining to the mouth

lingual

pertaining to the tongue

cachexia

physical wasting that includes loss of weight and muscle mass; commonly associated with AIDS and cancer

proctologist

physician who specializes in treating disorders of the colon, rectum, and anus

cholelithiasis

presence or formation of gallstones in the gallbladder or common bile duct

cholelithiasis

presence or formation of gallstones in the gallbladder or coomon bile duct

lithotripsy

procedure for crushing a stone and eliminating its fragments either surgically or using ultrasonic shock waves

nasogastric intubation

procedure that involves insertation of a nasogastric tube through the nose into the stomach to relieve gastic distension by removing gas, good, or gastric secretions; to instill medications, food or fluids; or to obtain a specimen for lab analysis

eructation

producing gas from the stomach; usually with characterisitic sound; belching

hernia

protrustion of any organ, tissue, or structure, through the wall of the cavity in which it is naturally contained

percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (PTCP)

radiographic examination of bile duct structures

sialography

radiographic examination of salivatory glands and ducts

barium swallow

radiographic examination of the esophagus, stomach, and small intestine following oral administration of barium sulfate; aka esophagramand upper GI series

barium enema (BE)

radiographic examination of the rectum and colon following enema administration of barium sulfate (contrast medium) into the rectum; aka lower GI series

cholecystography

radiographic image taken of the gallbladder after administration of a contast medium containing iodine, usually in the form of a tablet

glossectomy

removal of all or part of the tongue

cholecystectomy

removal of the gallbladder

biopsy

representative tissue sample removed from a body site for microscopic exma, usually to estimate a dx

borborygmus

rumbling or gurgling noises that are audible at a distance and are caused by passage of gas through the liquid contents of the intestine

adhesion

scar tissues

cirrhosis

scarring and dysfunction of the liver caused by chronic liver disease

cholangiole

small terminal portion of bile duct

colic

spasm in any hollow or tubular soft organ especially in the colon, accompanied by pain

dentist

specialist who diagnoses and treats diseases and disorders of the teeth

roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RGB)

stomach is first stapled to decrease it to a small pouch. next, the jejunum is shortened and connected to the small stomach pouch, causing the base of the duodenum leading from the non-functioning portion of the stomach to a Y-configuration. this configuration decreased the pathway of food through the intestine, thus reducing absorption of calories and fats

pyloric stenosis

stricture or narrowing of the pyloric sphincter (circular muscle of the pylorus) at the outlet of the stomach, causing on onstruction that blocks the flow of food into the small intestine

cheiloplasty

surgical repair of defective lip

choledochoplasty

surgical repair of the common bile duct

jejunorrhaphy

suture of the jejunum

aerophagia

swallowing air

irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)

symptom complex marked by abdominal pain and altered bowel function (typically constipation, diarrhea, or alternating constipation and diarrhea)for which no organ cause can be determined; aka spastic colon

malabsorption syndrome

symptom complex of the small intestine characterized by the impaired passage of nutrients, minerals, or fluids, through intestineal villa into blood or lymph

ultrasonography (US)

test that uses high-frequency sound waves to analyze the reflected echos from anatomical strcutres and convert them into an image on a video monitor

stool culture

test to identify microorganisms or parasites present in feces

laxative

treat constipation by increasing perstaltic activity in the large intestine or increasing water and electrolyte secretion into the bowel to induce

vertical banded gastroplasty

upper stomach near esophagus is stapled verticaly to reduce it to a small pouch, a band in then inserted that restricts food consumption and delays its passage from the pouch causing a feeling of fullness

extracorporeal shockwave

use of shockwaves as a non-invasive method to break up stones in the gallbladder or biliary ducts

general surgeon

usually operates in the belly

duodenoscopy

visual examination of the first part of the small intestine (duodenum)

hematemesis

vomiting of blood from bleeding in the stomach or esophagus

erosive

wearing away of the surface

ileus/paralytic ileus

where peristaltic movement is lacking or absent and contents are no longer propelled through the intestines

atropic

without development