Medical Terminology chapter 14: Reproductive System, Medical Terminology for Health Professionals 13, Medical Terminology for Health Professionals 6, Cardiovascular System: Medical Terminology for Health Professionals 8th Edition Chapter 5, Medical T...

angiography

The process of producing a radiographic (x-ray) study of blood vessels after the injection of a contrast medium to make these blood vessels visible

Transmission

The spread of a disease

Blood-borne Transmission

The spread of a disease through contact with blood or other bodily fluids that are contaminated with blood

Vector-borne Transmission

The spread of certain disease due to the bite of a vector, such as a fly, mite, flea, tick, rat, dog, or mosquito

Genetics

The study of how genes are transferred from parents to their children and the role of genes in health and disease

Cytology

The study of the anatomy, physiology, pathology, and chemistry of the cell

Etiology

The study of the causes of diseases

Geriatrics

The study of the medical problem and care of the aged

Pathology

The study of the nature and cause of disease that involves changes in structure and function. Also meaning a condition produced by disease

Histology

The study of the structure, composition, and function of tissues

embolism

The sudden blockage of a blood vessel by an embolus.

Adenectomy

The surgical removal of a gland

atherectomy

The surgical removal of plaque buildup from the interior of an artery.

carotid endarterectomy

The surgical removal of the lining of a portion of a clogged carotid artery leading to the brain.

angioplasty

The technique of mechanically widening a narrowed or obstructed blood vessel.

Antiarrhythmic

A medication administered to control irregularities of the heartbeat

Coumadin

A medication that helps prevent blood clots

beta-blocker

A medication that reduces the workload of the heart by slowing the rate of the heartbeat.

antihypertensive

A medication used to lower blood pressure. (pg147)

Peritoneum

A multi-layered membrane that protects and holds the organs in place within the abdominal cavity

Diaphragm

A muscle that separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities

Raynaud's disease

A peripheral arterial occlusive disease in which intermittent attacks are triggered by cold or stress.

Geriatrician

A physician who specializes in the care of older people

hyper-

Excessive, increased

electrocardiogram

A record of the electrical activity of the myocardium.

transfusion reaction

A serious and potentially fatal complication of a blood transfusion in which a severe immune response occurs because the patient's blood and the donated blood do not match.

Helix

A shape twisted like a spiral staircase

Organ

A somewhat independent part of the body that performs a specific function

Pathologist

A specialist in the laboratory analysis of tissue samples to confirm or establish a diagnosis

Epidemiologist

A specialist in the study of outbreaks of disease within a population group

Histologist

A specialist in the study of the organization of tissues at all levels

Secretion(s)

A substance produced by a gland

Epidemic

A sudden and widespread outbreak of a disease within a specific population group or area

Membrane

A thin layer of tissue that covers a surface, lines a cavity, or divides a space or organ

leukemia

A type of cancer characterized by a progressive increase in the number of abnormal leukocytes (white blood cells) found in bloodforming tissues, other organs, and in the circulating blood.

ventricular tachycardia

A very rapid heartbeat that begins within the ventricles.

bioimpedance spectroscopy

a noninvasive method of diagnosing lymphedema. it measures the resistance to an electrical current passed through the affected limb

toxoplasmosis

a parasite that is most commonly transferred from pets to humans by contact with contaminated animal feces

pituitary gland

a pea-sized gland that is divided into two parts, the anterior and the posterior lobes

oncologist

a physician specializing in the diagnosing and treatment of malignant disorders such as tumors and cancer

internist

a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the internal organs and related body systems

endocrinologist

a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and malfunctions of the endocrine glands

lymphologist

a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating disorders of the lymphatic system

dermatologist

a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating disorders of the skin

-gram

a picture or record

parasite

a plant or animal that lives on or within another living organism at the expense of that organism

vaccine

a preparation containing an antigen, consisting of whole or partial disease-causing organisms, which have been killed or weakened

leptin

a protein hormone secreted by fat cells that is involved in the regulation of appetitie

traction

a pulling force exerted on a limb in a distal direction in an effort to return the bone or joint to normal alignment

mammography

a radiographic examination of the breasts to detect the presence of tumors or precancerous cells

inflammatory breast cancer

a rare but aggressive form of breast cancer, gross rapidly and symptoms include pain, rapid increase in the breast size, and redness or rash, and swelling of lymph nodes

acromegaly

a rare chronic disease characterized by abnormal enlargement of the extremities caused by the excessive secretion of growth hormone after puberty

pheochromocytoma

a rare, benign tumor of the adrenal gland that causes too much release of epinephrine and norepinephrine, which are hormones that regulate heart rate and blood pressure

thyroid storm

a relatively rare, life-threatening condition caused by exaggerated hyperthyroidism

gamete

a reproductive cell

spleen

a sac-like mass of lymphoid tissue located in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen, just inferior to the diaphragm and posterior to the stomach

breast self-examination

a self-care procedure for the early detection of breast cancer

photophobia

a serious complication of measles, a serious sensitivity to light

septic shock

a serious condition that occurs when an overwhelming bacterial infection affects the body. toxins that are released by pathogens can produce direct tissue damage

systemic reaction

a severe response to an allergen

fungus

a simple parasitic organism

rickettsia

a small bacterium that lives in lice, fleas, ticks, and mites, causes Rocky Mountain spotted fever

testosterone

a steroid hormone secreted by the testicles and the adrenal cortex to stimulate the development of male secondary sex characteristics

histamine

a substance produced by the body that causes the itching, sneezing, runny nose, and watery eyes of an allergic reaction

bactericide

a substance that causes the death of bacteria

immunosuppressant

a substance that prevents or reduces the body's normal immune response, medication administered to prevent the rejection of donor tissue and to depress autoimmune disorders

allergen

a substance that produces an allergic reaction in an individual

lymph node dissection

a surgical procedure in which all of the lymph nodes in a major group are removed to determine or slow the spread of cancer

human growth hormone

a synthetic version of growth hormone that is administered to stimulate growth when the natural supply of growth hormone is insufficient for normal development

needle breast biopsy

a technique in which an x-ray guided needle is used to remove small samples of tissue from the breast

Somatic Cell(s)

Any cell in the body except the gametes

Adenosis

Any disease condition of a gland

blood dyscrasia

Any pathologic condition of the cellular elements of the blood.

Calcium channel blocker agents

Causes the heart and blood vessels to relax by decreasing the movement of calcium into the cells of these structures

cyt/o

Cell (word root)

aplastic anemia

Characterized by an absence of all formed blood elements caused by the failure of blood cell production in the bone marrow.

hemolytic anemia

Characterized by an inadequate number of circulating red blood cells due to the premature destruction of red blood cells by the spleen.

Ventral

Front, or belly side of the organ (body direction)

bacterial endocarditis

Inflammation of the lining or valves of the heart caused by the presence of bacteria in the bloodstream

Peritonitis

Inflammation of the peritoneum

Heparin

Is another common anticoagulant, works faster than

cardiomyopathy

The term used to describe all diseases of the heart muscle.

Hemorrhage

Loss of a large amount of blood in a short time

orthostatic hypotension

Low blood pressure that occurs upon standing up.

Cell Membrane

The tissue that surrounds and protects the contents of the cell by separating them from its external environment

defibrillation

The use of electrical shock to restore the heart's normal rhythm.

Exocrine (Gland/s)

These glands secrete chemical substances into ducts that lead either to other organs or out of the body, such as sweat glands

Liquid Connective (Tissue/s)

These tissues are blood and lymph and transport nutrients and waste products through the body

XY

Male chromosome pair

erythrocytes

Mature red blood cells produced by the red bone marrow.

Postmortem

Meaning after death

Hemopoietic

Meaning blood forming

eti-

Meaning cause (prefix)

Parietal

Meaning cavity wall

ana-

Meaning excessive (prefix)

-plasia

Meaning formation (suffix)

Malignant

Meaning harmful, capable of spreading, and potentially life threatening

Benign

Meaning not life threatening

idi/o

Meaning peculiar to the individual

dem

Meaning population (word part)

Contamination

Meaning that a pathogen is possibly present due to a lack of proper hygiene standards or failed infection control precautions

-crine

Meaning to secrete (suffix)

-oma

Meaning tumor (suffix)

endo-

Meaning within (prefix)

a-

Meaning without (prefix)

Communicable

Means capable of being transmitted

diuretic

Medication administered to stimulate the kidneys to increase the secretion of urine to rid the body of excess sodium and water.

Phenylketonuria

PKU

Purkinje fibers

PKU, specialized fibers located in the walls of ventricles, ventricles contract, flow of blood

DNA

Packaged in a chromosome as two spiraling strands that twist together to form a double helix

arthralgia

Pain in a joint or joints

-Algia

Pain, painful condition

-algia

Pain, painful condition

thallium stress test

Performed to evaluate how well blood flows through the coronary arteries of the heart muscle during exercise by injecting a small amount of thallium into the bloodstream.

Somatic

Pertaining to the body in general

Sinoatrial Node

SA node, natural pacemaker, posterior wall of right atrium near superior vena cava

Abdominal (Cavity)

This cavity contains primarily the major organs of digestion

Dorsal (Cavity)

This cavity contains the cranial cavity and spinal cavity

Ventral (Cavity)

This cavity contains the thoracic cavity, abdominal cavity, and the pelvic cavity

Thoracic (Cavity)

This cavity is also known as the chest cavity or thorax, it surrounds and protects the heart and lungs

Ventral (Cavity)

This cavity is located along the front of the body and contains the organs which maintain homeostasis

Cranial (Cavity)

This cavity is located within the skull, it surrounds and protects the brain

Spinal (Cavity)

This cavity is located within the spinal column, it surrounds and protects the spinal cord

Pelvic (Cavity)

This cavity is the space formed by the hip bones and contains primarily the organs of the reproductive and excretory systems

Organic Disorder

This disorder produces symptoms caused by detectable physical changes in the body

Transverse

This horizontal plane divides the body into superior and inferior portions. This plane can be at any other level across the body

Airborne Transmission

This occurs through contact with contaminated respiratory droplets spread by a cough or sneeze

Epigastric (Region)

This region is located above the stomach

Hypogastric (Region)

This region is located below the stomach

Lumbar (Region)

This region is located on the left and right sides near the inward curve of the spine

Hypochondriac (Region/s)

This region is located on the left and right sides of the body and is covered by the lower ribs

Iliac (Region)

This region is located on the left and right sides over the hip bones, it is named for the wide portion of the hip bone

Abdominal (Region)

This region is made up of the right upper quadrant (RUQ), left upper quadrant (LUQ), right lower quadrant (RLQ), and left lower quadrant (LLQ)

Umbilical (Region)

This region surrounds the umbilicus

Epithelium

This specialized tissue forms the epidermis of the skin and the surface layer of mucous membranes

Endothelium

This specialized tissue lines the blood and lymph vessels, body cavities, glands, and organs

Loose Connective (Tissue/s)

This tissue surrounds various organs and supports both nerve cells and blood vessels

Muscle (Tissue)

This type of tissue contains cells with the specialized ability to contract and relax

Nerve (Tissue)

This type of tissue contains cells with the specialized ability to react to stimuli and to conduct electrical impulses

Epithelial (Tissue)

This type of tissue forms a protective covering for all of the internal and external surfaces of the body

Connective (Tissue)

This type of tissue supports and connects organs and other body tissues

Dense Connective (Tissue/s)

This type of tissue, such as bone and cartilage, form the joints and framework of the body

Frontal

This vertical plane aka the coronal divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back)

Sagittal

This vertical plane divides the body into unequal left and right portions

Midsagittal

This vertical plane, aka the midline divides the body into equal left and right halves

oblique fracture

a broken bone at an angle

callus

a bulging deposit around a broken bone that eventually becomes bone itself.

cancer

a class of dseasease characterized by the uncontrolled division of cells and the ability of these cells to invade other tissues

thrombosis

The abnormal condition of having a thrombus.

Adenosclerosis

The abnormal hardening of a gland

Adenomalacia

The abnormal softening of a gland

Cells

The basic structural and functional units of the body, the are specialized and grouped together to form tissues and organs

thrombotic occlusion

The blocking of an artery by a thrombus.

leukocytes

The blood cells involved in defending the body against infective organisms and foreign substances.

Abdominopelvic (Cavity)

The cavity referring to the area which combines the abdominal and pelvic cavities

galactorrhea

a condition in which an excess of prolactin causes the breasts to produce milk spontaneously

prediabetes

a condition in which the blood sugar level is higher than normal, but not high enough to be classified as type 2 diabetes

latent autoimmune diabetes

a condition in which type 1 diabetes develops in adults

anthrax

a contagious disease that can be transmitted through livestock infected with bacillus anthracis

ACE inhibitor

(angiotensin-converting enzyme) blocks the action of the enzyme that causes the blood vessels to contract, resulting in hypertension.

clone

(in the context of monoclonal antibodies) an exact replica of a group of bacteria

Fibrinogen

A clotting protein found in blood plasma

Genome

The complete set of genetic information of an individual

Atresia

The congenital absence of a normal opening or the failure of a structure to be tubular

Groin

The crease at the junction of the trunk with the upper end of the thigh

Aplasia

The defective development or congenital absence of an organ or tissue

Medial

The direction toward or nearer the midline (body direction)

Lateral

The direction toward or nearer the side and away from the midline (body direction)

pericardium

The double-walled membranous sac that encloses the heart.

Hyperplasia

The enlargement of an organ or tissue because of an abnormal increase in the number of cells in the tissues

cortisol

a corticosteroid that has an anti-inflammatory action

aldosterone

a corticosteroid that regulates the salt and water levels in the body by increasing sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion by the kidneys

Iatrogenic Illness

An unfavorable response due to prescribed medical treatment, such as severe burns resulting from radiation therapy

Arteri/o

Arteries

targeted therapy

a developing form of anti-cancer drug therapy that used drugs or other substances to identify and attack specific cancer cells without harming normal cells

lymphoscintigraphy

a diagnostic test that is performed to detect damage or malformations of the lymphatic vessels

scratch test

a diagnostic test to identify commonly troublesome allergens such as tree pollen and ragweed

thyroid-stimulating hormone assay

a diagnostic test to measure the circulating blood level of thyroid-stimulating hormone

immunotherapy

a disease treatment that involves either stimulation or repressing the immune response

antibody

a disease-fighting protein created by the immune system in response to the presence of a specific antigen

conn's syndrome

a disorder of the adrenal glands that is caused by the excessive production of aldosterone

graves' disease

a disorder of unknown cause in which the immune system attacks the thyroid gland and stimulates it to make excessive amounts of thyroid hormone

pancreas

a feather-shaped organ located posterior to the stomach that functions as part of both the digestive and the endocrine systems

bursa

a fibrous sac that acts as a cushion to ease movements in areas that are subject to friction

gestational diabetes mellitus

a form of diabetes mellitus that occurs during some pregnancies

staphylococcus aureus

a form of staphylococci that often infects wounds and causes serious problems such as toxic shock syndrome or food poisoning

antiangiogenesis

a form of treatment that disrupts the blood supply to the tumor

spiral fracture

a fracture in which the bone has been twisted apart

tinea pedis

a fungal infection that develops between the toes

lymphoma

a general term applied to malignancies affecting lymphoid tissue

diabetes mellitus

a group of metabolic disorders characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both

cytokines

a group of proteins such as interferons and interleukins released primarily by the T cells

the complement system

a group of proteins that normally circulate in the blood in an inactive form. when needed, these cells complement the ability of antibodies to ward off pathogens by combining with them to dissolve and remove pathogenic bacteria and other foreign cells.

certified diabetes educator

a health care professional qualified to teach people with diabetes how to manage their disease

primary lymphedema

a hereditary condition of the lymphatic system that develops with swelling beginning in the feet and progressing into the ankles in an upward direction along the legs

influenza

a highly contagious viral respiratory infection that usually occurs in seasonal epidemics

estrogen

a hormone secreted by the ovaries that is important in the development and maintenance of the female secondary sex characteristics and in regulation of the menstrual cycle

corticosteroid drug

a hormone-like preparation administered primarily as an anti-inflammatory and as an immunosuppressant

steroids

a large family of hormone-like substances that share the same fat-soluble chemical structure

physician assistant

a licensed professional who works under the supervision of a physician

microorganism

a living organism that is so small it can be seen only with the aid of a microscope

inflammation

a localized response to an injury or to the destruction of tissues

myosarcoma

a malignant tumor derived from muscle tissue

carcinoma in situ

a malignant tumor in its original position that has not yet disturbed or invaded the surrounding tissues

sarcoma

a malignant tumor that arises from connective tissues, including hard, soft, and liquid connective tissues

carcinoma

a malignant tumor that occurs in epithelia tissue

thymus

a mass of lymphoid tissue located above the heart, reaches its greatest size during puberty that becomes smaller with age

erythrocyte

a mature red blood cell

antithyroid drug

a medication administered to slow the ability of the thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones

antineoplastic

a medication that blocks the development, growth, or proliferation of malignant cells

cytoxic drug

a medication that kills or damages cells

pathogen

a microorganism that causes a disease in humans

laparoscopic adrenalectomy

a minimally invasive surgical procedure to remove one or both adrenal glands

Dorsal

Back side of the organ (body direction)

Chromosome

The genetic structures located within the nucleus of each cell

Endocrine (Gland/s)

The glands produce hormones, do not have ducts, and are secreted directly into the bloodstream and then transported to organs and structures throughout the body

Angi/o

Blood vessels

Vascul/o

Blood vessels

angina

A condition in which severe episodes of chest pain occur due to an inadequate blood flow to the myocardium; also known as angina pectoris.

thrombocytopenia

A condition in which there is an abnormally small number of platelets circulating in the blood.

chronic venous insufficiency

A condition in which venous circulation is inadequate due to partial vein blockage or to the leakage of venous valves.

Hypoplasia

The incomplete development of an organ or tissue usually due to a deficiency in the number of cells

Adenitis

The inflammation of a gland

phlebitis

The inflammation of a vein.

Visceral Peritoneum

The inner layer of the peritoneum that surrounds the organs of the abdominal cavity

arrhythmia

The loss of the normal rhythm of the heartbeat.

leukopenia

A decrease in the number of disease-fighting white blood cells circulating in the blood.

atheroma

A deposit of plaque on or within the arterial wall.

Anomaly

A deviation from what is regarded as normal

cardiac catheterization

A diagnostic procedure in which a catheter is passed into a vein or artery and then guided into the heart.

Nosocomial Infection

A disease acquired in a hospital or clinical setting

Pathogen

A disease-producing microorganism such as a virus

Plaque

A fatty deposit that can build up on the lumen of an artery

cholesterol

A fatty substance that travels through the blood and is found in all parts of the body.

embolus

A foreign object, such as a blood clot, a quantity of air or gas, or a bit of tissue or tumor that is circulating in the blood.

Gene(s)

A fundamental physical and functional unit of heredity

Mesentery

A fused double layer of the parietal peritoneum that attaches parts of the intestine to the interior abdominal wall

Genetic Engineering

The manipulating or splicing of genes for scientific or medical purposes

Cytoplasm

The material within the cell membrane that is *not* part of the nucleus

Hypertrophy

A general increase in the bulk of a body part or organ that is due to an increase in the size, but not the number, of cells in the tissues. Not due to tumor formation

sickle cell anemia

A genetic disorder that causes abnormal hemoglobin, resulting in some red blood cells assuming an abnormal sickle shape.

myelodysplastic syndrome

A group of bone marrow disorders that are characterized by the insufficient production of one or more types of blood cells due to dysfunction of the bone marrow.

ischemic heart disease

A group of cardiac disabilities resulting from an insufficient supply of oxygenated blood to the heart.

Arteriosclerosis

A group of diseases characterized by thickening and the loss of elasticity of arterial walls

Gland

A group of specialized epithelial cells that are capable of producing secretions

Tissue

A group or layer of similarly specialized cells that join together to perform certain specific functions

Fibrillation

A life threatening fast irregular heartbeat

aneurysm

A localized weak spot or balloon-like enlargement of the wall of an artery.

anemia

A lower-than-normal number of erythrocytes (red blood cells) in the blood.

Adenocarcinoma

A malignant tumor that originates in glandular tissue

Prenatal Influences

The mother's health, behavior, and prenatal medical care received before delivery

myocardial infarction

The occlusion (blockage) of one or more coronary arteries caused by plaque buildup; commonly known as a heart attack.

Endemic

The ongoing presence of a disease within a population, group, or area

Parietal Peritoneum

The outer layer of the peritoneum that lines the interior of the abdominal wall

hemoglobin

The oxygen-carrying blood protein pigment of the erythrocytes.

immunosuppression

a treatment to repress of interfere with the ability of the immune system to respond to stimulation by antigens

pinealoma

a tumor of the pineal gland that can disrupt the production of melatonin

synovial sarcoma

a tumor of tissues surrounding a synovial joint

malignant tumor

a tumor that is a form of cancer, capable of spreading

benign tumor

a tumor that is not a form of cancer, not life-threatening

yeast

a type of fungus

macrophage

a type of leukocyte that surrounds and kills invading cells

pineal gland

a very small endocrine gland located in the central portion of the brain

rubella

a viral infection characterized by a low-grade fever, swollen glands, inflamed eyes, and a fine, pink rash

poliomyelitis

a viral infection of the gray matter of the spinal cord

pathologic fracture

a weakened bone breaks under normal strain

acronym

a word formed from the initial letter of the major parts of a compound term

amenorrhea

abnormal absence of menstrual periods for 3 or more months

-osis

abnormal condition, disease

-ia

abnormal condition, disease, plural of -ium

metrorrhea

abnormal discharge, such as mucus or pus, from the uterus

abruptio placentae

abnormal disorder in which the placenta separates from the uterine wall before the birth of the fetus

hepatomegaly

abnormal enlargement of the liver

gigantism

abnormal growth of the entire body that is caused by excessive secretion of growth hormone before puberty

placenta previa

abnormal implantation of the placenta in the lower portion of the uterus

thrombocytosis

abnormal increase in circulating platelets

dystonia

abnormal muscle tone that causes the impairment of voluntary muscle movement

-stenosis

abnormal narrowing

angiostenosis

abnormal narrowing of a blood vessel

fistula

abnormal passage between two organs or out of the body due to surgery, injury, drainage

valvular prolapse

abnormal protrusion of heart valve ; valve cannot close completely

-malacia

abnormal softening

congenital heart defects

abnormalities present at birth, may be apparent at birth, may not be detected until later in life

supracostal

above or outside the ribs

supra-/super-

above, upper, excessive, higher than

anorchism

absence of one or both testicles

anovulation

absence of ovulation when it would be normally expected

azoospermia

absence of sperm in the semen

pyosalpinx

accumulation of pus in the fallopian tube

elevation

act of raising or lifting a body part

-ion

action

synovial fluid

acts a lubricant to make the smooth movement of the joint possible

osteitis

adult rickets, bone softening

postpartum

after childbirth

post

after, behind

cartilaginous joints

allow slight movement and consist of bones entirely connected by cartilage

pubic symphysis

allows some movement for childbirth. located at the connection between the sides of the pelvis in the middle

methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus

also known as MRSA

epinephrine

also known as adrenaline, stimulates the sympathetic nervous system in response to physical injury or to mental stress such as fear

tinea pedis

also known as athlete's foot

glucose

also known as blood sugar, the basic form of energy used by the body

amni/o

amnion, fetal membrane

blood pressure

amount of systolic and diastolic pressure extra against the walls of the arteries

splenomegaly

an abnormal enlargement of the spleen, cam be due to bleeding caused by an injury, an infectious disease, or abnormal functioning of the immune system

tumor

an abnormal growth of body tissue, the growth of cells within the mass is uncontrolled, abnormal, rapid, and progressive

goiter

an abnormal nonmalignant enlargement of the thyroid gland

exophthalamos

an abnormal protrusion of the eyeball out of the orbit

aldosteronism

an abnormality of the electrolyte balance that is caused by the excessive secretion of aldosterone

hyperglycemia

an abnormally high concentration of glucose in the blood

hyperglycemia

an abnormally low concentration of glucose

herpes zoster

an acute viral infection characterized by painful skin eruptions that follow the underlying route of an inflamed nerve

mumps

an acute viral infection that is characterized by the swelling of the parotid glands, which are the salivary glands located just in front of the ears

rabies

an acute viral infection that is transmitted to humans through the bite or saliva of an infected animal

measles

an acute, highly contagious infection that is transmitted by respiratory droplets of the rubeola virus

antifungal

an agent that destroys or inhibits the growth of fungi

hashimoto's disease

an autoimmune disease in which the body's own antibodies attack and destroy the cells of the thyroid gland

type 1 diabetes

an autoimmune insulin deficiency disorder caused by the destruction of pancreatic islet beta cells

kaposi's sarcoma

an example of an opportunistic infection that is frequently associated with HIV, cancer that causes patches of abnormal tissue to grow under the skin

polydipsia

an excessive thirst

measles, mumps, and rubella vaccination

an immunization which can prevent three viral infections and should be administered in early childhood

periosteotomy

an incision through the periosteneum to the bone

silent infection

an infection in which the individual has no signs or symptoms of the infection, although it can potentially cause a serious illness when the individual has a weakened immune system

lymphadenitis

an inflammation of the lymph nodes

pancreatitis

an inflammation of the pancreas

thymitis

an inflammation of the thymus gland

type 2 diabetes

an insulin resistance disorder, meaning that insulin is being produced but the body does not use it effectively

allergy

an overreaction by the body to a particular antigen.

tarsal

ankle bones

hypersensitivity

another name for an allergy, an overreaction by the body to a particular antigen.

lymphoid cells

another name for lymphocytes

German measles

another name for rubella, a viral infection characterized by a low-grade fever, swollen glands, inflamed eyes, and a fine, pink rash

b lymphocytes

another term for B cells, specialized lymphocytes that produce antibodies, most effective against viruses and bacteria circulating the blood

t lymphocytes

another term for T cells, belong to a group of leukocytes known as lymphocytes, derive their name from their origin in the thymus, play a central role in cell-mediated immunity. d

mono

another term for infectious mononucleosis, caused by the Epstein-Barr virus, characterized by fever, sore throat, and enlarged lymph nodes

passive immunity

another term for natural immunity, resistance to a disease present without the administration of an antigen or exposure to a disease.

allergy desensitization

another word for immunotherapy or biological therapy, a disease treatment that involves either stimulation or repressing the immune response

biological therapy

another word for immunotherapy, a disease treatment that involves either stimulation or repressing the immune response

neoplasm

another word for tumor, an abnormal growth of body tissue, the growth of cells within the mass is uncontrolled, abnormal, rapid, and progressive

frontal bone

anterior superior portion of the skull

sphenoid bone

anterior to the temporal bone, inferior to the parietal bones. helps form the base of the cranium, sides of the skull, and the floors and sides of the eye sockets

skeletal muscle

attached to bone. makes motion possible. voluntary, striated.

monoclonal antibodies

any of a class of antibodies produces in the laboratory by identical offspring of a clone of specific cells

autoimmune disorder

any of a large group of disease characterized by a condition in which the immune system produces antibodies against its own tissues, mistaking healthy cells, tissues, or organs for antigens

adenocarcinoma

any one of a large group of carcinomas derived from glandular tissue

myelopathy

any pathologic change or disease in the spinal cord

myopathy

any pathologic change or disease of muscle tissue

sterilization

any procedure rendering an individual incapable of reproduction

antigen

any substances that the body regards as being foreign, including viruses, bacteria, toxins, and transplanted tissues

differential diagnosis

attempt to determine which disease it is

myasthenia gravis

autoimmune disease that affects the neuromuscular junction and produces serious weakness of voluntary muscles

automated external defibrillator

automatically samples rhythm and externally shocks the heart if needed

menstrual cycle

average is 28 days long and grouped into 4 phases: menstrual, postmenstrual, ovulatory, premenstrual

ab-

away from, negative

aortic semilunar valve

b/w left ventricle and aorta

mitral valve

b/w left ventricle and left atrium, shaped like bishop hat

streptococci

bacteria that form a chain

dys-

bad, difficult, or painful

staphylococci

are a group of about 30 species of bacteria that form irregular groups or clusters resembling grapes

synthetic thyroid hormones

are administered to replace lost thyroid function

dys-

bad, difficult, painful

Nurse Practioner (NP)

are prepared to provide direct client care in primary care settings, focusing on health promotion, illness prevention, early diagnosis, and treatment of common health problems; graduate training

phalanges

are the 14 finger bones

epiphysis

are the wider ends of longs bones

popliteal

area behind the knee

coronary resuscitation CPR

arterial respiration manual external cardiac compression

fascia

band of connective tissue that envelops, separates, or binds together muscles or groups of muscles

adhesion

band of fibrous tissue holds structures abnormally

ligaments

bands of fibrous tissue that form joints by connecting one bone to another bone or by joining a bone to cartilage

secondary circulatory system

because of the similarities between the lymphatic and circulatory systems, the lymphatic circulatory system is often called this

pre-

before, in front of

zygote

beginning of a new life, forms a single cell known as a _______________

menarche

beginning of menstrual function, after puberty

ejaculatory duct

begins at the vas deferens, passes through the prostate gland, and empties into the urethra

immediate breast reconstruction

begins during the same surgery as the mastectomy when an "expander" is placed to replace the tissue that was removed

navel

belly button

T cells

belong to a group of leukocytes known as lymphocytes, derive their name from their origin in the thymus, play a central role in cell-mediated immunity

arteri/o

artery

gout

arthritis characterized by deposits of uric acid crystals in the joints. typically warm, red, and super sensitive

joints

articulations

hemangioma

benign tumor composed o newly formed blood vessels, usually seen at birth

scoli/o

bent, curved

kyph/o

bent, hump

Inter-

between, among

interstitial

between, but not within, the parts of a tissue

hamstring group

bicep femoris, semitendinosus, and semimembranosus

immunoglobulins

bind with specific antigens in the antigen-antibody response, five main types

nat

birth

stillbirth

birth of a fetus that died before, or during, the delivery

melan/o-

black

splenorrhagia

bleeding from the spleen

-rrhage

bleeding, abnormal excessive fluid discharge

hem/o

blood

angi/o

blood vessel

hemathrosis

blood within a joint

-clasis

break

sternum

breast bone

ductal carcinoma in situ

breast cancer at its earlier stage before the cancer has broken through the wall of the milk duct

mastitis

breast infection that is most frequently caused by bacteria that enter the breast tissue during breastfeeding

mamm/o, mast/o

breast {2 roots}

hypothyroidism

caused by a deficiency of thyroid secretion

malaria

caused by a parasite that lives in certain mosquitoes and is transmitted to humans by the bite of an infected mosquito

fracture

broken bone

osteoporotic hip fracture

broken hip caused by weakening of the bones

transverse fracture

broken straight across

hallux valgus

bunion, abnormal enlargement of the joint at the base of the great toe

burs/o

bursa

opportunistic infection

caused by a pathogen that does not normally produce an illness in healthy humans, however when the host is debilitated, these pathogens are able to cause an infection

Lyme disease

caused by a spirochete belonging to the genus Borrelia. affects the joints, heart, and central nervous system, is transmitted by the bite of an infected deer tick.

myxedema

caused by an extreme deficiency of thyroid secretion

diabetes insipidus

caused by an insufficient production of the antidiuretic hormone ADG or by the inability of the kidneys to respond appropriately to this hormone

secondary lymphedema

caused by damage to lymphatic vessels that is most frequently due to cancer treatment, surgery, trauma, or burns

genital herpes

caused by herpes simplex virus type 2; highly contagious at all times, even when no lesions visible; no cure

cushing's syndrome

caused by prolonged exposure to high levels of cortisol

myofascial pain syndrome

caused by repetitive motions that create trigger points, tender areas that connect to the fascia and muscle, producing localized pain

infectious mononucleosis

caused by the Epstein-Barr virus, characterized by fever, sore throat, and enlarged lymph nodes

varicella

caused by the herpes virus varicella zoster and is highly contagious. this condition is characterized by a fever and rash consisting of hundred of itchy, fluid-filled blisters

genital warts

caused by the human papilloma virus (HPV); highly contagious; increases risk of cervical cancer

syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone

caused by the overproduction of the antidiuretic hormone ADH

diabetic coma

caused by very high blood sugar (hyperglycemia)

insulin shock

caused by very low blood sugar

vasodilator

causes expansion of blood vessels

vasoconstrictor

causes narrowing of blood vessels

heel spur

calcium deposit in the plantar fascia near its attachment to the calcaneus bone

due date

calculated form the first day of the last menstrual period

- cytes

cells

spinal cord injury

can cause paralysis. the higher the injury the worse the possible damage.

fat embolus

can form when a long bone is fractured anmd fat cells from yellow bone marrow are released into the blood

male breast cancer

can occur in the small amount of breast tissue that is normal present in men

spongy bone

cancellous bone, is porous bone

hypercalcemia

characterized by abnormally low levels of calcium in the blood

arteries

carry blood away from heart

Pulmonary Arteries

carry deoxygenated blood out of the right ventricle and into the lungs

lactiferous ducts

carry milk from the mammary glands to the nipple

chondr/i, chondr/o

cartilage

intervertebral disks

cartilage cushion pads between vertebra

xiphoid process

cartilage structure of the lower portion of the sternum

zygomatic bones

cheekbones

hormones

chemical messengers that are secreted by endocrine glands directly into the bloodstream

rheumatoid arthritis

chronic autoimmune disorder in which the joints and some organs of other body systems are attacked. They attack synovial membranes causing swelling and stiffness

heart failure

chronic condition where heart is unable to discharge all of the blood it receives, resulting in congestion. May be left or right sided; may result in cardiomegaly, common in the elderly

paget's disease

chronic disease of unknown cause named for Sir James Paget. abnormal breakdown of bone usually in the pelvis, skull, spine and legs

rotation

circular movement around an axis such as the shoulder joint

epididymis

coiled tube at the upper part of each testicle

clavicle

collar bone

right lymphatic duct

collects lymph from the right side of the head and neck, the upper right quadrant of the body, and the right arm

staphyl/o

combining form meaning clusters or bunches of grapes

swollen glands

common name for lymphadenitis

chicken pox

common name for varicella, caused by the herpes virus varicella zoster and is highly contagious. this condition is characterized by a fever and rash consisting of hundred of itchy, fluid-filled blisters

yeast infection

common term for candidiasis, infections that occur on the skin or mucous membrane in warm, moist areas and are caused by pathogenic yeast

Myocardial infarction

commonly known as a heart attack, A blockage of one or more coronary arteries caused b plaque build up

vermiform appendix

commonly referred to as the appendix

asystole

complete absence of eltrical activity in the heart

preeclampsia

complication of pregnancy characterized by hypertension, edema, & proteinuria

open fracture

compound fracture, broken bone with open wound

uterine prolapse

condition in which the uterus slides from its normal position int he pelvic cavity and sags into the vagina

bacterial vaginosis

condition in women in which there is an abnormal overgrowth of certain bacteria in the vagina; can cause pregnancy complications

pregnancy

condition of having a developing child in the uterus

pruritus vulvae

condition of severe itching of the external female genitalia

disease

condition when something isn't functioning normally

vulva

consists of the labia, clitoris, Bartholin's glands, and vaginal orifice {vulv/o}

antiarrhythmic

controls irregularities of the heartbeat

tricuspid valve

controls opening b/w right atrium and right ventricle

tax-

coordination

tax/o

coordination, order

compact bone

cortical bone, is the dense, hard, very strong bone that forms the protective later of bones

acid mantle

covers the skin to make it an inhospitable environment for most bacteria

articular cartilage

covers the surface of bones where they articulate

crepitation

crepitus, the grating sound heard when the ends of a broken bone move together

ankyl/o

crooked, bent, stiff

comminuted

crushed into small pieces

lord/o

curve, swayback, bent

-otomy

cutting, surgical incision

spermatocele

cyst that develops in the epididymis and is filled with a milky fluid containing sperm

areola

dark-pigmented area surrounding the nipple

fibromyalgia

debilitating chronic condition characterized by fatigue, diffuse or specific muscle, joint, or bone pain, and a wide range of other symptoms

calcium channel blockers

decrease movement of calcium into cells by relaxing heart and blood vessels

flexion

decreasing the angle between two bones by bending the limb at a joint

hypoperfusion

deficiency of blood passing thru and organ or body part; loss of elasticity and ability to function

Hypo-

deficient, decreased

hypo-

deficient, decreased

myolysis

degeneration of muscle tissue

Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation

delivers electrical impulses through the skin, which causes changes in the muscles

cesarean section

delivery of the child through an incision in the maternal abdominal & uterine walls

palatine

describes the hard and soft palates that form the roof of the mouth

plasma cells

develop from B cells and secrete a large volume of antibodies coded to destroy specific antigens

cryptochidism

developmental defect in which one or both of the testicles fail to descend into their normal position in the scrotum

ruptured rotator cuff

develops when rotator cuff tendinitis is left untreated or if the overuse continues. it weakens and tears

hematologist

diagnose and treats abnormalities in blood

cardiologist

diagnoses and treats abnormalities of the heart

vascular surgeon

diagnoses and treats orders of blood vessels;;;veins

infertility specialist

diagnoses and treats problems associated with conception and maintaining pregnancy

duplex ultrasound

diagnostic procedure to image vessels and blood flow

bone marrow biopsy

diagnostic test that may be necessary after abnormal types or numbers of red or white blood cells are found in a complete blood count test

electromyography

diagnostic test that measures the electrical activity within muscle fibers in response to nerve stimulation

hysteroscopy

direct visual examination of the interior of the uterus and fallopian tubes

colposcopy

direct visual examination of the tissues of the cervix & vagina

remission

disappearance of symptoms without cure

path-

disease

pathogens

disease-producing microorganisms

Hodgkin's lymphoma

distinguished from other lymphomas by the presence of large, cancerous lymphocytes knows as reed-sternburg cells

dyskinesia

distortion or impairment of voluntary movement resulting in fragmented or jerky motions

neuromuscular blocker

drug that causes temporary paralysis by blocking the transmission of nerve stimuli to the muscles

iron deficiency anemia

due to insufficient amount of iron

ischemia

due to restricted blood flow causing insuffiencent supply of 02 to the tissue

short stature

dwarfism

mammoplasty

general term for a cosmetic operation on the breasts

hyperlipidemia

general term for elevated level of cholesterol

hemochromatosis

genetic; intestines absorb too much iron causing its accumulation in organs

seminal vesicles

glands that secrete a thick, yellow substance to nourish the sperm cells

eu-

good, normal, well, or easy

poli/o-

gray

vernix

greasy substance that protects the fetus in utero & can still be present at birth

maximus

great or large

meconium

greenish material that collects in the intestine of a fetus & forms the first stools of a newborn

fissure

groove/crack in skin folds of the brain

Bundle of HISS

group of fibers located in interventricular septum, heart contracts

premenstrual syndrome

group of symptoms experienced by some women within the 2-week period before menstruation

cervical dysplasia

growth of abnormal cells in the cervix, which can be detected by a Pap smear

pyrosis

heartburn

calcaneus

heel bone

Occupational therapist

helps patients to participate in everyday life

medical assistant

helps physicians examine and treat patients and performs tasks to keep offices running smoothly

-cele

hernia {suffix} (chapter 9)

-cele

hernia, tumor,swelling

myocele

herniation of muscle substance through a tear in the fascia surrounding it

singultus

hiccups, myoclonus of the diaphragm

therapeutic ultrasound

high frequency sound waves to treat muscle injuries by generating heat deep within muscle tissue

hypertension

higher than normal blood pressure

chlamydia

highly contagious bacterial infection that is the most commonly reported STD in the US; can cause infertility

gonorhhea

highly contagious condition caused by the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae

syphilis

highly contagious condition caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum; many symptoms similar to other STDs; spread by direct contact with a chancre (sore caused by this)

ileum

hip bone that is the superior posterior portion of the pelvis

acetabulum

hip socket

ball-and-socket joints

hips and shoulders

diagnosis

identification of disease

peripheral arterial disease

impaired circulation caused by atherosclerosis

in-

in, into, not, without

infertility

inability of a couple to achieve pregnancy after 1 year of regular, unprotected intercourse, or the inability of a woman to carry a pregnancy to a live birth

localized allergic response

includes redness, itching, and burning where the skin has come into contact with an allergen

greenstick fracture

incomplete fracture, the bone is bent and only slightly broken

bursitis

inflammation of a bursa

salpingitis

inflammation of a fallopian tube

tendinitis

inflammation of a tendon

oophoritis

inflammation of an ovary

vasculitis

inflammation of blood vessel

fasciitis

inflammation of fascia

testitis

inflammation of one or both testicles

overuse tendinitis

inflammation of tendons due to overuse

rotator cuff tendinitis

inflammation of tendons in the rotator cuff

cervicitis

inflammation of the cervix that is usually caused by an infection

epididymitis

inflammation of the epididymis that is frequently caused by the spread of infection from the urethra or the bladder

balanitis

inflammation of the glans penis that is usually caused by poor hygiene in men who have not had the foreskin removed by circumcision

endocervicitis

inflammation of the mucous membrane lining of the cervix

periostitis

inflammation of the periosteum

tenosynovitis

inflammation of the sheath surrounding a tendon

gastritis

inflammation of the stomach

gastroenteritis

inflammation of the stomach and small intestine

synovitis

inflammation of the synovial membrane

epicondylitis

inflammation of the tissues surrounding the elbow

tonsillitis

inflammation of the tonsils

vaginitis

inflammation of the vaginal lining

vulvitis

inflammation of the vulva

arthritis

inflammatory condition of one or more joints

polymyalgia rheumatica

inflammatory disorder of teh muscles and joints characterized by pain and stiffness in teh neck, shoulders, upper arms, and hips and thighs

melatonin

influences the sleep-wakefulness portions of the circadian cycle

thalassemia

inherited; due to reduced hemoglobin and few red blood cells than normal

strain

injury to the body of the muscle or to the of a tendon

endometrium

inner layer of the uterus, consists of specialized epithelial mucosa that is rich in blood vessels

endocardium

inner lining of heart, direct contat with blood

artificial pacemaker

electronic divide that regulates the heartbeats, Sa node not working

Braxton Hicks contractions

intermittent painless uterine contractions that occur with increasing frequently as the pregnancy progesses

orchiopexy

endoscopic surgery to move an undescended testicle into its normal position in the scrotum

-megaly

enlargement

abortion

interruption of termination of pregnancy before the fetus is viable

palpation

exam technique using hands to feel texture, size, consistency, and location

chorionic villus sampling

examination of cells retrieved from the chorionic villi, which are minute, vascular projections on the chorion

polycythemia

excess production of red blood cells by bone marow

hypermenorrhea

excessive amount of menstrual flow over a period of more than 7 days

polyphagia

excessive hunger

polyuria

excessive urination

menometrorrhagia

excessive uterine bleeding at both the usual time of menstrual periods and at other irregular intervals

hyper-

excessive, increased

spermatic cord

extends upward from the epididymis and is attached to each testicle

acromion

extension of the shoulder blade that creates the high point of the shouler

vaginal orifice

exterior opening of the vagina

epicardium

external layer of heart, inner layer of pericardium

perineum

external region (in males and females) between the pubic symphysis and coccyx

hyperextension

extreme of over-extension of a limb or body part beyond its normal limit

bradykinesia

extreme slowness in movement

infection

invasion of body by a pathogen

clinical trials

involve testing new and promising cancer treatments that have not yet received FDA approval on patients who agree to be part of the research

antigen-antibody reaction

involves binding antigens to antibodies. This reaction labels a potentially dangerous antigen so it can be recognized and destroyed by other cells of the immune system.

uterine cancer

involves cancerous growth on the lining of the uterus

osteochondroma

is a benign bony projection covered with cartilage

hypotonia

is a condition in which there is diminished tone of the skeletal muscles

ankylosing spondylitis

is a form of rheumatoid arthritis that primarily causes inflammation of the joints between the vertebra

arthroscopic surgery

is a minimally invasive procedure for the treatment interior of a joint

neurologist

is a physician who specializes in treating the causes of paralysis and similar muscular disorders in which there is a loss of function

sphincter

is a ring-like muscle that tightly constricts the opening of a passageway

spinal fusion

is a technique to immobilize part of the spine by joining together two or more vertebrae

myoparesis

is a weakness or slight muscular paralysis

hip resurfacing

is an alternative to a THR. function is restored to the hip by placing a metal cap over the head of the femur to allow it to move smoothly over a metal lining in the acetabulum

juvenile rheumatoid arthritis

is an autoimmune disorder that affects children ages 16 years or oyunger, with symptoms including stiffness, apin, swelling, skin rash, fever, slowed growth, and fatigue

plantar fasciitis

is an inflammation of the plantar fascia on the sole of the foot.

foramen

is an opening in a bone through which blood vessels, nerves, and ligaments pass

adrenalitis

is inflammation of the adrenal glands

intermittent claudication

is pain in the leg muscles that occurs during exercise and relieved by reset. due to poor circulation associated with peripheral vascular disease.

quadriplegia

is paralysis of all four extremities

adjuvant therapy

is sometimes used after the primary cancer treatments have been completed to decrease the chance that a cancer will recur

chondromalacia

is the abnormal softening of cartilage

medullary cavity

is the central cavity located in the shaft of long bones

meniscus

is the curved, fibrous cartilage found in some joints such as the knee and the temporomandibular joint of the jaw.

ataxia

is the lack of muscle coordination during voluntary movements

plantar flexion

is the movement that bends the foot downward at the ankle

synovial capsule

is the outermost layer of strong fibrous tissue that resembles a sleeve as it surrounds the joint

salping/o

fallopian tube OR eustachian tube {root}

fasci/o

fascia, fibrous band

malaise

feeling of general discomfort or uneasiness

paraplegia

is the paralysis of both legs and the lower part of the body

diaphysis

is the shaft of a long bone

ergonomics

is the study of the human factors that affect the design and operation of tools and the work environment

arthrodesis

is the surgical fusion of two bones to stiffen a joint

laminectomy

is the surgical removal of a lamina or posterior portion of a vertebra

endosteum

is the tissue that lines the meduallry cavity

insertion

is where the muscle ends by attaching to a bone or tendon. the insertion is the more movable attachment farthest away from the midline of the body

premature infant

fetus born before the 37th week of gestation

pyr/o

fever or fire

olig/o

few, scanty {root}

fibr/o

fibrous tissue, fiber

cervical vertebrae

first 7 vertebra. C1-C7

quickening

first movement of the fetus in the uterus that can be felt by the mother

external oblique

flex and rotate the vertebral column. flex torso. compress abdomen.

internal oblique

flex the spine. support abdominal muscles. help breathe. rotate the spine

rectus abdominus

flexes trunk, helps breathe, supports spine

pulmonary circulation

flow of blood between the heart and lungs

systemic circulation

flow of blood to all parts of the body except the lungs

-rrhea

flow or discharge

exudate

fluid (pus) leaking from infected wound

mucus

fluid secreted by mucous membranes

follicle

fluid-filled sac containing a single ovum (egg)

hydrocele

fluid-filled sac in the scrotum along the spermatic cord leading from the testicles

amniotic cavity

fluid-filled sac space between the embryo & the amniotic sac

pod-

foot

podiatrist

foot specialist

peyronie's disease

form of sexual dysfunction in which the penis is bent or curved during erection

metatarsals

form the body of the foot

suppuration

formation of discharge of pus

identical twins

formed by the fertilization of a single egg cell by a single sperm that divides to from two embryos

vomer bone

forms the base of the nasal septum

lordosis

forward curvature of the lumbar spine

cytomegalovirus

found in most body fluids, most often present as a silent infection

external fixation

fracture treatment where pins are placed through soft tissues and bone to hold it in place

Colles' fracture

fractured wrist occurring at the lower end of the radius

gonads

gamete-producing glands

ultrasonic bone density testing

screening test for determining a bone disease

thoracic vertebrae

second 12 vertebra. T1-T12

cervical cancer

second-most common cancer in women; usually affects women between the ages of 45 & 65 years

antidiuretic hormone

secreted by the hypothalamus and stored and released in the pituitary gland, helps control blood pressure by reducing the amount of water that is excreted through the kidneys

corpus luteum

secretes the hormone progesterone during the second half of the menstrual cycle

body of the sternum

self explanatory

testicular self-examination

self-help step in early detection of testicular cancer by detecting lumps, swelling, or changes in the skin of the scrotum

muscul-

muscle

my/o

muscle

depressor muscle

muscle that depresses

levator muscles

muscle that elevate

temporalis

muscle that moves the lower jaw back to the mouth

myometrium

muscular middle layer of uterus

vagina

muscular tube lined with mucosa that extends from the cervix to the outside of the body {colp/o, vagin/o}

chronic fatigue syndrome

myalgic encephalomyelitis. characterized by profound fatigue

tendon

narrow band of nonelastic, dense, fibrous connective tissue that attaches a muscle to bone

arteriostenosis

narrowing of artery

phimosis

narrowing of the opening of the foreskin so it cannot be retracted to expose the glans penis

valvular stenosis

narrowing, stiffening of heart valves

neur/o

nerve

neur/o-

nerve

neo-

new

neonate

new born infant is known as a _________

process

normal projection on the surface of a bone that most commonly serves as an attachment for a musclec or tendon

menopause

normal termination of menstrual function

antibiotic-resistant bacteria

occur when antibiotics fail to kill all of the bacteria they target, the surviving bacteria become resistant to this particular drug

polymenorrhea

occurrence of menstrual cycles more frequently than is normal

rhabdomyolysis

serious syndrome where the death of muscle fibers releases their contents into the blood stream where they can lead to complications like renal failure

conception

occurs when a sperm penetrates & fertilizad the descending ovum

diabetic retinopathy

occurs when diabetes damages the tiny blood vessels in the retina

impingement syndrome

occurs when inflamed and swollen tendons are caught in the narrow space between the bones within the shoulder joint

addison's disease

occurs when the adrenal glands do not produce enough of the hormones cortisol or aldosterone

allergic reaction

occurs when the body's immune system reacts to a harmless allergen such as pollen, food, or animal dander as if it were a dangerous foreign invader

immunodeficiency disorder

occurs when the immune response is compromised

syndrome

set of signs and symptoms for a disease

sudden cardiac arrest

occurs when treatment of cardiac arrest is not provided quickly

heart murmur

often caused by defective heart valves, usually odes not require surgery unless patients quality of life is affected

andropause

often referred to as male menopause, marked by the decrease of testosterone

breech presentation

one in which the buttocks of feet of the fetus are positioned to enter the birth canal first instead of the head

methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus

one of several types of bacteria that are now resistant to most antibiotics

bacteria

one-celled microscopic organisms, most are not harmful to humans

internal fixation

open reduction internal fixation, plates and pins are placed directly into the bone to hold broken pieces together. not usually removed afterwards.

clitoris

organ of sensitive, erectile tissue located anterior to the urethral meatus and the vaginal orifice

genitalia

organs of reproduction and their associated structures

ovarian cancer

originates within cells of ovaries

autologous

originating within an individual

allogenic

originating within another

androgens

sex hormones secreted by gonads, the adrenal cortex, and fat cells

androgens

sex hormones, primarily testosterone, secreted by the gonads, the adrenal cortex, and fat cells

testicular torsion

sharp pain in the scrotum caused by twisting of the vas deferens & blood vessels leading into the testicle

aponeurosis

sheet-like fibrous connective tissues resembling a flattened tendon that connects muscles together or to a bone

tibia

shinbone

scapula

shoulder blade

deltoid

shoulder muscle. called that because shoulder muscle looks like an inverted triangle which is the delta symbol

transverse abdominis

side of the abdomen. core muscle

closed fracture

simple fracture, complete fracture, bone is broken but no open wound

crani/o

skull

oblique

slanted or at an angle

sacroiliac

slightly movable articulation between the sacrum and ileum bones

herniated disk

slipped or ruptured disk

cartilage

smooth, rubbery, blue-white connective tissue that acts as a shock absorber between bones

fontanelles

soft spots on the skull of a newborn

myofascial release

soft-tissue manipulation technique used to ease the pain of conditions such fibromyalgia

eponym

something that is named for the discoverer or describer

short stature

sometimes caused by deficient secretion of growth hormone

-iatrist

specialist

-ologist

specialist

avascular necrosis

osteonecrosis, bone tissue death caused by inadequate blood flow

rheumatologist

specialist in arthritis and other bone/tendon/ligament disorders

orthopedic surgeon

specialist in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders involving the bones, joints, and muscles

physiatrist

specialist in physical medicine and rehab

sports medicine physician

specialist in sports-related injuries

colostrum

specialized form of milk that delivers essential nutrients & antibodies in a form that the newborn can digest

phagocytes

specialized leukocytes that act as part of the antigen-antibody reaction by destroying substances such as cell debris, dust, pollen, and pathogens by the process of phagocytosis

dendritic cells

specialized leukocytes that patrol the body searching for antigens that proceed infections

B cells

specialized lymphocytes that produce antibodies, most effective against viruses and bacteria circulating the blood

mucous

specialized membranes that line body cavities

lacteals

specialized structures of the lymphatic system that absorb those fast that cannot be transported by the bloodstream

chiropracter

specializes in alignment of bones

allergist

specializes in diagnosing and treating conditions of altered immunologic reactivity, such as allergic reactions

immunologist

specializes in diagnosing and treating disorders of the immune system

sperm/o, spermat/o

sperm {2 roots}

myel/o

spinal cord, bone marrow

spondylosis

spinal osteoarthritis, can cause the loss of structure and function in the spine.

comminuted fracture

splintered or crushed bone

west nile virus

spread to humans by the bite of an infected mosquito. a mild form of this condition has flu-like symptoms. a more severe variety spreads to the spinal cord and brain

ex-

out of, outside, away from

kyphosis

outward curvature of the thoracic spine

oophor/o, ovari/o

ovary {2 roots}

priapism

painful erection that lasts 4 hours or more but is not accompanied by sexual excitement

cramp

painful localized muscel spasms often named for its cause

ovaries

pair of small, almond-shaped organs located in the lower abdomen, one on either side of the uterus {oophor/o, ovari/o}

palatine bones

palate of the mouth and the base of the bose

metacarpals

palm bones

-plegia

paralysis, stroke

ilium

part of the hip bone

partial knee replacement

part of the knee is replaced

subluxation

partial displacement of a bone from its joint

urethra

passes through the penis to the outside of the body

lesion

pathologic change of tissue

first trimester screening

performed between 11 & 13 weeks of pregnancy & involves an ultrasound & a fingerstick blood test

oral glucose tolerance test

performed to confirm a diagnosis of diabetes mellitus and to aid in diagnosing hypoglycemia

pregnancy test

performed to detect an unusually high level of the human chorionic gonadotropin hormone in either a blood or uterine specimen

endovaginal ultrasound

performed to determine the cause of abnormal vaginal bleeding

professional palpation of the breast

performed to feel the texture, size, and consistency of the breast

gestation

period of development of the child in the mother's uterus

contracture

permanent tightening of fascia, muscles, tendons, ligaments, or skin when elastic tissue gets replaced with nonelastic tissue

-ic

pertaining to

natal

pertaining to birth

-poietic

pertaining to formation

myofascial

pertaining to muscle tissue and fascia

hemopoietic

pertaining to the formation of blood cells

cardi

pertaining to the heart

endarterial

pertaining to the interior or lining of an artery

neuromuscular

pertaining to the relationship between the muscle and nerve

viral

pertaining to virus

pediatrician

physician specializing in the treatment of babies and children

gynecologist

physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the female reproductive system

urologist

physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the genitourinary system

neonatologist

physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating disorders of the newborn

pediatrician

physician who specializes in diagnosing, treating, and preventing disorders and diseases of children

obstetrician

physician who specializes in providing medical care to women during pregnancy, childbirth, and immediately thereafter

ulna

pinky side forearm bone

ather/o

plaque, fatty substance

serum

plasma fluid after blood cells and clotting proteins removed

interstitial fluid

plasma from arterial blood that flows out of the arterioles and into the capillaries, and then flows into the spaces between the cells and tissues

natural killer cells

play an important role in the killing of cancer cells and cells infected by viruses

interleukins

play multiple roles in the immune system, including directing b ad T cells to divide and proliferate

thymosin

plays an important part in the immune system by stimulating the maturation of lymphocytes into T cells

toxins

poisonous or harmful substances

Baker's cyst

popliteal cyst, a fluid filled sac behind the knee

holter monitor

portable EKG worn by ambulatory patient monitors heart rate for 24-48 hours

coronary artery bypass graft CABAGE

portion of vein from leg or chest is implanted; replaces blocked coronary artery; improves blood flow to the heart

ischium

posterior bone that looks like a ring in the hips

occipital bone

posterior portion of the skull

lamina

posterior portion of the vertebra

lochia

postpartum vaginal discharge that typically continues for 4-6 weeks after childbirth

ectopic pregnancy

potentially dangerous condition in which a fertilized egg is implanted & begins to develop outside of the uterus

fibrillation

potentially life threatening fast, irregular heatbeats

malignant cells

potentially life-threatening cancer cells

palpitation

pounding of heart

palpitation

pounding, racing heartbeats may be due to heart disorder or may occur during panic attack

prognosis

prediction of the probable outcome of disease

gravid/o, -gravida

pregnant {root, suffix}

hemospermia

presence of blood in the seminal fluid

fibrocystic breast disease

presence of single or multiple benign cysts in the breasts

lactation

process of forming and secreting milk from the breasts as nourishment for the infant

spermatogensis

process of sperm formation

ossification

process of turning into bone

endocrine glands

produce hormones and do not have ducts

Bartholin's glands

produce mucus secretion to lubricate the vagina

neurohormones

produced and released by neurons in the brain, rather than by the endocrine glands, and delivered to organs and tissues through the bloodstream

calcitonin

produced by the thyroid gland, is a hormone that works with the parathyroid hormone to decrease calcium levels in the blood and tissues by moving calcium into storage in the bones and teeth

interferons

produced in response to the presence of antigens, particularly viruses or tumor cells

galactorrhea

production of breast milk in a women who is not breastfeeding

leukorrhea

profuse, whitish mucus discharge from the uterus and vagina

ankylosing

progressive stiffness of joints

muscular dystrophy

progressive weakness and degeneration of the skeletal muscles. more than 30 diseases

pelvis

protects internal organs and supports the lower extremities. It includes the pelvic girdle

hernia

protrusion of a part of a structure through the tissues normally containing it

vaccination

provides protection against a contagious disease without having been exposed to the risk of actually having the disease

physical therapist

provides treatment to prevent disabolity or restore function through the use of exercise, heat, massage, and other techniques

py/o

pus

myoclonus

quick involuntary jerking of a muscle or group of muscles

teletherapy

radiation therapy administered at a distance from the body

hysterosalpingography

radiographic examination of the uterus and fallopian tubes

angiography

radiographic study of blood vessels after injecting of contrast medium

pelvimetry

radiographic study to measure the dimensions of the pelvis to evaluate its capacity to allow passage of the fetus through the birth canal

acute

rapid onset, sever course, short

supra ventricular tachycardia

rapid, regular heartbeats origination at or above the AV node

left ventricle

recieves O2 rich blood from left artium, blood flows out of lv through aortic semilunar valve into aorta, to everywhere but lungs

erythr/o-

red

aspirin

reduces ability to clot blood

tolerance

refers to an acquired unresponsiveness to a specific antigen

adjuvant

refers to an agent intended to increase the effectiveness of drug

antepartum

refers to the final stage of pregnancy just before the onset of labor

condyle

refers to the round prominence at the end of a bone

patella

knee bone

hinge joints

knees and elbows

variocele

knot of varicose veins in one side of the scrotum

cardiopulmonary bypass CPB

known as heart lung machine

atonic

lacking normal muscle tone or strength

macro-

large, abnormal size, long

mega- megal/o

large, great

laryng

larynx or throat

lumbar vertebrae

last 5 vertebra. L1-L5

ileum

last part of long intestines

scoliosis

lateral curvature of the spine

temporal bones

lateral portion of the skull inferior to the parietal bones

parietal bones

lateral portions of the skull, superior to the temporal bones. there are 2

duct-

lead

sinistr/o

left side

growth hormone

regulates the growth of bone, muscle, and other body tissues

Pectoral

relating to the chest

visceral

relating to the internal organs

skeletal muscle relaxant

relax muscles to relieve stiffness, pain, and discomfort

ovulation

release of a mature egg from a follicle on the surface of the ovary

tenolysis

release of a tendon from adhesions

nitroglycerin

relieves pain of angina

varicocelectomy

removal of a portion of an enlarged vein to relive a varicocele

plasmapheresis

removal of blood and separation of cellular elements

coronary veins

remove hate products from the myocardium

pyel/o

renal pelvis, part of kidney

repetitive stress disorder

repetitive motion disorder

revision surgery

replacement of a worn or failed implant

natural immunity

resistance to a disease present without the administration of an antigen or exposure to a disease.

RICE

rest, ice, compress, elevate

fraternal twins

result from the fertilization of separate ova by separate sperm cells

uterine involution

return of the uterus to its normal size & former condition after delivery

veins

returns o2 poor blood to heart

immobilization

stabilization, act of holding, suturing, or fastening the bone in a fixed position with strapping or a cast

lymphocytes

leukocytes that are formed in bone marrow as stem cells

monocytes

leukocytes that provide immunological defenses against many infectious organisms

liquid-tissue sarcomas

sarcomas that arise from blood and lymph

hard-tissue sarcomas

sarcomas that arise from bone or cartilage

Apgar score

scale of 1-10 to evaluate a newborn infant's physical status at 1 & 5 minutes after birth

olig/o

scanty, few

cardiac ablation

scars or destroys the heart tissue that is triggering an abnormal heart rhythm

capsul-

little box

hepat/o-

liver

smooth muscle

located in organs. involuntary. unstriated. visceral

red bone marrow

located in spongy bone, manufactures red blood cells

supination

rotating arm so that the palm is forward or up

fibroadenoma

round, firm, rubbery mass that arises from excess growth of glandular and connective tissue in the breast

malleolus

rounded bony projection on the tibia and fibula on the sides of each ankle joint

fundus

rounded part of uterus, above the entrance of the fallopian tubes

mons pubis

rounded, fleshy prominence located over the pubic symphysis

bulbourethral glands

located just below the prostate gland

thymus

located near the midline in the anterior portion of the thoracic cavity

adrenal glands

located with one on top of each kidney, each consists of an outer portion and middle portion

chronic

long duration

vas deferens

long, narrow continuations of each epididymis which lead upward to join the urethra

spirochetes

long, slender spiral-shaped bacteria that have flexible walls and are capable of movement

-lysis

loosening or setting free

osteoporosis

loss of bone density and increase in bone porosity usually caused by age

sarcopenia

loss of muscle mass, strength, and function due to aging

paralysis

loss of sensation and voluntary muscle movements in a muscle through disease or injury to its nerve supply

ankylosis

loss or absence of mobility in a joint due to disease, injury, or a surgical procedure

lumbago

low back pain

Dual X-ray absorptiometry

low-exposure radiographic measurement of teh spine and hips to measure bone density

cervix

lower, narrow portion of uterus that extends into the vagina {cervic/o}

depression

lowering a body part

lymphatic vessels

lymph flows from the lymphatic capillaries into the progressively larger

cervical

lymph nodes located along the sides of the neck

inguinal

lymph nodes located in the inguinal area of the abdomen

axillary

lymph nodes located under the arms in the area known as the armpits

lymph

made up of the remaining 10% of returning interstitial fluid. a clear, watery fluid containing electrolytes and proteins

Carotid arteries

major arteries that carry blood upwards to the head

anabolic steroids

man-made substances that are chemically related to male sex hormones, used in the treatment of hormone problems in men and to help the body replace muscle mass lost due to disease

closed reduction

manipulation, attempted realignment of the bone involved in a fracture

poly-

many

ERYTHROCYTES

mature red blood cells produced by red bone marrow, transport 02, hemoglobin

delayed breast reconstruction

may be necessary if the surgery is to be followed by radiation treatment, severe techniques used to restore size and shape of missing breast

path/o

meaning disease; and also suffering, feeling, and emotion (word root)

pathogenic

means capable of proceeding disease

transverse

means in a crosswise direction

in situ

means in the place where the cancer first occurred

lymphaden

means lymph node

lymphoid

means pertaining to the lymphatic system or resembling lymph of lymphatic tissue

lingual

means pertaining to the tongue

monoclonal

means pertains to a single clone of cells

postexposure

means that the patient has been exposed to the virus, for example, by being bitten by an animal with rabies

intact

means that there are no cuts, scrapes, open sores, or breaks in the skin

maturation

means the process of becoming mature

differentiation

means to be modified to perform a specific function

stimulate

means to cause greater activity

complement

means to complete or make whole

repress

means to decrease or stop a normal response

inhibit

means to slow the growth or development of

debilitated

means weakened by another condition

compromised

means weakened or not functioning properly

arthroplasty

meas the surgical repair of a damaged joint

contraceptive

measure taken, or device used, to lessen the likelihood of conception & pregnancy

fructosamine test

measures average glucose levels over the previous 3 weeks

home blood glucose monitoring

measures the current blood sugar level, test performed by the patient

fasting blood sugar test

measures the glucose levels after the patient has not eaten for 8 to 12 hours used to screen for diabetes

thyroid scan

measures thyroid function, is a form of nuclear medicine

orthotic

mechanical appliance that is designed to facilitate the use of an impaired limb

triage

medical screening toput patients where they need to go

antihistamines

medications administered to relieve or prevent the symptoms of hay fever, which is a common allergy to wind-borne pollens, and other types of allergies

antibiotics

medications capable of inhibiting growth or killing pathogenic, bacterial microorganisms

lymphatic capillaries

microscopic, blind-ended tubes located near the surface of the body with capillary walls that are only one cell in thickness

myocardium

middle and thickest layer of heart

corpus

middle portion (body) of uterus

mammary glands

milk-producing glands that develop during puberty

electrolytes

mineral substances such as sodium and potassium that are normally found in the blood

overuse injuries

minor tissue injuries that aren't given time to heal

intrauterine device

molded plastic contraceptive inserted through the cervix into the uterus

stress test

monitoring the EKG while patient exercises on treadmill, or is injected with a chemical to increase the heart rate

postpartum depression

mood disorder characterized by feelings of sadness & the loss of pleasure in normal activities that can occur shortly after giving birth

eclampsia

more serious form of preeclampsia, is characterized by convulsions & sometimes corna

testicular cancer

most common cancer in American males between the ages of 15 & 34 years

radical hysterectomy

most commonly performed to treat uterine cancer; surgical removal of the ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, & cervix

kines/o, kinesi/o

movement

abduction

movement away from the midline

dorsiflexion

movement that bends the foot upward at the ankle

adduction

movement towards the midline

masseter

moves lower jaw up for chewing

-rrhexis

rupture

myorrhexis

rupture of a muscle

ovariorrhexis

rupture of an ovary

myorrhexis

rupture or tearing of a muscle

amniotic sac

sac made of two membranes (amnion & chorion) that surrounds the embryo in the uterus

scrotum

sac-like structure that surrounds, protects, and supports the testicles

infiltrating ductal carcinoma

starts in the milk duct, breaks through the wall of that duct, and invades the fatty breast tissue

arthrosclerosis

stiffness in the joints

lactogenic hormone

stimulates and maintains the secretion of breast milk in the mother after childbirth

interstitial cell-stimulating hormone

stimulates ovulation in the female, in the male it stimulates the secretion of testosterone

luteinizing hormone

stimulates ovulation in the female, in the male testosterone

adrenocorticotropic hormone

stimulates the growth and secretions of the adrenal cortex

follicle-stimulating hormone

stimulates the secretion of estrogen and the growth of ova in the ovaries of the female

thyroid-stimulating hormone

stimulates the secretion of hormones by the thyroid gland

oxytocin

stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth

muscle innervation

stimulation of a muscle by an impulse transmitted by a motor nerve

gastr/o-

stomach

lith

stone

rectus

straight alignment with the vertical axis of the body

digitalis

strengthens contraction of heart muscle, slows heart rate, eliminates fluid from body tissues

-cide

suffix meaning death

-cocci

suffix meaning spherical bacteria

carpal tunnel release

surgical enlargement of the carpal tunnel or cutting of the carpal ligament to relieve the pressure on tendons and nerves

colpopexy

surgical fixation of a prolapsed vagina to a surrounding structure such as the abdominal wall

osteoclasis

surgical fracture of a bone to correct a deformity

myotomy

surgical incision into a muscle

tenotomy

surgical incision into a tendon

episiotomy

surgical incision made through the perineum to enlarge the vaginal orifice to prevent tearing of the tissues as the infant moves out of the birth canal

craniotomy

surgical incision or opening into the skull

fasciotomy

surgical incision through fascia to relieve tension or pressure

dilation & curettage

surgical procedure in which the cervix is dilated & the endometrium of the uterus is scraped away

-centesis

surgical puncture to remove fluid

amniocentesis

surgical puncture with a needle to obtain a specimen of amniotic fluid

-ectomy

surgical removal of

conization

surgical removal of a cone-shaped specimen of tissue from the cervix

salpingo-oophorectomy

surgical removal of a fallopian tube and ovary

cranioectomy

surgical removal of a portion of the skull

aneurysmectomy

surgical removal of aneurysm

ostectomy

surgical removal of bone

salpingectomy

surgical removal of one or both fallopian tubes

ovariectomy

surgical removal of one or both ovaries

orchidectomy

surgical removal of one or both testicles

circumcision

surgical removal of the foreskin of the penis

hysterectomy

surgical removal of the uterus

myomectomy

surgical removal of uterine fibroids

castration

surgical removal or destruction of both testicles

-plasty

surgical repair

chondroplasty

surgical repair of damaged cartilage

cranioplasty

surgical repair of the skull

fascioplasty

surgical repair to fascia

tubal ligation

surgical sterilization procedure in which the fallopian tubes are sealed or cut to prevent sperm from reaching a mature ovum

-rraphy

surgical suturing

-rrhaphy

surgical suturing

colporrhaphy

surgical suturing of a tear in the vagina

tenodesis

surgical suturing of a tendon to bone

myorrhaphy

surgical suturing of muscle

episiorrhaphy

surgical suturing to repair an episiotomy

tenorrhaphy

surgical suturing together of the divided ends of a tendon

osteorrhaphy

surgical suturing, or wiring together, of bones

peri-

surrounding, around

neurorrhaphy

suturing together the ends of a severed nerve

edema

swelling caused by an abnormal accumulation of fluid in cells, tissues, or cavities of the body

vulvodynia

syndrome of unknown cause; characterized by chronic burning, pain during intercourse, itching, or stinging irritation of the vulva

synovi/o, synov/o

synovial membrane, synovial fluid

coccyx

tailbone. 4 fused vertebra at the end of the sacrum

colporrhexis

tearing or laceration of the vaginal wall

placenta

temporary organ that forms within the uterus to allow the exchange of nutrients, oxygen, & waste products between the mother & fetus without allowing maternal blood & fetal blood to mix

myalgia

tenderness or pain in the muscles

ten/o, tend/o, tendin/o

tendon, stretch out, extend, strain

achilles tendonitis

tendonitis in the Achilles tendon

carpal tunnel syndrome

tendons in the carpal tunnel become chronically overused and are inflamed and swollen

oligomenorrhea

term used to describe infrequent or very light menstruation in a woman with previously normal periods

orchid/o, test/i

testicle {2 roots}

sperm count

testing of freshly ejaculated semen to determine the volume plus the number, shape, size, & motility of the sperm

Bone density testing

tests bone density for diagnostic purposes

appendicular skeleton

the 126 bones of the upper and lower extremeties

axial skeleton

the 80 bones of the skull, ossicles, hyoid bone, the rib cage, and the vertebral column

allogenic bone marrow transplant

the BMT comes from a compatible donor

autologous BMT

the BMT comes from the patient himself by previously freezing healthy bone marrow

arteriosclerosis

the abnormal hardening of the walls of an artery or arteries

ELISA

the acronym for enzyme linked immunosorbent assay

talus

the ankle bone that articulates with the tibia and fibula

pubis

the anterior portion of the pubic bone

phalanges

the bones of the fingers and toes

circumduction

the circular movement at the far end of a limb

hypogonadism

the condition of deficient secretion of hormones by the sex glands

gynecomastia

the condition of excessive mammary development in the male

hypergonadism

the condition of excessive secretion of hormones by the sex glands

hyperinsulinism

the condition of excessive secretion of insulin in the bloodstream

hyperpituitarism

the excess secretion of growth hormone that causes acromegaly and gigantism

spondylolisthesis

the forward slipping movement of the body of one of the lower lumbar vertebrae on the vertebra or sacrum below it

diarrhea

the frequent flow of loose or watery stools

progesterone

the hormone released during the second half of the menstrual cycle by the corpus luteum in the ovary

glucagon

the hormone secreted by the alpha cells of the pancreatic islets in response to low levels of glucose in the bloodstream

insulin

the hormone secreted by the beta cells of the pancreatic islets in response to high levels of glucose in the bloodstream

thoracic duct

the largest lymphatic vessel in the body, collects lymph from the left side of the head and neck, upper left quadrant of the trunk, the left arm, and entire lower portion of the trunk, and both legs

hemorrhage

the loss of a large amount of blood in a short time

acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

the most advanced and fatal stage of an HIV infection

thyroid carcinoma

the most common cancer of the endocrine system

a metastasis

the new cancer size that results from the spreading process

external auditory meatus

the opening of the external auditory canal of the outer ear

radioactive iodine treatment

the oral administration of radioactive iodine to destroy thyroid cells

hyperparathyroidism

the overproduction of the parathyroid hormone, causes the condition known as hypercalcemia

hyperthyroidism

the overproduction of thyroid hormones

metastasize

the process by which cancer spreads from one place to another

staging

the process of classifying tumors by how far the disease has progresses, the potential for its responding to therapy, and the patient's prognosis

phagocytosis

the process of destroying pathogens by surrounding and swallowing them

puberty

the process of physical changes by which a child's body becomes an adult body that is capable of reproducing

-graphy

the process of producing a picture or record

angiogenesis

the process through which a tumor supports its growth by creating its own blood supply

homeostasis

the processes through which the body maintains a constant internal environment

subclavian vein

the proximal part of the main vein of the arm

surgical biopsy

the removal of a small piece of tissue for examination to confirm a diagnosis

hypophysectomy

the removal of abnormal glandular tissue

immunity

the state of being resistant to a specific disease

corticosteroids

the steroid hormones produced by the adrenal cortex

lymphatic system

the structures of this and specialized leukocytes work together in specific ways to attack and destroy pathogens that have succeeded in entering the body

pathology

the study of all aspects of diseases

neonatology

the study of disorders of the newborn

oncology

the study of the prevention, causes, and treatment or tumors and cancer

colostomy

the surgical creation of an artificial excretory opening between the colon and the body surface

arthrolysis

the surgical loosening of an ankylosed joint

abdominocentesis

the surgical puncture of the abdominal cavity to remove fluid

synovectomy

the surgical removal of a synovial membrane

pancreatectomy

the surgical removal of all or part of the pancreas

radical mastectomy

the surgical removal of an entire breast and many of the surrounding tissues

lobectomy

the surgical removal of one lobe of the thyroid gland

parathyroidectomy

the surgical removal of one or more of the parathyroid glands, is performed to control hyperparathyroidism

lumpectomy

the surgical removal of only the cancerous tissue with the surrounding margin of normal tissue

appendectomy

the surgical removal of the appendix

modified radical mastectomy

the surgical removal of the entire breast and all of the axillary lymph nodes under the adjacent arm

mastectomy

the surgical removal of the entire breast and nipple

pinealectomy

the surgical removal of the pineal gland

thymectomy

the surgical removal of the thymus gland

lymphedema

the swelling of the tissues due to an abnormal accumulation of lymph fluid within the tissues

cortisone

the synthetic equivalent of corticosteroids produced by the body

non-hodgkin's lymphoma

the term used to describe all other lymphomas other than Hodgkin's lymphoma

thyroxine, triiodothryonine

the two primary thyroid hormones that regulate the rate of metabolism and affect the growth and rate of function of many other body systems

chemotherapy

the use of chemical agents and drugs in combinations selected to destroy malignant cells and tissues

chemopreventation

the use of natural or synthetic substances such as drugs or vitamins to reduce the risk of developing cancer

brachytherapy

the use of radioactive materials in contact with or implanted into the tissues to be treated

femurs

thigh bone

choroin

thin outer membrane that encloses the embryo

inferior conchae

thin, scroll-like bones that born part of the interior of the nose

osteopenia

thinner than average bone density. precursor to osteoporosis

pancreatic islets

those parts of the pancreas that have endocrine functions

tri-

three

tonsils

three masses of lymphoid tissue that form a protective ring around the back of the nose and upper throat

trimesters

three of these during pregnancy (13 weeks each)

auditory ossicles

three tiny bones in the ear: incus, stapes, malleus

deep vein thrombosis

thrombus attached to the interior walls of a deep vein

radius

thumb side forearm bone

contraction

tightening of the muscle

puerperium

time from the delivery of the placenta through approximately the first 6 weeks after the delivery

-necrosis

tissue death

-desis

to bind, tie together

foot phalanges

toe bones

ton-

tone

ton/o

tone, stretching, tension

tonsill-

tonsil

lingual

tonsils located at the base of the tongue

adenoids

tonsils located in the nasopharynx

palatine

tonsils located on the left and right sides of the throat in the area that is visible at the back of the mouth

sprain

torn or wrenched ligament

laceration

torn/jagged wound or cut

hemiplegia

total paralysis

permetrium

tough membranous outer layer of uterus

periosteum

tough, fibrous tissue that forms the outermost covering of bone

medialis

toward the midline

lateralis

toward the side

ad-

toward, to in the direction of

perimenopause

transition phase between regular menstrual periods and no periods at all

human immunodeficiency virus

transmitted through exposure to infected body fluids, particularly through sexual intercourse with an infected partner (abbrev: HIV)

Lyme disease

transmitted to humans by the bite of an infected backlogged tick

inferior venae cava

transports blood from lower portion of body to heart

superior venae cava

transports blood from upper portion of body to heart

respiratory system

traps breathed-in foreign matter with nose hards and the moist mucous membrane lining of the respiratory system

sacrum

triangular shaped bone near the base of the spine that forms the lower portion of the back

umbilical cord

tube that carries blood, oxygen, and nutrients from the placenta to the developing child

fallopian tubes

tubes that extend from the upper end of the uterus to a point near, but not attached to, an ovary

bi-

twice, double, two

sub-

under, less, below

cytotoxic drugs

use for both immunosuppression and chemotherapy

fetal monitoring

use of an electronic device to record the fetal heart & the maternal uterine contractions during labor

hormone replacement therapy

use of the female hormones estrogen & progestin to replace those the body no longer produced during & after perimenopause

synthetic immunoglobulins

used as a post-exposure preventative measure against certain viruses, including rabies and some types of hepatitis. the goal of this treatment is to prevent the disease from developing by providing temporary immunity.

ultrasound

used as an initial follow-up test when an abnormality is found my a mammography

yellow bone marrow

used for fat storage

synthetic interferon

used in the treatment of multiple sclerosis, hepatitis C, and some cancers

multiples

used to describe a birth involving more than two infants

percutaneous diskectomy

used to treat a herniated intervertebral disk. removal of the disk through the skin, usually by sucking it out or by a lasering it out.

bone marrow transplant

used to treat leukemia and lymphomas. Patient gets it's bone marrow fried, then healthy bone marrow is put in.

antiviral drug

used to treat viral infections or to provide temporary immunity

labia majora & labia minora

vaginal lips that protect the other external genitalia and the urethral meatus

quadriceps femoris

vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedialis, and rectus femoris

Ven/o

veins

systolic pressure:

ventricles contract

diastolic pressure

ventricles relax

spondyl/o

vertebrae, vertebral column, backbone

spinal column

vertebral column. has 26 vertebrae

compression fracture

vertebral crush fracture, occurs when bone is pressed together on itself

viruses

very small infectious agents that live only by invading other cells

venography

viewing of specific veins after injecting dye

clon-

violent action

-scopy

visual exam

-scopy

visual examination

arthroscopy

visual examination of the internal structure of a joint

atrophy

weakness or wearing away

osteoarthritis (OA)

wear and tear arthritis, most commonly associated with aging. Degenerative disease. associated with bone hypertrophy

relaxation

when a muscle returns to its original form

viable

when the fetus is capable of living outside the uterus

afterbirth

when the placenta is expelled after the delivery of a newborn

seminiferous tubules

where sperm is formed

temporomandibular joint (TMJ)

where the mandible connects to the skull

origin

where the muscle begins. located nearest the midline of the body or on a less movable part of the skeleton

synovial joint

where two bones articulate to permit a variety of motions

leuk/o-

white

semen

whitish fluid containing sperm that is ejaculated through the urethra at the peak of male sexual excitement

total hip replacement (THR)

whole hip is replaced. Total hip arthroplasty

total knee replacement

whole knee is replaced

Stent

wire mesh tube supporting arterial wall

intramuscular

within the muscle

Intra-

within, inside

an-

without

primigravida

woman during her first pregnancy

primipara

woman who has borne one viable child

multiparous

woman who has given birth two or more times

nulligravida

woman who has never been pregnant

nullipara

woman who has never borne a viable child

axil

word root meaning armpit

mast

word root meaning breast

cervic

word root meaning neck

antagonistic

working in opposition to each other

exercise physiologist

works under the supervision of a physician to develop, implement, and coordinate exercise programs and administer medical tests to promote physical fitness

parathyroid hormone

works with the hormone calcitonin that is secreted by the thyroid gland

trauma

wound or injury

intact skin

wraps around the body in a physical barrier to prevent invading organisms from entering the body

carpals

wrist bones

torticollis

wryneck, is a stiff neck due to spasmodic contraction

reproductive system

— primary function of male system is to produce sperm and deliver them into the female body to create new life — male organs include: penis, testicles, prostate, urethra — primary function of female system is the creation and support of new life — female organs include: ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina

infundibulum

funnel-shaped opening into the fallopian tube near the ovary

olecranon process

funny bone. elbow point

Pandemic

An outbreak of a disease occurring over a large geographic area, possibly worldwide

Thromb/o

Clot

Noun endings

-a -e -um -us -y

Suffixes for "Pertaining to"

-ac -al -an -ar -ary -ous -tic

Suffixes for "Abnormal Condition"

-ago -esis -ia -iasis -ion -ism -osis

Suffixes for "Pertaining to"

-eal -ical -ial -ic -ine -ior -ory

ribs

12 pairs. AKA costals. the first 7 are true, next 3 are false, last two are floating ribs

normal sperm count

20-120 million or more sperm per milliliter of semen

venae cavae

2 largest veins, return blood to heart

ventricle

2 lower chambers of heart

atria

2 upper chambers of heart

Rotation

4.100

Flexion

4.91

Extension

4.92

Abduction

4.93

Adduction

4.94

Pronation

4.95

Supination

4.96

Dorsiflexion

4.97

Plantar Flexion

4.98

Circumduction

4.99

skull

8 bones form the cranium, 14 bones form the face, 6 bones form the middle ear

plasma

91% water, 9% protein contains nutrients, hormones, waste product; FIBRINOGEN: CLOTTING PROTEINS IN PLASMA

Anaplasia

A change in the structure of cells and in their orientation to each other. A characteristic of tumor formations in cancer

Genetic Mutation

A change of the sequence of a DNA molecule which can be caused by exposure to radiation or environmental pollution

Somatic Cell Mutation

A change within the cells of the body which affect the individual but *cannot* be transmitted to the next generation

Gametic Cell Mutation

A change within the genes in a gamete that *can* be transmitted by a parent to his or her children

Adenoma

A benign tumor that arises in, or resembles, glandular tissue

Premature Birth

A birth that occurs earlier than 37 weeks of development which can cause serious health problems because the baby's body systems have not had time to form completely

thrombus

A blood clot attached to the interior wall of an artery or vein.

megaloblastic anemia

A blood disorder characterized by anemia in which the red blood cells are larger than normal.

labor & delivery

AKA childbirth three stages: 1. dilation 2. delivery of baby 3. expulsion of the afterbirth

ovum (plural: ova)

AKA egg - female gamete {ov/o}

impotence

AKA erectile dysfunction - inability of the male to achieve or maintain a penile erection

glans penis

AKA head of penis - sensitive region located at the tip of the penis

dislocation

AKA luxation, the total displacement of a bone from its joint

menstruation

AKA menses - normal periodic discharge of endometrial lining and unfertilized egg from uterus {men/o}

uterine fibroid

AKA myoma - benign tumor composed of muscle and fibrous tissue that occurs uterine wall

low sperm count

AKA oligospermia - sperm count below 20 million/ml

testicular pain

AKA orchalgia pain in one or both testicles

papanicolaou test

AKA pap smear - exfoliative biopsy for the detection of conditions that can be early indicators of cervical cancer

foreskin

AKA prepuce - retractable double-layered fold of skin and mucous membrane that covers and protects the glans penis

testicles

AKA testes - two small, egg-shaped glands that produce sperm and testosterone {orchid/o, test/i}

uterus

AKA the womb - pear-shaped organ with muscular walls and a mucous membrane lining filled with a rich supply of blood vessels — consists of 3 main parts: fundus, corpus, cervix — consists of 3 membranous tissue layers: perimetrium, myometrium, endometrium {hyster/o, metr/i, metr/o}

trichomoniasis

AKA trich - infection caused by the protozoan parasite Trichomonas vaginalis

genitourinary system

AKA urogenital system - organ system of the reproductive organs and the urinary system

vasovasostomy

AKA vasectomy reversal - procedure performed as an attempt to restore fertility to a vasectomized male

vaginal candidiasis

AKA yeast infection - vaginal infection caused by the yeast-like fungus

Atrioventricle Node

AV node, transmits electrical impulses to bundle of Hiss, located floor of right atrium near interatrial septum

Dysplasia

Abnormal development or growth in cells, tissues, or organs

Cardiomegaly

Abnormal enlargement of the heart that is frequently associated with heart failure as the heart enlarges in an effort ti compensate for its decreasing pumping ability

varicose veins

Abnormally swollen veins that usually occur in the superficial veins of the legs.

Epigastric

Above the stomach

Adipose (Tissue)

Also known as *fat*, this tissue provides protective padding, insulation, and support

Food-borne (and water-borne) Transmission

Also known as *fecal-oral transmission*, this is caused by eating or drinking contaminated food or water that has not been properly treated to remove contamination or kill pathogens that are present

Adult Stem Cell(s)

Also known as *somatic cells*, these cells are undifferentiated and found among differentiated cells in a tissue or organ. The primary role of these cells is to maintain and repair the tissue in which they are found

Developmental Disorder

Also known as a *birth defect*, this disorder can result in an anomaly or malformation such as the absence of a limb or the presence of an extra toe

Communicable Disease

Also known as a *contagious disease*, this is any condition that is transmitted from one person to another either by direct or indirect contact with contaminated objects

Sex Cell(s)

Also known as a *gamete*, is the only type of cell which does not contain 46 chromosomes but instead contains 23 single chromosomes

Genetic Disorder

Also known as a *hereditary disorder*, is a pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene

Congenital Disorder

An abnormal condition that exists at the time of birth

tachycardia

An abnormally rapid resting heart rate.

bradycardia

An abnormally slow resting heart rate.

cardiac arrest

An event in which the heart abruptly stops beating or develops an arrhythmia that prevents it from pumping blood effectively.

Infectious Disease

An illness caused by living pathogenic organisms such as bacteria and viruses

Idiopathic Disorder

An illness without known cause

valvulitis

An inflammation of a heart valve.

endocarditis

An inflammation of the inner lining of the heart.

Hypochondriac

Below the ribs

Hypogastric

Below the stomach

Capill/o

Capillaries

Pulmonary veins

Carry the oxygenated blood from the lungs into the left atrium of the heart

pernicious anemia

Caused by a lack of the protein intrinsic factor (IF) that helps the body absorb vitamin B12 from the gastrointestinal tract.

Blood types

Classifications according to the presence or absence of certain antigens. (A, AB, B and O)

ventricular fibrillation

Consists of rapid, irregular, and useless contractions of the ventricles.

Graft Versus Host Disease

Condition that occurs following bone marrow transplant in which the immune cells in the transplanted marrow produce antibodies against the host's tissues

Birth Injuries

Congenital disorders that were not present before the events surrounding the time of birth

Deoxyribonucleic Acid

DNA

Erythrocytes

DNA is found in the nucleus of all types of cells except ________________, because they do not have a nucleus

coronary thrombosis

Damage to the heart muscle caused by a thrombus blocking a coronary artery.

hypo-

Deficient, decreased

Rh factor

Defines the presence or absence of the Rh antigen on red blood cells

automated external defibrillator

Designed for use by nonprofessionals in emergency situations when defibrillation is requirednecessary, externally shocks the heart to restore a normal cardiac rhythm.

Peripheral Vascular disease

Disorder of blood vessels that are located on the outside of the heart and brain

Chromosome

Each _______________ contains about 100,000 genes

tachy-

Fast

adip/o

Fat (word root)

XX

Female chromosome pair

Plasm

Formative material of cells

Eosinophils

Formed in red blood marrow then migrate to tissues throughout the body

Basophils

Formed in red bone marrow, Least common type of WBC

Neutrophils

Formed in red bone marrow, Most common type of WBC

Monocytes

Formed in red bone marrow, lymph nodes, and in the spleen. Aid in defense against infectious organisms

Lymphocytes

Formed in red bone marrow, lymph nodes, and in the spleen. They identify foreign substances in the body and produce antibodies that specifically target them.

atherosclerosis

Hardening and narrowing of the arteries caused by a buildup of cholesterol plaque on the interior walls of the arteries.causes insufficient supply of o2, may cause angina, myocardial infarction or death. Most common type of heart disease

Differentiated

Having a specialized function or structure

Cardi/o

Heart

Left atrium

LA, recieves O2 rich blood from lungs from 4 pulmonary veins, blood flows out of la through mitral valve into lv

Aorta

Largest vessel in the body

Dorsal (Cavity)

Located along the back of the body and head, contains organs of the nervous system that coordinate body functions

Retroperitoneal

Located behind the peritoneum

DNA

Located on the pairs of chromosomes in the nucleus of each cell

Lumbar

Lower back between the ribs and the pelvis

Inferior

Lowermost, below, or toward the feet (body direction)

magnetic resonance imaging

MRI used for imaging soft tissue

Abdominal (Region)

Made up of invisible quadrants, this region helps to better describe where organs and pain are located

Thorax (Region)

Made up of nine parts, this region helps to better describe where organs and pain are located

Undifferentiated

Not having a specialized function or structure

atrial fibrillation

Occurs when the normal rhythmic contractions of the atria are replaced by rapid, irregular twitching of the muscular heart wall.

septicemia

Often associated with severe infections caused by the presence of bacteria in the blood.

Holter monitor

Portable electrocardiograph that is worn by an ambulatory patient to continuously monitor the heart rates and rhythms over a 24/hr period

Functional Disorder

Produces symptoms for which no physiological or anatomical cause can be identified, such as a panic attack

right atrium

RA, receives O2 poor blood from all tissue but the lungs through the superior and inferior venae cavae, blood flows through ra to rv

right ventricle

RV pumps O2 poor blood through pulmonary semilunar valve into pulmonary artery, to lungs,

Pulse

Rhythmic pressure against the walls of an artery caused by contraction of the heart

Erythr/o

Red

Inguinal

Referring to the groin

Indirect Contact Transmission

Refers to situations in which a susceptible person is infected by contact with a contaminated surface

Visceral

Relating to the internal organs

Distal

Situated farthest from the midline or beginning of a body structure (body direction)

Posterior

Situated in the back (body direction)

Anterior

Situated in the front (body direction)

Proximal

Situated nearest the midline or beginning of a body structure (body direction)

brady-

Slow

anticoagulant

Slows coagulation and prevents new clots from forming.

Anatomic Position

Standing straight, palms facing forward

hist/o

Tissue (word root)

hemostasis

To stop or control bleeding.

Cephalic

Toward the head (body direction)

Caudal

Toward the lower part of the body (body direction)

Ventricles

Two lower chambers of the heart

Double Helix

Two staircase shapes twisted together

Artia

Two upper chambers of the heart

Embryonic Stem Cell(s)

Undifferentiated cells that are unlike any specific adult cell, but have the ability to form *any* adult cell. Found in cord blood and the placenta at birth

Stem Cell(s)

Unspecialized cells that are able to renew themselves for long periods of time by cell division

Superior

Uppermost, above, or toward the head (body direction)

myoma

a benign tumor made up of muscle tissue

Phleb/o

Veins

insulinoma

a benign tumor of the pancreas that causes hypoglycemia by secreting additional insulin

prolactinoma

a benign tumor of the pituitary gland, which causes the pituitary gland to produce too much of the lactogenic hormone known as prolactin

sentinel node biopsy

a biopsy of the first lymph node to come into contact with cancer cells as they leave the organ of origination

Recessive

When this type of gene is inherited from *both* parents, the offspring *will* have that condition or characteristic

Dominant

When this type of gene is inherited from *either* parent, the offspring *will* inherit that genetic condition or characteristic

Recessive

When this type of gene is inherited from only one parent, and a normal gene is inherited from the other, the offspring will *not* have that condition or characteristic

human immunodeficiency virus

a blood borne infection in which the virus damages or kills the T cells of the immune system, causing it to progressively fail

hemoglobin A1c testing

a blood test that measures the average blood glucose level over the previous 3 to four months

western blot test

a blood test that produces more accurate results than ELISA test, used to confirm the diagnosis when ELISA results are positive

ELISA

a blood test used to screen for the presence of HIV antibodies

Leuk/o

White

radiograph

X-ray

lymphatic circulatory system

___ and the blood circulatory system work closely together

lymphangioma

a benign tumor formed by an abnormal collection of lymphatic vessels due to a congenital malformation of the lymphatic system

nasopharyngeal tonsils

aka adenoids

antimycotic

aka antifungal agent, destroys or inhibits the growth of fungi

autoimmune disease

aka autoimmune disorder, any of a large group of disease characterized by a condition in which the immune system produces antibodies against its own tissues, mistaking healthy cells, tissues, or organs for antigens

shingles

aka herpes zoster, an acute viral infection characterized by painful skin eruptions that follow the underlying route of an inflamed nerve

intercellular, tissue fluid

aka interstitial fluid

cellular response

aka localized allergic response, includes redness, itching, and burning where the skin has come into contact with an allergen

immune serum

aka synthetic immunoglobulins, used as a post-exposure preventative measure against certain viruses, including rabies and some types of hepatitis. the goal of this treatment is to prevent the disease from developing by providing temporary immunity.

anaphylaxis

aka systemic reaction, a severe response to an allergen

antispasmodic

anticholinergic, suppresses smooth muscle contractions

mycosis

any abnormal condition or disease caused by a fungus

pyoderma

any acute, inflammatory, pus-forming bacterial skin infection such as impetigo

gastrosis

any disease of the stomach

lymphadenopathy

any disease process affecting a lymph node or nodes

gonadotropin

any hormone that stimulates the gonads

pelvic inflammatory disease

any inflammation of female reproductive organs not associated with surgery or pregnancy

cyan/o-

blue

cyanosis

blue discoloration of the skin caused by a lack of adequate oxygen in the blood

anteflexion

body of the uterus is bent forward

oss/e, oss/i, ost/o, oste/o

bone

osteomyelitis

bone and bone marrow inflammation

percutaneous vertebroplasty

bone cement is injected to stabilize compression fractures within the spinal column

rickets

bone growth deficiency due to lack of Vitamin D

myel/o

bone marrow spinal cord

osteopath

bone specialist

osteophytes

bone spurs

vertebrae

bony units in the spine

norepinephrine

both a hormone and a neurohormone is released as a hormone by the adrenal medulla and as a neurohormone by the sympathetic nervous system

stage 0

cancer cells are found only in one location

stage 1

cancer cells have moved beyond the duct but have not yet reached the lymph nodes

stage 2

cancer has increased in size, and/or has reached the axillary lymph nodes

stage 4

cancer has spread to other organs, most commonly the brain, lungs, liver, or bones

stage 3

cancer has spread to the cervical lymph nodes and/or the tissues surrounding the breast, such as the chest wall or skin

myeloma

cancer in the bone marrow

secondary bone cancer

cancer that spreads to bone from elsewhere in the body

infiltrating lobular carcinoma

cancer that starts in the milk glands, breaks through the wall of the gland, and invades the fatty tissue of the breast

cryosurgery

cancerous cells are frozen and destroyed using a substance such as liquid nitrogen

soft-tissue sarcoma

cancers of the muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood, and lymphatic vessels, or other supporting tissue, including the synovial tissues

breast cancer

carcinoma that develops form the cells of the breast and can spread to adjacent lymph nodes and other body sites

myocardial muscle

cardiac muscle. striated, but looks like smooth muscle.

fibrinogen prothrombin

clotting proteins found in plasma

talipes

club foot

compartment syndrome

compression of nerves and blood vessels due to swelling within the compartment

premenstrual dysphoric disorder

condition associated with severe emotional & physical problems that are closely linked to the menstrual cycle

polycystic ovary syndrome

condition caused by hormonal imbalance in which ovaries are enlarged by presence of cysts formed by follicles which were not fully developed

endometriosis

condition in which patches of endometrial tissue escape the uterus and become attached to other structures in the pelvic cavity

premature ejaculation

condition in which the male reaches climax too soon, usually before, or shortly after, penetration of the female

premature menopause

condition in which the ovaries cease functioning before age 40 due to disease, hormonal disorder, or surgical removal

spina bifibida

congenital defect that occurs during pregnancy where the spinal canal fails to close completely around the spinal cord to protect it

heart block

congenital or acquired arrhythmia, electrical signal unable to reach ventricles

ankles

connects the lower leg with the foot

fibrous joints

consist of inflexible layers of dense connective tissue that hold bones tightly together. They do not allow any movement

parathyroid gland

each of which us the size of a grain of rice, are embedded in the posterior surface of the thyroid gland

ot/o

ear

fimbriae

fringed, finger-like extensions of the infundibulum

embryo

from implantation through the 8th week of pregnancy, the developing child is known as ___________

fetus

from the 9th week of pregnancy, to the time of birth, the developing child in utero is known as the ___________________

occipitofrontalis

frontalis, forehead muscle

adhesive capsulitis

frozen shoulder caused by adhesion's forming in the synovial capsule making it thicker and tighter

myc/o

fungus

pulmonary semilunar valve

half-moon shaped, b/w right ventricle and pulmonary artery

vermiform appendix

hangs from the lower portion of the cecum, the first section of the large intestine

-sclerosis

hardening (think concrete)

ganglion cyst

harmless, fluid filled swelling that occurs most commonly on the outer surface of the wrist

hemolytic

having the function of destroying worn-out erythrocytes and releasing their hemoglobin for reuse

virile

having the properties of an adult male

-ceps

head

hyperkinesia

hyperactivity, abnormally increased muscle function or activity

melanocyte-stimulating hormone

increases the production of melanin in melanocytes, thereby causing darkening of skin pigmentation

extension

increasing the angle between two bones or the straightening out of a limb

sepsis

infection in the bloodstream

sexually transmitted diseases

infections that affect both males and females (abbrev: STDs)

candidiasis

infections that occur on the skin or mucous membrane in warm, moist areas and are caused by pathogenic yeast

-itis

inflammation

polymyositis

inflammation and weakness in many muscles

mandible

jaw bone

arthr/o

joint

thyroid gland

lies on either side of the larynx, just below the thyroid cartilage

prostate gland

lies under the bladder and surrounds the end of the urethra in the region where the vas deferens enters the urethra {prostat/o} (chapter 9)

cruciate ligaments

ligaments supporting the knee that facilitate movement

hemiparesis

light paralysis or weakness affecting one side of the body

ethmoid bone

light, spongy bone located at the roof and sides of the nose

claudication

limping

synovial membrane

lines the capsule and secretes synovial fluid

amniotic fluid

liquid that protects the fetus and makes possible its floating movements

lacrimal bones

make up the inner angle of the orbit

coitus

male ejaculates approximately 100 million sperm into the female's vagina

sperm

male gametes {sperm/o, spermat/o, semin/i}

penis

male sex organ that transports sperm into the female vagina {pen/i, phall/i}

vasectomy

male sterilization procedure in which a small portion of the vas deferens is surgically removed

craniostenosis

malformation of the skull due to premature closure of the cranial sutures

primary bone caner

malignant cancer originating in the bone

breast reduction

mammoplasty performed to decrease and reshape excessively large, heavy breasts

breast augmentation

mammoplasty performed to increase breast size

mastopexy

mammoplasty to affix sagging breasts in a more elevated position

electrocardiography

non invasive recording of the electrical activity of myocardium

rhin/o

nose

sign

objective evidence of disease, doctor sees it

rheumatism

obsolete term for arthritis

acquired immunity

obtained by having a contagious disease

stress fracture

overuse injury that result in small cracks in the bone

Iliotibial band syndrome

overuse injury. its caused by the band rubbing against bone, often near the knee

-dynia

pain

shin splint

pain caused by the tibialis anterior muscle tearing away from the tibia

dysmenorrhea

pain caused by uterine cramps during a menstrual period

mastalgia

pain in the breast

gastralgia

pain in the stomach or stomachache

cost/o

rib

thoracic cavity

rib cage

costochondroitis

rib cartilage inflammation

dextr/o

right side

bacilli

rod-shaped spore-forming bacteria

pituitary adenoma

slow growing benign tumors of the pituitary gland

bacteriostatic agent

slows or stops the growth of bacteria

micr/o

small

endometrial biopsy

small amount of the tissue from the lining the uterus is removed for microscopic examination

arterioles

small arteries that carry blood to the capillaries

villi

small fingerlike projections that line the small intestine

enter/o-

small intestine

fibula

smaller of the two bones in the lower leg

Capillaries

smallest blood vessles, deliver o2 and nutrients to cell tissue

thrombocytes

smallest formed elements, important role in clotting blood; platelets

venules

smallest veins, join to form larger veins

-ology

study of

otorhinolaryngology

study of the ears, nose, and throat

symptom

subjective evidence of disease, patient feels it

allergens

substances that produce allergic reactions

prosthesis

substitute for a diseased or missing body part

digital subtraction angiography

subtracting of soft tissue and bone from images with computer assistance

spasm

sudden involuntary contraction

coronary arteries

supply oxygen rich blood

pectoral girdle

supports the arms. AKA the shoulder girdle

-ostomy

surgical creation of an artificial opening to the body surface

osteotomy

surgical cutting of bone

telemetry

unit provides continuous cardiac monitoring for patients with heart problems not requiring intensive care

hypomenorrhea

unusually small amount of menstrual flow during a shortened regular menstrual period

humerus

upper arm bone

maxillary bones

upper jaw

nasal bones

upper part of the bridge of the nose

manubrium

upper portion of the sternum

radioactive iodine uptake test

uses radioactive iodine administered orally to measure thyroid function

laser surgery

uses targeted beams of light to destroy cancer cells

digestive system

uses the acids and enzymes produced by the stomach to destroy invaders that are swallowed or consumed with food

total hysterectomy

uterus & cervix are removed

hyster/o, metr/i, metr/o

uterus {3 roots}

human papilloma virus

vaccine is available to prevent this disease, which should be given at ages 11-12 before sexual activity (abbrev: HPV)

colp/o, vagin/o

vagina {2 roots}