Medical Terminology chapter 14: Reproductive System, Medical Terminology for Health Professionals 13, Medical Terminology for Health Professionals 6, Cardiovascular System: Medical Terminology for Health Professionals 8th Edition Chapter 5, Medical T...
angiography
The process of producing a radiographic (x-ray) study of blood vessels after the injection of a contrast medium to make these blood vessels visible
Transmission
The spread of a disease
Blood-borne Transmission
The spread of a disease through contact with blood or other bodily fluids that are contaminated with blood
Vector-borne Transmission
The spread of certain disease due to the bite of a vector, such as a fly, mite, flea, tick, rat, dog, or mosquito
Genetics
The study of how genes are transferred from parents to their children and the role of genes in health and disease
Cytology
The study of the anatomy, physiology, pathology, and chemistry of the cell
Etiology
The study of the causes of diseases
Geriatrics
The study of the medical problem and care of the aged
Pathology
The study of the nature and cause of disease that involves changes in structure and function. Also meaning a condition produced by disease
Histology
The study of the structure, composition, and function of tissues
embolism
The sudden blockage of a blood vessel by an embolus.
Adenectomy
The surgical removal of a gland
atherectomy
The surgical removal of plaque buildup from the interior of an artery.
carotid endarterectomy
The surgical removal of the lining of a portion of a clogged carotid artery leading to the brain.
angioplasty
The technique of mechanically widening a narrowed or obstructed blood vessel.
Antiarrhythmic
A medication administered to control irregularities of the heartbeat
Coumadin
A medication that helps prevent blood clots
beta-blocker
A medication that reduces the workload of the heart by slowing the rate of the heartbeat.
antihypertensive
A medication used to lower blood pressure. (pg147)
Peritoneum
A multi-layered membrane that protects and holds the organs in place within the abdominal cavity
Diaphragm
A muscle that separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities
Raynaud's disease
A peripheral arterial occlusive disease in which intermittent attacks are triggered by cold or stress.
Geriatrician
A physician who specializes in the care of older people
hyper-
Excessive, increased
electrocardiogram
A record of the electrical activity of the myocardium.
transfusion reaction
A serious and potentially fatal complication of a blood transfusion in which a severe immune response occurs because the patient's blood and the donated blood do not match.
Helix
A shape twisted like a spiral staircase
Organ
A somewhat independent part of the body that performs a specific function
Pathologist
A specialist in the laboratory analysis of tissue samples to confirm or establish a diagnosis
Epidemiologist
A specialist in the study of outbreaks of disease within a population group
Histologist
A specialist in the study of the organization of tissues at all levels
Secretion(s)
A substance produced by a gland
Epidemic
A sudden and widespread outbreak of a disease within a specific population group or area
Membrane
A thin layer of tissue that covers a surface, lines a cavity, or divides a space or organ
leukemia
A type of cancer characterized by a progressive increase in the number of abnormal leukocytes (white blood cells) found in bloodforming tissues, other organs, and in the circulating blood.
ventricular tachycardia
A very rapid heartbeat that begins within the ventricles.
bioimpedance spectroscopy
a noninvasive method of diagnosing lymphedema. it measures the resistance to an electrical current passed through the affected limb
toxoplasmosis
a parasite that is most commonly transferred from pets to humans by contact with contaminated animal feces
pituitary gland
a pea-sized gland that is divided into two parts, the anterior and the posterior lobes
oncologist
a physician specializing in the diagnosing and treatment of malignant disorders such as tumors and cancer
internist
a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the internal organs and related body systems
endocrinologist
a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and malfunctions of the endocrine glands
lymphologist
a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating disorders of the lymphatic system
dermatologist
a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating disorders of the skin
-gram
a picture or record
parasite
a plant or animal that lives on or within another living organism at the expense of that organism
vaccine
a preparation containing an antigen, consisting of whole or partial disease-causing organisms, which have been killed or weakened
leptin
a protein hormone secreted by fat cells that is involved in the regulation of appetitie
traction
a pulling force exerted on a limb in a distal direction in an effort to return the bone or joint to normal alignment
mammography
a radiographic examination of the breasts to detect the presence of tumors or precancerous cells
inflammatory breast cancer
a rare but aggressive form of breast cancer, gross rapidly and symptoms include pain, rapid increase in the breast size, and redness or rash, and swelling of lymph nodes
acromegaly
a rare chronic disease characterized by abnormal enlargement of the extremities caused by the excessive secretion of growth hormone after puberty
pheochromocytoma
a rare, benign tumor of the adrenal gland that causes too much release of epinephrine and norepinephrine, which are hormones that regulate heart rate and blood pressure
thyroid storm
a relatively rare, life-threatening condition caused by exaggerated hyperthyroidism
gamete
a reproductive cell
spleen
a sac-like mass of lymphoid tissue located in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen, just inferior to the diaphragm and posterior to the stomach
breast self-examination
a self-care procedure for the early detection of breast cancer
photophobia
a serious complication of measles, a serious sensitivity to light
septic shock
a serious condition that occurs when an overwhelming bacterial infection affects the body. toxins that are released by pathogens can produce direct tissue damage
systemic reaction
a severe response to an allergen
fungus
a simple parasitic organism
rickettsia
a small bacterium that lives in lice, fleas, ticks, and mites, causes Rocky Mountain spotted fever
testosterone
a steroid hormone secreted by the testicles and the adrenal cortex to stimulate the development of male secondary sex characteristics
histamine
a substance produced by the body that causes the itching, sneezing, runny nose, and watery eyes of an allergic reaction
bactericide
a substance that causes the death of bacteria
immunosuppressant
a substance that prevents or reduces the body's normal immune response, medication administered to prevent the rejection of donor tissue and to depress autoimmune disorders
allergen
a substance that produces an allergic reaction in an individual
lymph node dissection
a surgical procedure in which all of the lymph nodes in a major group are removed to determine or slow the spread of cancer
human growth hormone
a synthetic version of growth hormone that is administered to stimulate growth when the natural supply of growth hormone is insufficient for normal development
needle breast biopsy
a technique in which an x-ray guided needle is used to remove small samples of tissue from the breast
Somatic Cell(s)
Any cell in the body except the gametes
Adenosis
Any disease condition of a gland
blood dyscrasia
Any pathologic condition of the cellular elements of the blood.
Calcium channel blocker agents
Causes the heart and blood vessels to relax by decreasing the movement of calcium into the cells of these structures
cyt/o
Cell (word root)
aplastic anemia
Characterized by an absence of all formed blood elements caused by the failure of blood cell production in the bone marrow.
hemolytic anemia
Characterized by an inadequate number of circulating red blood cells due to the premature destruction of red blood cells by the spleen.
Ventral
Front, or belly side of the organ (body direction)
bacterial endocarditis
Inflammation of the lining or valves of the heart caused by the presence of bacteria in the bloodstream
Peritonitis
Inflammation of the peritoneum
Heparin
Is another common anticoagulant, works faster than
cardiomyopathy
The term used to describe all diseases of the heart muscle.
Hemorrhage
Loss of a large amount of blood in a short time
orthostatic hypotension
Low blood pressure that occurs upon standing up.
Cell Membrane
The tissue that surrounds and protects the contents of the cell by separating them from its external environment
defibrillation
The use of electrical shock to restore the heart's normal rhythm.
Exocrine (Gland/s)
These glands secrete chemical substances into ducts that lead either to other organs or out of the body, such as sweat glands
Liquid Connective (Tissue/s)
These tissues are blood and lymph and transport nutrients and waste products through the body
XY
Male chromosome pair
erythrocytes
Mature red blood cells produced by the red bone marrow.
Postmortem
Meaning after death
Hemopoietic
Meaning blood forming
eti-
Meaning cause (prefix)
Parietal
Meaning cavity wall
ana-
Meaning excessive (prefix)
-plasia
Meaning formation (suffix)
Malignant
Meaning harmful, capable of spreading, and potentially life threatening
Benign
Meaning not life threatening
idi/o
Meaning peculiar to the individual
dem
Meaning population (word part)
Contamination
Meaning that a pathogen is possibly present due to a lack of proper hygiene standards or failed infection control precautions
-crine
Meaning to secrete (suffix)
-oma
Meaning tumor (suffix)
endo-
Meaning within (prefix)
a-
Meaning without (prefix)
Communicable
Means capable of being transmitted
diuretic
Medication administered to stimulate the kidneys to increase the secretion of urine to rid the body of excess sodium and water.
Phenylketonuria
PKU
Purkinje fibers
PKU, specialized fibers located in the walls of ventricles, ventricles contract, flow of blood
DNA
Packaged in a chromosome as two spiraling strands that twist together to form a double helix
arthralgia
Pain in a joint or joints
-Algia
Pain, painful condition
-algia
Pain, painful condition
thallium stress test
Performed to evaluate how well blood flows through the coronary arteries of the heart muscle during exercise by injecting a small amount of thallium into the bloodstream.
Somatic
Pertaining to the body in general
Sinoatrial Node
SA node, natural pacemaker, posterior wall of right atrium near superior vena cava
Abdominal (Cavity)
This cavity contains primarily the major organs of digestion
Dorsal (Cavity)
This cavity contains the cranial cavity and spinal cavity
Ventral (Cavity)
This cavity contains the thoracic cavity, abdominal cavity, and the pelvic cavity
Thoracic (Cavity)
This cavity is also known as the chest cavity or thorax, it surrounds and protects the heart and lungs
Ventral (Cavity)
This cavity is located along the front of the body and contains the organs which maintain homeostasis
Cranial (Cavity)
This cavity is located within the skull, it surrounds and protects the brain
Spinal (Cavity)
This cavity is located within the spinal column, it surrounds and protects the spinal cord
Pelvic (Cavity)
This cavity is the space formed by the hip bones and contains primarily the organs of the reproductive and excretory systems
Organic Disorder
This disorder produces symptoms caused by detectable physical changes in the body
Transverse
This horizontal plane divides the body into superior and inferior portions. This plane can be at any other level across the body
Airborne Transmission
This occurs through contact with contaminated respiratory droplets spread by a cough or sneeze
Epigastric (Region)
This region is located above the stomach
Hypogastric (Region)
This region is located below the stomach
Lumbar (Region)
This region is located on the left and right sides near the inward curve of the spine
Hypochondriac (Region/s)
This region is located on the left and right sides of the body and is covered by the lower ribs
Iliac (Region)
This region is located on the left and right sides over the hip bones, it is named for the wide portion of the hip bone
Abdominal (Region)
This region is made up of the right upper quadrant (RUQ), left upper quadrant (LUQ), right lower quadrant (RLQ), and left lower quadrant (LLQ)
Umbilical (Region)
This region surrounds the umbilicus
Epithelium
This specialized tissue forms the epidermis of the skin and the surface layer of mucous membranes
Endothelium
This specialized tissue lines the blood and lymph vessels, body cavities, glands, and organs
Loose Connective (Tissue/s)
This tissue surrounds various organs and supports both nerve cells and blood vessels
Muscle (Tissue)
This type of tissue contains cells with the specialized ability to contract and relax
Nerve (Tissue)
This type of tissue contains cells with the specialized ability to react to stimuli and to conduct electrical impulses
Epithelial (Tissue)
This type of tissue forms a protective covering for all of the internal and external surfaces of the body
Connective (Tissue)
This type of tissue supports and connects organs and other body tissues
Dense Connective (Tissue/s)
This type of tissue, such as bone and cartilage, form the joints and framework of the body
Frontal
This vertical plane aka the coronal divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back)
Sagittal
This vertical plane divides the body into unequal left and right portions
Midsagittal
This vertical plane, aka the midline divides the body into equal left and right halves
oblique fracture
a broken bone at an angle
callus
a bulging deposit around a broken bone that eventually becomes bone itself.
cancer
a class of dseasease characterized by the uncontrolled division of cells and the ability of these cells to invade other tissues
thrombosis
The abnormal condition of having a thrombus.
Adenosclerosis
The abnormal hardening of a gland
Adenomalacia
The abnormal softening of a gland
Cells
The basic structural and functional units of the body, the are specialized and grouped together to form tissues and organs
thrombotic occlusion
The blocking of an artery by a thrombus.
leukocytes
The blood cells involved in defending the body against infective organisms and foreign substances.
Abdominopelvic (Cavity)
The cavity referring to the area which combines the abdominal and pelvic cavities
galactorrhea
a condition in which an excess of prolactin causes the breasts to produce milk spontaneously
prediabetes
a condition in which the blood sugar level is higher than normal, but not high enough to be classified as type 2 diabetes
latent autoimmune diabetes
a condition in which type 1 diabetes develops in adults
anthrax
a contagious disease that can be transmitted through livestock infected with bacillus anthracis
ACE inhibitor
(angiotensin-converting enzyme) blocks the action of the enzyme that causes the blood vessels to contract, resulting in hypertension.
clone
(in the context of monoclonal antibodies) an exact replica of a group of bacteria
Fibrinogen
A clotting protein found in blood plasma
Genome
The complete set of genetic information of an individual
Atresia
The congenital absence of a normal opening or the failure of a structure to be tubular
Groin
The crease at the junction of the trunk with the upper end of the thigh
Aplasia
The defective development or congenital absence of an organ or tissue
Medial
The direction toward or nearer the midline (body direction)
Lateral
The direction toward or nearer the side and away from the midline (body direction)
pericardium
The double-walled membranous sac that encloses the heart.
Hyperplasia
The enlargement of an organ or tissue because of an abnormal increase in the number of cells in the tissues
cortisol
a corticosteroid that has an anti-inflammatory action
aldosterone
a corticosteroid that regulates the salt and water levels in the body by increasing sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion by the kidneys
Iatrogenic Illness
An unfavorable response due to prescribed medical treatment, such as severe burns resulting from radiation therapy
Arteri/o
Arteries
targeted therapy
a developing form of anti-cancer drug therapy that used drugs or other substances to identify and attack specific cancer cells without harming normal cells
lymphoscintigraphy
a diagnostic test that is performed to detect damage or malformations of the lymphatic vessels
scratch test
a diagnostic test to identify commonly troublesome allergens such as tree pollen and ragweed
thyroid-stimulating hormone assay
a diagnostic test to measure the circulating blood level of thyroid-stimulating hormone
immunotherapy
a disease treatment that involves either stimulation or repressing the immune response
antibody
a disease-fighting protein created by the immune system in response to the presence of a specific antigen
conn's syndrome
a disorder of the adrenal glands that is caused by the excessive production of aldosterone
graves' disease
a disorder of unknown cause in which the immune system attacks the thyroid gland and stimulates it to make excessive amounts of thyroid hormone
pancreas
a feather-shaped organ located posterior to the stomach that functions as part of both the digestive and the endocrine systems
bursa
a fibrous sac that acts as a cushion to ease movements in areas that are subject to friction
gestational diabetes mellitus
a form of diabetes mellitus that occurs during some pregnancies
staphylococcus aureus
a form of staphylococci that often infects wounds and causes serious problems such as toxic shock syndrome or food poisoning
antiangiogenesis
a form of treatment that disrupts the blood supply to the tumor
spiral fracture
a fracture in which the bone has been twisted apart
tinea pedis
a fungal infection that develops between the toes
lymphoma
a general term applied to malignancies affecting lymphoid tissue
diabetes mellitus
a group of metabolic disorders characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both
cytokines
a group of proteins such as interferons and interleukins released primarily by the T cells
the complement system
a group of proteins that normally circulate in the blood in an inactive form. when needed, these cells complement the ability of antibodies to ward off pathogens by combining with them to dissolve and remove pathogenic bacteria and other foreign cells.
certified diabetes educator
a health care professional qualified to teach people with diabetes how to manage their disease
primary lymphedema
a hereditary condition of the lymphatic system that develops with swelling beginning in the feet and progressing into the ankles in an upward direction along the legs
influenza
a highly contagious viral respiratory infection that usually occurs in seasonal epidemics
estrogen
a hormone secreted by the ovaries that is important in the development and maintenance of the female secondary sex characteristics and in regulation of the menstrual cycle
corticosteroid drug
a hormone-like preparation administered primarily as an anti-inflammatory and as an immunosuppressant
steroids
a large family of hormone-like substances that share the same fat-soluble chemical structure
physician assistant
a licensed professional who works under the supervision of a physician
microorganism
a living organism that is so small it can be seen only with the aid of a microscope
inflammation
a localized response to an injury or to the destruction of tissues
myosarcoma
a malignant tumor derived from muscle tissue
carcinoma in situ
a malignant tumor in its original position that has not yet disturbed or invaded the surrounding tissues
sarcoma
a malignant tumor that arises from connective tissues, including hard, soft, and liquid connective tissues
carcinoma
a malignant tumor that occurs in epithelia tissue
thymus
a mass of lymphoid tissue located above the heart, reaches its greatest size during puberty that becomes smaller with age
erythrocyte
a mature red blood cell
antithyroid drug
a medication administered to slow the ability of the thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones
antineoplastic
a medication that blocks the development, growth, or proliferation of malignant cells
cytoxic drug
a medication that kills or damages cells
pathogen
a microorganism that causes a disease in humans
laparoscopic adrenalectomy
a minimally invasive surgical procedure to remove one or both adrenal glands
Dorsal
Back side of the organ (body direction)
Chromosome
The genetic structures located within the nucleus of each cell
Endocrine (Gland/s)
The glands produce hormones, do not have ducts, and are secreted directly into the bloodstream and then transported to organs and structures throughout the body
Angi/o
Blood vessels
Vascul/o
Blood vessels
angina
A condition in which severe episodes of chest pain occur due to an inadequate blood flow to the myocardium; also known as angina pectoris.
thrombocytopenia
A condition in which there is an abnormally small number of platelets circulating in the blood.
chronic venous insufficiency
A condition in which venous circulation is inadequate due to partial vein blockage or to the leakage of venous valves.
Hypoplasia
The incomplete development of an organ or tissue usually due to a deficiency in the number of cells
Adenitis
The inflammation of a gland
phlebitis
The inflammation of a vein.
Visceral Peritoneum
The inner layer of the peritoneum that surrounds the organs of the abdominal cavity
arrhythmia
The loss of the normal rhythm of the heartbeat.
leukopenia
A decrease in the number of disease-fighting white blood cells circulating in the blood.
atheroma
A deposit of plaque on or within the arterial wall.
Anomaly
A deviation from what is regarded as normal
cardiac catheterization
A diagnostic procedure in which a catheter is passed into a vein or artery and then guided into the heart.
Nosocomial Infection
A disease acquired in a hospital or clinical setting
Pathogen
A disease-producing microorganism such as a virus
Plaque
A fatty deposit that can build up on the lumen of an artery
cholesterol
A fatty substance that travels through the blood and is found in all parts of the body.
embolus
A foreign object, such as a blood clot, a quantity of air or gas, or a bit of tissue or tumor that is circulating in the blood.
Gene(s)
A fundamental physical and functional unit of heredity
Mesentery
A fused double layer of the parietal peritoneum that attaches parts of the intestine to the interior abdominal wall
Genetic Engineering
The manipulating or splicing of genes for scientific or medical purposes
Cytoplasm
The material within the cell membrane that is *not* part of the nucleus
Hypertrophy
A general increase in the bulk of a body part or organ that is due to an increase in the size, but not the number, of cells in the tissues. Not due to tumor formation
sickle cell anemia
A genetic disorder that causes abnormal hemoglobin, resulting in some red blood cells assuming an abnormal sickle shape.
myelodysplastic syndrome
A group of bone marrow disorders that are characterized by the insufficient production of one or more types of blood cells due to dysfunction of the bone marrow.
ischemic heart disease
A group of cardiac disabilities resulting from an insufficient supply of oxygenated blood to the heart.
Arteriosclerosis
A group of diseases characterized by thickening and the loss of elasticity of arterial walls
Gland
A group of specialized epithelial cells that are capable of producing secretions
Tissue
A group or layer of similarly specialized cells that join together to perform certain specific functions
Fibrillation
A life threatening fast irregular heartbeat
aneurysm
A localized weak spot or balloon-like enlargement of the wall of an artery.
anemia
A lower-than-normal number of erythrocytes (red blood cells) in the blood.
Adenocarcinoma
A malignant tumor that originates in glandular tissue
Prenatal Influences
The mother's health, behavior, and prenatal medical care received before delivery
myocardial infarction
The occlusion (blockage) of one or more coronary arteries caused by plaque buildup; commonly known as a heart attack.
Endemic
The ongoing presence of a disease within a population, group, or area
Parietal Peritoneum
The outer layer of the peritoneum that lines the interior of the abdominal wall
hemoglobin
The oxygen-carrying blood protein pigment of the erythrocytes.
immunosuppression
a treatment to repress of interfere with the ability of the immune system to respond to stimulation by antigens
pinealoma
a tumor of the pineal gland that can disrupt the production of melatonin
synovial sarcoma
a tumor of tissues surrounding a synovial joint
malignant tumor
a tumor that is a form of cancer, capable of spreading
benign tumor
a tumor that is not a form of cancer, not life-threatening
yeast
a type of fungus
macrophage
a type of leukocyte that surrounds and kills invading cells
pineal gland
a very small endocrine gland located in the central portion of the brain
rubella
a viral infection characterized by a low-grade fever, swollen glands, inflamed eyes, and a fine, pink rash
poliomyelitis
a viral infection of the gray matter of the spinal cord
pathologic fracture
a weakened bone breaks under normal strain
acronym
a word formed from the initial letter of the major parts of a compound term
amenorrhea
abnormal absence of menstrual periods for 3 or more months
-osis
abnormal condition, disease
-ia
abnormal condition, disease, plural of -ium
metrorrhea
abnormal discharge, such as mucus or pus, from the uterus
abruptio placentae
abnormal disorder in which the placenta separates from the uterine wall before the birth of the fetus
hepatomegaly
abnormal enlargement of the liver
gigantism
abnormal growth of the entire body that is caused by excessive secretion of growth hormone before puberty
placenta previa
abnormal implantation of the placenta in the lower portion of the uterus
thrombocytosis
abnormal increase in circulating platelets
dystonia
abnormal muscle tone that causes the impairment of voluntary muscle movement
-stenosis
abnormal narrowing
angiostenosis
abnormal narrowing of a blood vessel
fistula
abnormal passage between two organs or out of the body due to surgery, injury, drainage
valvular prolapse
abnormal protrusion of heart valve ; valve cannot close completely
-malacia
abnormal softening
congenital heart defects
abnormalities present at birth, may be apparent at birth, may not be detected until later in life
supracostal
above or outside the ribs
supra-/super-
above, upper, excessive, higher than
anorchism
absence of one or both testicles
anovulation
absence of ovulation when it would be normally expected
azoospermia
absence of sperm in the semen
pyosalpinx
accumulation of pus in the fallopian tube
elevation
act of raising or lifting a body part
-ion
action
synovial fluid
acts a lubricant to make the smooth movement of the joint possible
osteitis
adult rickets, bone softening
postpartum
after childbirth
post
after, behind
cartilaginous joints
allow slight movement and consist of bones entirely connected by cartilage
pubic symphysis
allows some movement for childbirth. located at the connection between the sides of the pelvis in the middle
methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus
also known as MRSA
epinephrine
also known as adrenaline, stimulates the sympathetic nervous system in response to physical injury or to mental stress such as fear
tinea pedis
also known as athlete's foot
glucose
also known as blood sugar, the basic form of energy used by the body
amni/o
amnion, fetal membrane
blood pressure
amount of systolic and diastolic pressure extra against the walls of the arteries
splenomegaly
an abnormal enlargement of the spleen, cam be due to bleeding caused by an injury, an infectious disease, or abnormal functioning of the immune system
tumor
an abnormal growth of body tissue, the growth of cells within the mass is uncontrolled, abnormal, rapid, and progressive
goiter
an abnormal nonmalignant enlargement of the thyroid gland
exophthalamos
an abnormal protrusion of the eyeball out of the orbit
aldosteronism
an abnormality of the electrolyte balance that is caused by the excessive secretion of aldosterone
hyperglycemia
an abnormally high concentration of glucose in the blood
hyperglycemia
an abnormally low concentration of glucose
herpes zoster
an acute viral infection characterized by painful skin eruptions that follow the underlying route of an inflamed nerve
mumps
an acute viral infection that is characterized by the swelling of the parotid glands, which are the salivary glands located just in front of the ears
rabies
an acute viral infection that is transmitted to humans through the bite or saliva of an infected animal
measles
an acute, highly contagious infection that is transmitted by respiratory droplets of the rubeola virus
antifungal
an agent that destroys or inhibits the growth of fungi
hashimoto's disease
an autoimmune disease in which the body's own antibodies attack and destroy the cells of the thyroid gland
type 1 diabetes
an autoimmune insulin deficiency disorder caused by the destruction of pancreatic islet beta cells
kaposi's sarcoma
an example of an opportunistic infection that is frequently associated with HIV, cancer that causes patches of abnormal tissue to grow under the skin
polydipsia
an excessive thirst
measles, mumps, and rubella vaccination
an immunization which can prevent three viral infections and should be administered in early childhood
periosteotomy
an incision through the periosteneum to the bone
silent infection
an infection in which the individual has no signs or symptoms of the infection, although it can potentially cause a serious illness when the individual has a weakened immune system
lymphadenitis
an inflammation of the lymph nodes
pancreatitis
an inflammation of the pancreas
thymitis
an inflammation of the thymus gland
type 2 diabetes
an insulin resistance disorder, meaning that insulin is being produced but the body does not use it effectively
allergy
an overreaction by the body to a particular antigen.
tarsal
ankle bones
hypersensitivity
another name for an allergy, an overreaction by the body to a particular antigen.
lymphoid cells
another name for lymphocytes
German measles
another name for rubella, a viral infection characterized by a low-grade fever, swollen glands, inflamed eyes, and a fine, pink rash
b lymphocytes
another term for B cells, specialized lymphocytes that produce antibodies, most effective against viruses and bacteria circulating the blood
t lymphocytes
another term for T cells, belong to a group of leukocytes known as lymphocytes, derive their name from their origin in the thymus, play a central role in cell-mediated immunity. d
mono
another term for infectious mononucleosis, caused by the Epstein-Barr virus, characterized by fever, sore throat, and enlarged lymph nodes
passive immunity
another term for natural immunity, resistance to a disease present without the administration of an antigen or exposure to a disease.
allergy desensitization
another word for immunotherapy or biological therapy, a disease treatment that involves either stimulation or repressing the immune response
biological therapy
another word for immunotherapy, a disease treatment that involves either stimulation or repressing the immune response
neoplasm
another word for tumor, an abnormal growth of body tissue, the growth of cells within the mass is uncontrolled, abnormal, rapid, and progressive
frontal bone
anterior superior portion of the skull
sphenoid bone
anterior to the temporal bone, inferior to the parietal bones. helps form the base of the cranium, sides of the skull, and the floors and sides of the eye sockets
skeletal muscle
attached to bone. makes motion possible. voluntary, striated.
monoclonal antibodies
any of a class of antibodies produces in the laboratory by identical offspring of a clone of specific cells
autoimmune disorder
any of a large group of disease characterized by a condition in which the immune system produces antibodies against its own tissues, mistaking healthy cells, tissues, or organs for antigens
adenocarcinoma
any one of a large group of carcinomas derived from glandular tissue
myelopathy
any pathologic change or disease in the spinal cord
myopathy
any pathologic change or disease of muscle tissue
sterilization
any procedure rendering an individual incapable of reproduction
antigen
any substances that the body regards as being foreign, including viruses, bacteria, toxins, and transplanted tissues
differential diagnosis
attempt to determine which disease it is
myasthenia gravis
autoimmune disease that affects the neuromuscular junction and produces serious weakness of voluntary muscles
automated external defibrillator
automatically samples rhythm and externally shocks the heart if needed
menstrual cycle
average is 28 days long and grouped into 4 phases: menstrual, postmenstrual, ovulatory, premenstrual
ab-
away from, negative
aortic semilunar valve
b/w left ventricle and aorta
mitral valve
b/w left ventricle and left atrium, shaped like bishop hat
streptococci
bacteria that form a chain
dys-
bad, difficult, or painful
staphylococci
are a group of about 30 species of bacteria that form irregular groups or clusters resembling grapes
synthetic thyroid hormones
are administered to replace lost thyroid function
dys-
bad, difficult, painful
Nurse Practioner (NP)
are prepared to provide direct client care in primary care settings, focusing on health promotion, illness prevention, early diagnosis, and treatment of common health problems; graduate training
phalanges
are the 14 finger bones
epiphysis
are the wider ends of longs bones
popliteal
area behind the knee
coronary resuscitation CPR
arterial respiration manual external cardiac compression
fascia
band of connective tissue that envelops, separates, or binds together muscles or groups of muscles
adhesion
band of fibrous tissue holds structures abnormally
ligaments
bands of fibrous tissue that form joints by connecting one bone to another bone or by joining a bone to cartilage
secondary circulatory system
because of the similarities between the lymphatic and circulatory systems, the lymphatic circulatory system is often called this
pre-
before, in front of
zygote
beginning of a new life, forms a single cell known as a _______________
menarche
beginning of menstrual function, after puberty
ejaculatory duct
begins at the vas deferens, passes through the prostate gland, and empties into the urethra
immediate breast reconstruction
begins during the same surgery as the mastectomy when an "expander" is placed to replace the tissue that was removed
navel
belly button
T cells
belong to a group of leukocytes known as lymphocytes, derive their name from their origin in the thymus, play a central role in cell-mediated immunity
arteri/o
artery
gout
arthritis characterized by deposits of uric acid crystals in the joints. typically warm, red, and super sensitive
joints
articulations
hemangioma
benign tumor composed o newly formed blood vessels, usually seen at birth
scoli/o
bent, curved
kyph/o
bent, hump
Inter-
between, among
interstitial
between, but not within, the parts of a tissue
hamstring group
bicep femoris, semitendinosus, and semimembranosus
immunoglobulins
bind with specific antigens in the antigen-antibody response, five main types
nat
birth
stillbirth
birth of a fetus that died before, or during, the delivery
melan/o-
black
splenorrhagia
bleeding from the spleen
-rrhage
bleeding, abnormal excessive fluid discharge
hem/o
blood
angi/o
blood vessel
hemathrosis
blood within a joint
-clasis
break
sternum
breast bone
ductal carcinoma in situ
breast cancer at its earlier stage before the cancer has broken through the wall of the milk duct
mastitis
breast infection that is most frequently caused by bacteria that enter the breast tissue during breastfeeding
mamm/o, mast/o
breast {2 roots}
hypothyroidism
caused by a deficiency of thyroid secretion
malaria
caused by a parasite that lives in certain mosquitoes and is transmitted to humans by the bite of an infected mosquito
fracture
broken bone
osteoporotic hip fracture
broken hip caused by weakening of the bones
transverse fracture
broken straight across
hallux valgus
bunion, abnormal enlargement of the joint at the base of the great toe
burs/o
bursa
opportunistic infection
caused by a pathogen that does not normally produce an illness in healthy humans, however when the host is debilitated, these pathogens are able to cause an infection
Lyme disease
caused by a spirochete belonging to the genus Borrelia. affects the joints, heart, and central nervous system, is transmitted by the bite of an infected deer tick.
myxedema
caused by an extreme deficiency of thyroid secretion
diabetes insipidus
caused by an insufficient production of the antidiuretic hormone ADG or by the inability of the kidneys to respond appropriately to this hormone
secondary lymphedema
caused by damage to lymphatic vessels that is most frequently due to cancer treatment, surgery, trauma, or burns
genital herpes
caused by herpes simplex virus type 2; highly contagious at all times, even when no lesions visible; no cure
cushing's syndrome
caused by prolonged exposure to high levels of cortisol
myofascial pain syndrome
caused by repetitive motions that create trigger points, tender areas that connect to the fascia and muscle, producing localized pain
infectious mononucleosis
caused by the Epstein-Barr virus, characterized by fever, sore throat, and enlarged lymph nodes
varicella
caused by the herpes virus varicella zoster and is highly contagious. this condition is characterized by a fever and rash consisting of hundred of itchy, fluid-filled blisters
genital warts
caused by the human papilloma virus (HPV); highly contagious; increases risk of cervical cancer
syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone
caused by the overproduction of the antidiuretic hormone ADH
diabetic coma
caused by very high blood sugar (hyperglycemia)
insulin shock
caused by very low blood sugar
vasodilator
causes expansion of blood vessels
vasoconstrictor
causes narrowing of blood vessels
heel spur
calcium deposit in the plantar fascia near its attachment to the calcaneus bone
due date
calculated form the first day of the last menstrual period
- cytes
cells
spinal cord injury
can cause paralysis. the higher the injury the worse the possible damage.
fat embolus
can form when a long bone is fractured anmd fat cells from yellow bone marrow are released into the blood
male breast cancer
can occur in the small amount of breast tissue that is normal present in men
spongy bone
cancellous bone, is porous bone
hypercalcemia
characterized by abnormally low levels of calcium in the blood
arteries
carry blood away from heart
Pulmonary Arteries
carry deoxygenated blood out of the right ventricle and into the lungs
lactiferous ducts
carry milk from the mammary glands to the nipple
chondr/i, chondr/o
cartilage
intervertebral disks
cartilage cushion pads between vertebra
xiphoid process
cartilage structure of the lower portion of the sternum
zygomatic bones
cheekbones
hormones
chemical messengers that are secreted by endocrine glands directly into the bloodstream
rheumatoid arthritis
chronic autoimmune disorder in which the joints and some organs of other body systems are attacked. They attack synovial membranes causing swelling and stiffness
heart failure
chronic condition where heart is unable to discharge all of the blood it receives, resulting in congestion. May be left or right sided; may result in cardiomegaly, common in the elderly
paget's disease
chronic disease of unknown cause named for Sir James Paget. abnormal breakdown of bone usually in the pelvis, skull, spine and legs
rotation
circular movement around an axis such as the shoulder joint
epididymis
coiled tube at the upper part of each testicle
clavicle
collar bone
right lymphatic duct
collects lymph from the right side of the head and neck, the upper right quadrant of the body, and the right arm
staphyl/o
combining form meaning clusters or bunches of grapes
swollen glands
common name for lymphadenitis
chicken pox
common name for varicella, caused by the herpes virus varicella zoster and is highly contagious. this condition is characterized by a fever and rash consisting of hundred of itchy, fluid-filled blisters
yeast infection
common term for candidiasis, infections that occur on the skin or mucous membrane in warm, moist areas and are caused by pathogenic yeast
Myocardial infarction
commonly known as a heart attack, A blockage of one or more coronary arteries caused b plaque build up
vermiform appendix
commonly referred to as the appendix
asystole
complete absence of eltrical activity in the heart
preeclampsia
complication of pregnancy characterized by hypertension, edema, & proteinuria
open fracture
compound fracture, broken bone with open wound
uterine prolapse
condition in which the uterus slides from its normal position int he pelvic cavity and sags into the vagina
bacterial vaginosis
condition in women in which there is an abnormal overgrowth of certain bacteria in the vagina; can cause pregnancy complications
pregnancy
condition of having a developing child in the uterus
pruritus vulvae
condition of severe itching of the external female genitalia
disease
condition when something isn't functioning normally
vulva
consists of the labia, clitoris, Bartholin's glands, and vaginal orifice {vulv/o}
antiarrhythmic
controls irregularities of the heartbeat
tricuspid valve
controls opening b/w right atrium and right ventricle
tax-
coordination
tax/o
coordination, order
compact bone
cortical bone, is the dense, hard, very strong bone that forms the protective later of bones
acid mantle
covers the skin to make it an inhospitable environment for most bacteria
articular cartilage
covers the surface of bones where they articulate
crepitation
crepitus, the grating sound heard when the ends of a broken bone move together
ankyl/o
crooked, bent, stiff
comminuted
crushed into small pieces
lord/o
curve, swayback, bent
-otomy
cutting, surgical incision
spermatocele
cyst that develops in the epididymis and is filled with a milky fluid containing sperm
areola
dark-pigmented area surrounding the nipple
fibromyalgia
debilitating chronic condition characterized by fatigue, diffuse or specific muscle, joint, or bone pain, and a wide range of other symptoms
calcium channel blockers
decrease movement of calcium into cells by relaxing heart and blood vessels
flexion
decreasing the angle between two bones by bending the limb at a joint
hypoperfusion
deficiency of blood passing thru and organ or body part; loss of elasticity and ability to function
Hypo-
deficient, decreased
hypo-
deficient, decreased
myolysis
degeneration of muscle tissue
Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation
delivers electrical impulses through the skin, which causes changes in the muscles
cesarean section
delivery of the child through an incision in the maternal abdominal & uterine walls
palatine
describes the hard and soft palates that form the roof of the mouth
plasma cells
develop from B cells and secrete a large volume of antibodies coded to destroy specific antigens
cryptochidism
developmental defect in which one or both of the testicles fail to descend into their normal position in the scrotum
ruptured rotator cuff
develops when rotator cuff tendinitis is left untreated or if the overuse continues. it weakens and tears
hematologist
diagnose and treats abnormalities in blood
cardiologist
diagnoses and treats abnormalities of the heart
vascular surgeon
diagnoses and treats orders of blood vessels;;;veins
infertility specialist
diagnoses and treats problems associated with conception and maintaining pregnancy
duplex ultrasound
diagnostic procedure to image vessels and blood flow
bone marrow biopsy
diagnostic test that may be necessary after abnormal types or numbers of red or white blood cells are found in a complete blood count test
electromyography
diagnostic test that measures the electrical activity within muscle fibers in response to nerve stimulation
hysteroscopy
direct visual examination of the interior of the uterus and fallopian tubes
colposcopy
direct visual examination of the tissues of the cervix & vagina
remission
disappearance of symptoms without cure
path-
disease
pathogens
disease-producing microorganisms
Hodgkin's lymphoma
distinguished from other lymphomas by the presence of large, cancerous lymphocytes knows as reed-sternburg cells
dyskinesia
distortion or impairment of voluntary movement resulting in fragmented or jerky motions
neuromuscular blocker
drug that causes temporary paralysis by blocking the transmission of nerve stimuli to the muscles
iron deficiency anemia
due to insufficient amount of iron
ischemia
due to restricted blood flow causing insuffiencent supply of 02 to the tissue
short stature
dwarfism
mammoplasty
general term for a cosmetic operation on the breasts
hyperlipidemia
general term for elevated level of cholesterol
hemochromatosis
genetic; intestines absorb too much iron causing its accumulation in organs
seminal vesicles
glands that secrete a thick, yellow substance to nourish the sperm cells
eu-
good, normal, well, or easy
poli/o-
gray
vernix
greasy substance that protects the fetus in utero & can still be present at birth
maximus
great or large
meconium
greenish material that collects in the intestine of a fetus & forms the first stools of a newborn
fissure
groove/crack in skin folds of the brain
Bundle of HISS
group of fibers located in interventricular septum, heart contracts
premenstrual syndrome
group of symptoms experienced by some women within the 2-week period before menstruation
cervical dysplasia
growth of abnormal cells in the cervix, which can be detected by a Pap smear
pyrosis
heartburn
calcaneus
heel bone
Occupational therapist
helps patients to participate in everyday life
medical assistant
helps physicians examine and treat patients and performs tasks to keep offices running smoothly
-cele
hernia {suffix} (chapter 9)
-cele
hernia, tumor,swelling
myocele
herniation of muscle substance through a tear in the fascia surrounding it
singultus
hiccups, myoclonus of the diaphragm
therapeutic ultrasound
high frequency sound waves to treat muscle injuries by generating heat deep within muscle tissue
hypertension
higher than normal blood pressure
chlamydia
highly contagious bacterial infection that is the most commonly reported STD in the US; can cause infertility
gonorhhea
highly contagious condition caused by the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae
syphilis
highly contagious condition caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum; many symptoms similar to other STDs; spread by direct contact with a chancre (sore caused by this)
ileum
hip bone that is the superior posterior portion of the pelvis
acetabulum
hip socket
ball-and-socket joints
hips and shoulders
diagnosis
identification of disease
peripheral arterial disease
impaired circulation caused by atherosclerosis
in-
in, into, not, without
infertility
inability of a couple to achieve pregnancy after 1 year of regular, unprotected intercourse, or the inability of a woman to carry a pregnancy to a live birth
localized allergic response
includes redness, itching, and burning where the skin has come into contact with an allergen
greenstick fracture
incomplete fracture, the bone is bent and only slightly broken
bursitis
inflammation of a bursa
salpingitis
inflammation of a fallopian tube
tendinitis
inflammation of a tendon
oophoritis
inflammation of an ovary
vasculitis
inflammation of blood vessel
fasciitis
inflammation of fascia
testitis
inflammation of one or both testicles
overuse tendinitis
inflammation of tendons due to overuse
rotator cuff tendinitis
inflammation of tendons in the rotator cuff
cervicitis
inflammation of the cervix that is usually caused by an infection
epididymitis
inflammation of the epididymis that is frequently caused by the spread of infection from the urethra or the bladder
balanitis
inflammation of the glans penis that is usually caused by poor hygiene in men who have not had the foreskin removed by circumcision
endocervicitis
inflammation of the mucous membrane lining of the cervix
periostitis
inflammation of the periosteum
tenosynovitis
inflammation of the sheath surrounding a tendon
gastritis
inflammation of the stomach
gastroenteritis
inflammation of the stomach and small intestine
synovitis
inflammation of the synovial membrane
epicondylitis
inflammation of the tissues surrounding the elbow
tonsillitis
inflammation of the tonsils
vaginitis
inflammation of the vaginal lining
vulvitis
inflammation of the vulva
arthritis
inflammatory condition of one or more joints
polymyalgia rheumatica
inflammatory disorder of teh muscles and joints characterized by pain and stiffness in teh neck, shoulders, upper arms, and hips and thighs
melatonin
influences the sleep-wakefulness portions of the circadian cycle
thalassemia
inherited; due to reduced hemoglobin and few red blood cells than normal
strain
injury to the body of the muscle or to the of a tendon
endometrium
inner layer of the uterus, consists of specialized epithelial mucosa that is rich in blood vessels
endocardium
inner lining of heart, direct contat with blood
artificial pacemaker
electronic divide that regulates the heartbeats, Sa node not working
Braxton Hicks contractions
intermittent painless uterine contractions that occur with increasing frequently as the pregnancy progesses
orchiopexy
endoscopic surgery to move an undescended testicle into its normal position in the scrotum
-megaly
enlargement
abortion
interruption of termination of pregnancy before the fetus is viable
palpation
exam technique using hands to feel texture, size, consistency, and location
chorionic villus sampling
examination of cells retrieved from the chorionic villi, which are minute, vascular projections on the chorion
polycythemia
excess production of red blood cells by bone marow
hypermenorrhea
excessive amount of menstrual flow over a period of more than 7 days
polyphagia
excessive hunger
polyuria
excessive urination
menometrorrhagia
excessive uterine bleeding at both the usual time of menstrual periods and at other irregular intervals
hyper-
excessive, increased
spermatic cord
extends upward from the epididymis and is attached to each testicle
acromion
extension of the shoulder blade that creates the high point of the shouler
vaginal orifice
exterior opening of the vagina
epicardium
external layer of heart, inner layer of pericardium
perineum
external region (in males and females) between the pubic symphysis and coccyx
hyperextension
extreme of over-extension of a limb or body part beyond its normal limit
bradykinesia
extreme slowness in movement
infection
invasion of body by a pathogen
clinical trials
involve testing new and promising cancer treatments that have not yet received FDA approval on patients who agree to be part of the research
antigen-antibody reaction
involves binding antigens to antibodies. This reaction labels a potentially dangerous antigen so it can be recognized and destroyed by other cells of the immune system.
uterine cancer
involves cancerous growth on the lining of the uterus
osteochondroma
is a benign bony projection covered with cartilage
hypotonia
is a condition in which there is diminished tone of the skeletal muscles
ankylosing spondylitis
is a form of rheumatoid arthritis that primarily causes inflammation of the joints between the vertebra
arthroscopic surgery
is a minimally invasive procedure for the treatment interior of a joint
neurologist
is a physician who specializes in treating the causes of paralysis and similar muscular disorders in which there is a loss of function
sphincter
is a ring-like muscle that tightly constricts the opening of a passageway
spinal fusion
is a technique to immobilize part of the spine by joining together two or more vertebrae
myoparesis
is a weakness or slight muscular paralysis
hip resurfacing
is an alternative to a THR. function is restored to the hip by placing a metal cap over the head of the femur to allow it to move smoothly over a metal lining in the acetabulum
juvenile rheumatoid arthritis
is an autoimmune disorder that affects children ages 16 years or oyunger, with symptoms including stiffness, apin, swelling, skin rash, fever, slowed growth, and fatigue
plantar fasciitis
is an inflammation of the plantar fascia on the sole of the foot.
foramen
is an opening in a bone through which blood vessels, nerves, and ligaments pass
adrenalitis
is inflammation of the adrenal glands
intermittent claudication
is pain in the leg muscles that occurs during exercise and relieved by reset. due to poor circulation associated with peripheral vascular disease.
quadriplegia
is paralysis of all four extremities
adjuvant therapy
is sometimes used after the primary cancer treatments have been completed to decrease the chance that a cancer will recur
chondromalacia
is the abnormal softening of cartilage
medullary cavity
is the central cavity located in the shaft of long bones
meniscus
is the curved, fibrous cartilage found in some joints such as the knee and the temporomandibular joint of the jaw.
ataxia
is the lack of muscle coordination during voluntary movements
plantar flexion
is the movement that bends the foot downward at the ankle
synovial capsule
is the outermost layer of strong fibrous tissue that resembles a sleeve as it surrounds the joint
salping/o
fallopian tube OR eustachian tube {root}
fasci/o
fascia, fibrous band
malaise
feeling of general discomfort or uneasiness
paraplegia
is the paralysis of both legs and the lower part of the body
diaphysis
is the shaft of a long bone
ergonomics
is the study of the human factors that affect the design and operation of tools and the work environment
arthrodesis
is the surgical fusion of two bones to stiffen a joint
laminectomy
is the surgical removal of a lamina or posterior portion of a vertebra
endosteum
is the tissue that lines the meduallry cavity
insertion
is where the muscle ends by attaching to a bone or tendon. the insertion is the more movable attachment farthest away from the midline of the body
premature infant
fetus born before the 37th week of gestation
pyr/o
fever or fire
olig/o
few, scanty {root}
fibr/o
fibrous tissue, fiber
cervical vertebrae
first 7 vertebra. C1-C7
quickening
first movement of the fetus in the uterus that can be felt by the mother
external oblique
flex and rotate the vertebral column. flex torso. compress abdomen.
internal oblique
flex the spine. support abdominal muscles. help breathe. rotate the spine
rectus abdominus
flexes trunk, helps breathe, supports spine
pulmonary circulation
flow of blood between the heart and lungs
systemic circulation
flow of blood to all parts of the body except the lungs
-rrhea
flow or discharge
exudate
fluid (pus) leaking from infected wound
mucus
fluid secreted by mucous membranes
follicle
fluid-filled sac containing a single ovum (egg)
hydrocele
fluid-filled sac in the scrotum along the spermatic cord leading from the testicles
amniotic cavity
fluid-filled sac space between the embryo & the amniotic sac
pod-
foot
podiatrist
foot specialist
peyronie's disease
form of sexual dysfunction in which the penis is bent or curved during erection
metatarsals
form the body of the foot
suppuration
formation of discharge of pus
identical twins
formed by the fertilization of a single egg cell by a single sperm that divides to from two embryos
vomer bone
forms the base of the nasal septum
lordosis
forward curvature of the lumbar spine
cytomegalovirus
found in most body fluids, most often present as a silent infection
external fixation
fracture treatment where pins are placed through soft tissues and bone to hold it in place
Colles' fracture
fractured wrist occurring at the lower end of the radius
gonads
gamete-producing glands
ultrasonic bone density testing
screening test for determining a bone disease
thoracic vertebrae
second 12 vertebra. T1-T12
cervical cancer
second-most common cancer in women; usually affects women between the ages of 45 & 65 years
antidiuretic hormone
secreted by the hypothalamus and stored and released in the pituitary gland, helps control blood pressure by reducing the amount of water that is excreted through the kidneys
corpus luteum
secretes the hormone progesterone during the second half of the menstrual cycle
body of the sternum
self explanatory
testicular self-examination
self-help step in early detection of testicular cancer by detecting lumps, swelling, or changes in the skin of the scrotum
muscul-
muscle
my/o
muscle
depressor muscle
muscle that depresses
levator muscles
muscle that elevate
temporalis
muscle that moves the lower jaw back to the mouth
myometrium
muscular middle layer of uterus
vagina
muscular tube lined with mucosa that extends from the cervix to the outside of the body {colp/o, vagin/o}
chronic fatigue syndrome
myalgic encephalomyelitis. characterized by profound fatigue
tendon
narrow band of nonelastic, dense, fibrous connective tissue that attaches a muscle to bone
arteriostenosis
narrowing of artery
phimosis
narrowing of the opening of the foreskin so it cannot be retracted to expose the glans penis
valvular stenosis
narrowing, stiffening of heart valves
neur/o
nerve
neur/o-
nerve
neo-
new
neonate
new born infant is known as a _________
process
normal projection on the surface of a bone that most commonly serves as an attachment for a musclec or tendon
menopause
normal termination of menstrual function
antibiotic-resistant bacteria
occur when antibiotics fail to kill all of the bacteria they target, the surviving bacteria become resistant to this particular drug
polymenorrhea
occurrence of menstrual cycles more frequently than is normal
rhabdomyolysis
serious syndrome where the death of muscle fibers releases their contents into the blood stream where they can lead to complications like renal failure
conception
occurs when a sperm penetrates & fertilizad the descending ovum
diabetic retinopathy
occurs when diabetes damages the tiny blood vessels in the retina
impingement syndrome
occurs when inflamed and swollen tendons are caught in the narrow space between the bones within the shoulder joint
addison's disease
occurs when the adrenal glands do not produce enough of the hormones cortisol or aldosterone
allergic reaction
occurs when the body's immune system reacts to a harmless allergen such as pollen, food, or animal dander as if it were a dangerous foreign invader
immunodeficiency disorder
occurs when the immune response is compromised
syndrome
set of signs and symptoms for a disease
sudden cardiac arrest
occurs when treatment of cardiac arrest is not provided quickly
heart murmur
often caused by defective heart valves, usually odes not require surgery unless patients quality of life is affected
andropause
often referred to as male menopause, marked by the decrease of testosterone
breech presentation
one in which the buttocks of feet of the fetus are positioned to enter the birth canal first instead of the head
methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus
one of several types of bacteria that are now resistant to most antibiotics
bacteria
one-celled microscopic organisms, most are not harmful to humans
internal fixation
open reduction internal fixation, plates and pins are placed directly into the bone to hold broken pieces together. not usually removed afterwards.
clitoris
organ of sensitive, erectile tissue located anterior to the urethral meatus and the vaginal orifice
genitalia
organs of reproduction and their associated structures
ovarian cancer
originates within cells of ovaries
autologous
originating within an individual
allogenic
originating within another
androgens
sex hormones secreted by gonads, the adrenal cortex, and fat cells
androgens
sex hormones, primarily testosterone, secreted by the gonads, the adrenal cortex, and fat cells
testicular torsion
sharp pain in the scrotum caused by twisting of the vas deferens & blood vessels leading into the testicle
aponeurosis
sheet-like fibrous connective tissues resembling a flattened tendon that connects muscles together or to a bone
tibia
shinbone
scapula
shoulder blade
deltoid
shoulder muscle. called that because shoulder muscle looks like an inverted triangle which is the delta symbol
transverse abdominis
side of the abdomen. core muscle
closed fracture
simple fracture, complete fracture, bone is broken but no open wound
crani/o
skull
oblique
slanted or at an angle
sacroiliac
slightly movable articulation between the sacrum and ileum bones
herniated disk
slipped or ruptured disk
cartilage
smooth, rubbery, blue-white connective tissue that acts as a shock absorber between bones
fontanelles
soft spots on the skull of a newborn
myofascial release
soft-tissue manipulation technique used to ease the pain of conditions such fibromyalgia
eponym
something that is named for the discoverer or describer
short stature
sometimes caused by deficient secretion of growth hormone
-iatrist
specialist
-ologist
specialist
avascular necrosis
osteonecrosis, bone tissue death caused by inadequate blood flow
rheumatologist
specialist in arthritis and other bone/tendon/ligament disorders
orthopedic surgeon
specialist in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders involving the bones, joints, and muscles
physiatrist
specialist in physical medicine and rehab
sports medicine physician
specialist in sports-related injuries
colostrum
specialized form of milk that delivers essential nutrients & antibodies in a form that the newborn can digest
phagocytes
specialized leukocytes that act as part of the antigen-antibody reaction by destroying substances such as cell debris, dust, pollen, and pathogens by the process of phagocytosis
dendritic cells
specialized leukocytes that patrol the body searching for antigens that proceed infections
B cells
specialized lymphocytes that produce antibodies, most effective against viruses and bacteria circulating the blood
mucous
specialized membranes that line body cavities
lacteals
specialized structures of the lymphatic system that absorb those fast that cannot be transported by the bloodstream
chiropracter
specializes in alignment of bones
allergist
specializes in diagnosing and treating conditions of altered immunologic reactivity, such as allergic reactions
immunologist
specializes in diagnosing and treating disorders of the immune system
sperm/o, spermat/o
sperm {2 roots}
myel/o
spinal cord, bone marrow
spondylosis
spinal osteoarthritis, can cause the loss of structure and function in the spine.
comminuted fracture
splintered or crushed bone
west nile virus
spread to humans by the bite of an infected mosquito. a mild form of this condition has flu-like symptoms. a more severe variety spreads to the spinal cord and brain
ex-
out of, outside, away from
kyphosis
outward curvature of the thoracic spine
oophor/o, ovari/o
ovary {2 roots}
priapism
painful erection that lasts 4 hours or more but is not accompanied by sexual excitement
cramp
painful localized muscel spasms often named for its cause
ovaries
pair of small, almond-shaped organs located in the lower abdomen, one on either side of the uterus {oophor/o, ovari/o}
palatine bones
palate of the mouth and the base of the bose
metacarpals
palm bones
-plegia
paralysis, stroke
ilium
part of the hip bone
partial knee replacement
part of the knee is replaced
subluxation
partial displacement of a bone from its joint
urethra
passes through the penis to the outside of the body
lesion
pathologic change of tissue
first trimester screening
performed between 11 & 13 weeks of pregnancy & involves an ultrasound & a fingerstick blood test
oral glucose tolerance test
performed to confirm a diagnosis of diabetes mellitus and to aid in diagnosing hypoglycemia
pregnancy test
performed to detect an unusually high level of the human chorionic gonadotropin hormone in either a blood or uterine specimen
endovaginal ultrasound
performed to determine the cause of abnormal vaginal bleeding
professional palpation of the breast
performed to feel the texture, size, and consistency of the breast
gestation
period of development of the child in the mother's uterus
contracture
permanent tightening of fascia, muscles, tendons, ligaments, or skin when elastic tissue gets replaced with nonelastic tissue
-ic
pertaining to
natal
pertaining to birth
-poietic
pertaining to formation
myofascial
pertaining to muscle tissue and fascia
hemopoietic
pertaining to the formation of blood cells
cardi
pertaining to the heart
endarterial
pertaining to the interior or lining of an artery
neuromuscular
pertaining to the relationship between the muscle and nerve
viral
pertaining to virus
pediatrician
physician specializing in the treatment of babies and children
gynecologist
physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the female reproductive system
urologist
physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the genitourinary system
neonatologist
physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating disorders of the newborn
pediatrician
physician who specializes in diagnosing, treating, and preventing disorders and diseases of children
obstetrician
physician who specializes in providing medical care to women during pregnancy, childbirth, and immediately thereafter
ulna
pinky side forearm bone
ather/o
plaque, fatty substance
serum
plasma fluid after blood cells and clotting proteins removed
interstitial fluid
plasma from arterial blood that flows out of the arterioles and into the capillaries, and then flows into the spaces between the cells and tissues
natural killer cells
play an important role in the killing of cancer cells and cells infected by viruses
interleukins
play multiple roles in the immune system, including directing b ad T cells to divide and proliferate
thymosin
plays an important part in the immune system by stimulating the maturation of lymphocytes into T cells
toxins
poisonous or harmful substances
Baker's cyst
popliteal cyst, a fluid filled sac behind the knee
holter monitor
portable EKG worn by ambulatory patient monitors heart rate for 24-48 hours
coronary artery bypass graft CABAGE
portion of vein from leg or chest is implanted; replaces blocked coronary artery; improves blood flow to the heart
ischium
posterior bone that looks like a ring in the hips
occipital bone
posterior portion of the skull
lamina
posterior portion of the vertebra
lochia
postpartum vaginal discharge that typically continues for 4-6 weeks after childbirth
ectopic pregnancy
potentially dangerous condition in which a fertilized egg is implanted & begins to develop outside of the uterus
fibrillation
potentially life threatening fast, irregular heatbeats
malignant cells
potentially life-threatening cancer cells
palpitation
pounding of heart
palpitation
pounding, racing heartbeats may be due to heart disorder or may occur during panic attack
prognosis
prediction of the probable outcome of disease
gravid/o, -gravida
pregnant {root, suffix}
hemospermia
presence of blood in the seminal fluid
fibrocystic breast disease
presence of single or multiple benign cysts in the breasts
lactation
process of forming and secreting milk from the breasts as nourishment for the infant
spermatogensis
process of sperm formation
ossification
process of turning into bone
endocrine glands
produce hormones and do not have ducts
Bartholin's glands
produce mucus secretion to lubricate the vagina
neurohormones
produced and released by neurons in the brain, rather than by the endocrine glands, and delivered to organs and tissues through the bloodstream
calcitonin
produced by the thyroid gland, is a hormone that works with the parathyroid hormone to decrease calcium levels in the blood and tissues by moving calcium into storage in the bones and teeth
interferons
produced in response to the presence of antigens, particularly viruses or tumor cells
galactorrhea
production of breast milk in a women who is not breastfeeding
leukorrhea
profuse, whitish mucus discharge from the uterus and vagina
ankylosing
progressive stiffness of joints
muscular dystrophy
progressive weakness and degeneration of the skeletal muscles. more than 30 diseases
pelvis
protects internal organs and supports the lower extremities. It includes the pelvic girdle
hernia
protrusion of a part of a structure through the tissues normally containing it
vaccination
provides protection against a contagious disease without having been exposed to the risk of actually having the disease
physical therapist
provides treatment to prevent disabolity or restore function through the use of exercise, heat, massage, and other techniques
py/o
pus
myoclonus
quick involuntary jerking of a muscle or group of muscles
teletherapy
radiation therapy administered at a distance from the body
hysterosalpingography
radiographic examination of the uterus and fallopian tubes
angiography
radiographic study of blood vessels after injecting of contrast medium
pelvimetry
radiographic study to measure the dimensions of the pelvis to evaluate its capacity to allow passage of the fetus through the birth canal
acute
rapid onset, sever course, short
supra ventricular tachycardia
rapid, regular heartbeats origination at or above the AV node
left ventricle
recieves O2 rich blood from left artium, blood flows out of lv through aortic semilunar valve into aorta, to everywhere but lungs
erythr/o-
red
aspirin
reduces ability to clot blood
tolerance
refers to an acquired unresponsiveness to a specific antigen
adjuvant
refers to an agent intended to increase the effectiveness of drug
antepartum
refers to the final stage of pregnancy just before the onset of labor
condyle
refers to the round prominence at the end of a bone
patella
knee bone
hinge joints
knees and elbows
variocele
knot of varicose veins in one side of the scrotum
cardiopulmonary bypass CPB
known as heart lung machine
atonic
lacking normal muscle tone or strength
macro-
large, abnormal size, long
mega- megal/o
large, great
laryng
larynx or throat
lumbar vertebrae
last 5 vertebra. L1-L5
ileum
last part of long intestines
scoliosis
lateral curvature of the spine
temporal bones
lateral portion of the skull inferior to the parietal bones
parietal bones
lateral portions of the skull, superior to the temporal bones. there are 2
duct-
lead
sinistr/o
left side
growth hormone
regulates the growth of bone, muscle, and other body tissues
Pectoral
relating to the chest
visceral
relating to the internal organs
skeletal muscle relaxant
relax muscles to relieve stiffness, pain, and discomfort
ovulation
release of a mature egg from a follicle on the surface of the ovary
tenolysis
release of a tendon from adhesions
nitroglycerin
relieves pain of angina
varicocelectomy
removal of a portion of an enlarged vein to relive a varicocele
plasmapheresis
removal of blood and separation of cellular elements
coronary veins
remove hate products from the myocardium
pyel/o
renal pelvis, part of kidney
repetitive stress disorder
repetitive motion disorder
revision surgery
replacement of a worn or failed implant
natural immunity
resistance to a disease present without the administration of an antigen or exposure to a disease.
RICE
rest, ice, compress, elevate
fraternal twins
result from the fertilization of separate ova by separate sperm cells
uterine involution
return of the uterus to its normal size & former condition after delivery
veins
returns o2 poor blood to heart
immobilization
stabilization, act of holding, suturing, or fastening the bone in a fixed position with strapping or a cast
lymphocytes
leukocytes that are formed in bone marrow as stem cells
monocytes
leukocytes that provide immunological defenses against many infectious organisms
liquid-tissue sarcomas
sarcomas that arise from blood and lymph
hard-tissue sarcomas
sarcomas that arise from bone or cartilage
Apgar score
scale of 1-10 to evaluate a newborn infant's physical status at 1 & 5 minutes after birth
olig/o
scanty, few
cardiac ablation
scars or destroys the heart tissue that is triggering an abnormal heart rhythm
capsul-
little box
hepat/o-
liver
smooth muscle
located in organs. involuntary. unstriated. visceral
red bone marrow
located in spongy bone, manufactures red blood cells
supination
rotating arm so that the palm is forward or up
fibroadenoma
round, firm, rubbery mass that arises from excess growth of glandular and connective tissue in the breast
malleolus
rounded bony projection on the tibia and fibula on the sides of each ankle joint
fundus
rounded part of uterus, above the entrance of the fallopian tubes
mons pubis
rounded, fleshy prominence located over the pubic symphysis
bulbourethral glands
located just below the prostate gland
thymus
located near the midline in the anterior portion of the thoracic cavity
adrenal glands
located with one on top of each kidney, each consists of an outer portion and middle portion
chronic
long duration
vas deferens
long, narrow continuations of each epididymis which lead upward to join the urethra
spirochetes
long, slender spiral-shaped bacteria that have flexible walls and are capable of movement
-lysis
loosening or setting free
osteoporosis
loss of bone density and increase in bone porosity usually caused by age
sarcopenia
loss of muscle mass, strength, and function due to aging
paralysis
loss of sensation and voluntary muscle movements in a muscle through disease or injury to its nerve supply
ankylosis
loss or absence of mobility in a joint due to disease, injury, or a surgical procedure
lumbago
low back pain
Dual X-ray absorptiometry
low-exposure radiographic measurement of teh spine and hips to measure bone density
cervix
lower, narrow portion of uterus that extends into the vagina {cervic/o}
depression
lowering a body part
lymphatic vessels
lymph flows from the lymphatic capillaries into the progressively larger
cervical
lymph nodes located along the sides of the neck
inguinal
lymph nodes located in the inguinal area of the abdomen
axillary
lymph nodes located under the arms in the area known as the armpits
lymph
made up of the remaining 10% of returning interstitial fluid. a clear, watery fluid containing electrolytes and proteins
Carotid arteries
major arteries that carry blood upwards to the head
anabolic steroids
man-made substances that are chemically related to male sex hormones, used in the treatment of hormone problems in men and to help the body replace muscle mass lost due to disease
closed reduction
manipulation, attempted realignment of the bone involved in a fracture
poly-
many
ERYTHROCYTES
mature red blood cells produced by red bone marrow, transport 02, hemoglobin
delayed breast reconstruction
may be necessary if the surgery is to be followed by radiation treatment, severe techniques used to restore size and shape of missing breast
path/o
meaning disease; and also suffering, feeling, and emotion (word root)
pathogenic
means capable of proceeding disease
transverse
means in a crosswise direction
in situ
means in the place where the cancer first occurred
lymphaden
means lymph node
lymphoid
means pertaining to the lymphatic system or resembling lymph of lymphatic tissue
lingual
means pertaining to the tongue
monoclonal
means pertains to a single clone of cells
postexposure
means that the patient has been exposed to the virus, for example, by being bitten by an animal with rabies
intact
means that there are no cuts, scrapes, open sores, or breaks in the skin
maturation
means the process of becoming mature
differentiation
means to be modified to perform a specific function
stimulate
means to cause greater activity
complement
means to complete or make whole
repress
means to decrease or stop a normal response
inhibit
means to slow the growth or development of
debilitated
means weakened by another condition
compromised
means weakened or not functioning properly
arthroplasty
meas the surgical repair of a damaged joint
contraceptive
measure taken, or device used, to lessen the likelihood of conception & pregnancy
fructosamine test
measures average glucose levels over the previous 3 weeks
home blood glucose monitoring
measures the current blood sugar level, test performed by the patient
fasting blood sugar test
measures the glucose levels after the patient has not eaten for 8 to 12 hours used to screen for diabetes
thyroid scan
measures thyroid function, is a form of nuclear medicine
orthotic
mechanical appliance that is designed to facilitate the use of an impaired limb
triage
medical screening toput patients where they need to go
antihistamines
medications administered to relieve or prevent the symptoms of hay fever, which is a common allergy to wind-borne pollens, and other types of allergies
antibiotics
medications capable of inhibiting growth or killing pathogenic, bacterial microorganisms
lymphatic capillaries
microscopic, blind-ended tubes located near the surface of the body with capillary walls that are only one cell in thickness
myocardium
middle and thickest layer of heart
corpus
middle portion (body) of uterus
mammary glands
milk-producing glands that develop during puberty
electrolytes
mineral substances such as sodium and potassium that are normally found in the blood
overuse injuries
minor tissue injuries that aren't given time to heal
intrauterine device
molded plastic contraceptive inserted through the cervix into the uterus
stress test
monitoring the EKG while patient exercises on treadmill, or is injected with a chemical to increase the heart rate
postpartum depression
mood disorder characterized by feelings of sadness & the loss of pleasure in normal activities that can occur shortly after giving birth
eclampsia
more serious form of preeclampsia, is characterized by convulsions & sometimes corna
testicular cancer
most common cancer in American males between the ages of 15 & 34 years
radical hysterectomy
most commonly performed to treat uterine cancer; surgical removal of the ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, & cervix
kines/o, kinesi/o
movement
abduction
movement away from the midline
dorsiflexion
movement that bends the foot upward at the ankle
adduction
movement towards the midline
masseter
moves lower jaw up for chewing
-rrhexis
rupture
myorrhexis
rupture of a muscle
ovariorrhexis
rupture of an ovary
myorrhexis
rupture or tearing of a muscle
amniotic sac
sac made of two membranes (amnion & chorion) that surrounds the embryo in the uterus
scrotum
sac-like structure that surrounds, protects, and supports the testicles
infiltrating ductal carcinoma
starts in the milk duct, breaks through the wall of that duct, and invades the fatty breast tissue
arthrosclerosis
stiffness in the joints
lactogenic hormone
stimulates and maintains the secretion of breast milk in the mother after childbirth
interstitial cell-stimulating hormone
stimulates ovulation in the female, in the male it stimulates the secretion of testosterone
luteinizing hormone
stimulates ovulation in the female, in the male testosterone
adrenocorticotropic hormone
stimulates the growth and secretions of the adrenal cortex
follicle-stimulating hormone
stimulates the secretion of estrogen and the growth of ova in the ovaries of the female
thyroid-stimulating hormone
stimulates the secretion of hormones by the thyroid gland
oxytocin
stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth
muscle innervation
stimulation of a muscle by an impulse transmitted by a motor nerve
gastr/o-
stomach
lith
stone
rectus
straight alignment with the vertical axis of the body
digitalis
strengthens contraction of heart muscle, slows heart rate, eliminates fluid from body tissues
-cide
suffix meaning death
-cocci
suffix meaning spherical bacteria
carpal tunnel release
surgical enlargement of the carpal tunnel or cutting of the carpal ligament to relieve the pressure on tendons and nerves
colpopexy
surgical fixation of a prolapsed vagina to a surrounding structure such as the abdominal wall
osteoclasis
surgical fracture of a bone to correct a deformity
myotomy
surgical incision into a muscle
tenotomy
surgical incision into a tendon
episiotomy
surgical incision made through the perineum to enlarge the vaginal orifice to prevent tearing of the tissues as the infant moves out of the birth canal
craniotomy
surgical incision or opening into the skull
fasciotomy
surgical incision through fascia to relieve tension or pressure
dilation & curettage
surgical procedure in which the cervix is dilated & the endometrium of the uterus is scraped away
-centesis
surgical puncture to remove fluid
amniocentesis
surgical puncture with a needle to obtain a specimen of amniotic fluid
-ectomy
surgical removal of
conization
surgical removal of a cone-shaped specimen of tissue from the cervix
salpingo-oophorectomy
surgical removal of a fallopian tube and ovary
cranioectomy
surgical removal of a portion of the skull
aneurysmectomy
surgical removal of aneurysm
ostectomy
surgical removal of bone
salpingectomy
surgical removal of one or both fallopian tubes
ovariectomy
surgical removal of one or both ovaries
orchidectomy
surgical removal of one or both testicles
circumcision
surgical removal of the foreskin of the penis
hysterectomy
surgical removal of the uterus
myomectomy
surgical removal of uterine fibroids
castration
surgical removal or destruction of both testicles
-plasty
surgical repair
chondroplasty
surgical repair of damaged cartilage
cranioplasty
surgical repair of the skull
fascioplasty
surgical repair to fascia
tubal ligation
surgical sterilization procedure in which the fallopian tubes are sealed or cut to prevent sperm from reaching a mature ovum
-rraphy
surgical suturing
-rrhaphy
surgical suturing
colporrhaphy
surgical suturing of a tear in the vagina
tenodesis
surgical suturing of a tendon to bone
myorrhaphy
surgical suturing of muscle
episiorrhaphy
surgical suturing to repair an episiotomy
tenorrhaphy
surgical suturing together of the divided ends of a tendon
osteorrhaphy
surgical suturing, or wiring together, of bones
peri-
surrounding, around
neurorrhaphy
suturing together the ends of a severed nerve
edema
swelling caused by an abnormal accumulation of fluid in cells, tissues, or cavities of the body
vulvodynia
syndrome of unknown cause; characterized by chronic burning, pain during intercourse, itching, or stinging irritation of the vulva
synovi/o, synov/o
synovial membrane, synovial fluid
coccyx
tailbone. 4 fused vertebra at the end of the sacrum
colporrhexis
tearing or laceration of the vaginal wall
placenta
temporary organ that forms within the uterus to allow the exchange of nutrients, oxygen, & waste products between the mother & fetus without allowing maternal blood & fetal blood to mix
myalgia
tenderness or pain in the muscles
ten/o, tend/o, tendin/o
tendon, stretch out, extend, strain
achilles tendonitis
tendonitis in the Achilles tendon
carpal tunnel syndrome
tendons in the carpal tunnel become chronically overused and are inflamed and swollen
oligomenorrhea
term used to describe infrequent or very light menstruation in a woman with previously normal periods
orchid/o, test/i
testicle {2 roots}
sperm count
testing of freshly ejaculated semen to determine the volume plus the number, shape, size, & motility of the sperm
Bone density testing
tests bone density for diagnostic purposes
appendicular skeleton
the 126 bones of the upper and lower extremeties
axial skeleton
the 80 bones of the skull, ossicles, hyoid bone, the rib cage, and the vertebral column
allogenic bone marrow transplant
the BMT comes from a compatible donor
autologous BMT
the BMT comes from the patient himself by previously freezing healthy bone marrow
arteriosclerosis
the abnormal hardening of the walls of an artery or arteries
ELISA
the acronym for enzyme linked immunosorbent assay
talus
the ankle bone that articulates with the tibia and fibula
pubis
the anterior portion of the pubic bone
phalanges
the bones of the fingers and toes
circumduction
the circular movement at the far end of a limb
hypogonadism
the condition of deficient secretion of hormones by the sex glands
gynecomastia
the condition of excessive mammary development in the male
hypergonadism
the condition of excessive secretion of hormones by the sex glands
hyperinsulinism
the condition of excessive secretion of insulin in the bloodstream
hyperpituitarism
the excess secretion of growth hormone that causes acromegaly and gigantism
spondylolisthesis
the forward slipping movement of the body of one of the lower lumbar vertebrae on the vertebra or sacrum below it
diarrhea
the frequent flow of loose or watery stools
progesterone
the hormone released during the second half of the menstrual cycle by the corpus luteum in the ovary
glucagon
the hormone secreted by the alpha cells of the pancreatic islets in response to low levels of glucose in the bloodstream
insulin
the hormone secreted by the beta cells of the pancreatic islets in response to high levels of glucose in the bloodstream
thoracic duct
the largest lymphatic vessel in the body, collects lymph from the left side of the head and neck, upper left quadrant of the trunk, the left arm, and entire lower portion of the trunk, and both legs
hemorrhage
the loss of a large amount of blood in a short time
acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
the most advanced and fatal stage of an HIV infection
thyroid carcinoma
the most common cancer of the endocrine system
a metastasis
the new cancer size that results from the spreading process
external auditory meatus
the opening of the external auditory canal of the outer ear
radioactive iodine treatment
the oral administration of radioactive iodine to destroy thyroid cells
hyperparathyroidism
the overproduction of the parathyroid hormone, causes the condition known as hypercalcemia
hyperthyroidism
the overproduction of thyroid hormones
metastasize
the process by which cancer spreads from one place to another
staging
the process of classifying tumors by how far the disease has progresses, the potential for its responding to therapy, and the patient's prognosis
phagocytosis
the process of destroying pathogens by surrounding and swallowing them
puberty
the process of physical changes by which a child's body becomes an adult body that is capable of reproducing
-graphy
the process of producing a picture or record
angiogenesis
the process through which a tumor supports its growth by creating its own blood supply
homeostasis
the processes through which the body maintains a constant internal environment
subclavian vein
the proximal part of the main vein of the arm
surgical biopsy
the removal of a small piece of tissue for examination to confirm a diagnosis
hypophysectomy
the removal of abnormal glandular tissue
immunity
the state of being resistant to a specific disease
corticosteroids
the steroid hormones produced by the adrenal cortex
lymphatic system
the structures of this and specialized leukocytes work together in specific ways to attack and destroy pathogens that have succeeded in entering the body
pathology
the study of all aspects of diseases
neonatology
the study of disorders of the newborn
oncology
the study of the prevention, causes, and treatment or tumors and cancer
colostomy
the surgical creation of an artificial excretory opening between the colon and the body surface
arthrolysis
the surgical loosening of an ankylosed joint
abdominocentesis
the surgical puncture of the abdominal cavity to remove fluid
synovectomy
the surgical removal of a synovial membrane
pancreatectomy
the surgical removal of all or part of the pancreas
radical mastectomy
the surgical removal of an entire breast and many of the surrounding tissues
lobectomy
the surgical removal of one lobe of the thyroid gland
parathyroidectomy
the surgical removal of one or more of the parathyroid glands, is performed to control hyperparathyroidism
lumpectomy
the surgical removal of only the cancerous tissue with the surrounding margin of normal tissue
appendectomy
the surgical removal of the appendix
modified radical mastectomy
the surgical removal of the entire breast and all of the axillary lymph nodes under the adjacent arm
mastectomy
the surgical removal of the entire breast and nipple
pinealectomy
the surgical removal of the pineal gland
thymectomy
the surgical removal of the thymus gland
lymphedema
the swelling of the tissues due to an abnormal accumulation of lymph fluid within the tissues
cortisone
the synthetic equivalent of corticosteroids produced by the body
non-hodgkin's lymphoma
the term used to describe all other lymphomas other than Hodgkin's lymphoma
thyroxine, triiodothryonine
the two primary thyroid hormones that regulate the rate of metabolism and affect the growth and rate of function of many other body systems
chemotherapy
the use of chemical agents and drugs in combinations selected to destroy malignant cells and tissues
chemopreventation
the use of natural or synthetic substances such as drugs or vitamins to reduce the risk of developing cancer
brachytherapy
the use of radioactive materials in contact with or implanted into the tissues to be treated
femurs
thigh bone
choroin
thin outer membrane that encloses the embryo
inferior conchae
thin, scroll-like bones that born part of the interior of the nose
osteopenia
thinner than average bone density. precursor to osteoporosis
pancreatic islets
those parts of the pancreas that have endocrine functions
tri-
three
tonsils
three masses of lymphoid tissue that form a protective ring around the back of the nose and upper throat
trimesters
three of these during pregnancy (13 weeks each)
auditory ossicles
three tiny bones in the ear: incus, stapes, malleus
deep vein thrombosis
thrombus attached to the interior walls of a deep vein
radius
thumb side forearm bone
contraction
tightening of the muscle
puerperium
time from the delivery of the placenta through approximately the first 6 weeks after the delivery
-necrosis
tissue death
-desis
to bind, tie together
foot phalanges
toe bones
ton-
tone
ton/o
tone, stretching, tension
tonsill-
tonsil
lingual
tonsils located at the base of the tongue
adenoids
tonsils located in the nasopharynx
palatine
tonsils located on the left and right sides of the throat in the area that is visible at the back of the mouth
sprain
torn or wrenched ligament
laceration
torn/jagged wound or cut
hemiplegia
total paralysis
permetrium
tough membranous outer layer of uterus
periosteum
tough, fibrous tissue that forms the outermost covering of bone
medialis
toward the midline
lateralis
toward the side
ad-
toward, to in the direction of
perimenopause
transition phase between regular menstrual periods and no periods at all
human immunodeficiency virus
transmitted through exposure to infected body fluids, particularly through sexual intercourse with an infected partner (abbrev: HIV)
Lyme disease
transmitted to humans by the bite of an infected backlogged tick
inferior venae cava
transports blood from lower portion of body to heart
superior venae cava
transports blood from upper portion of body to heart
respiratory system
traps breathed-in foreign matter with nose hards and the moist mucous membrane lining of the respiratory system
sacrum
triangular shaped bone near the base of the spine that forms the lower portion of the back
umbilical cord
tube that carries blood, oxygen, and nutrients from the placenta to the developing child
fallopian tubes
tubes that extend from the upper end of the uterus to a point near, but not attached to, an ovary
bi-
twice, double, two
sub-
under, less, below
cytotoxic drugs
use for both immunosuppression and chemotherapy
fetal monitoring
use of an electronic device to record the fetal heart & the maternal uterine contractions during labor
hormone replacement therapy
use of the female hormones estrogen & progestin to replace those the body no longer produced during & after perimenopause
synthetic immunoglobulins
used as a post-exposure preventative measure against certain viruses, including rabies and some types of hepatitis. the goal of this treatment is to prevent the disease from developing by providing temporary immunity.
ultrasound
used as an initial follow-up test when an abnormality is found my a mammography
yellow bone marrow
used for fat storage
synthetic interferon
used in the treatment of multiple sclerosis, hepatitis C, and some cancers
multiples
used to describe a birth involving more than two infants
percutaneous diskectomy
used to treat a herniated intervertebral disk. removal of the disk through the skin, usually by sucking it out or by a lasering it out.
bone marrow transplant
used to treat leukemia and lymphomas. Patient gets it's bone marrow fried, then healthy bone marrow is put in.
antiviral drug
used to treat viral infections or to provide temporary immunity
labia majora & labia minora
vaginal lips that protect the other external genitalia and the urethral meatus
quadriceps femoris
vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedialis, and rectus femoris
Ven/o
veins
systolic pressure:
ventricles contract
diastolic pressure
ventricles relax
spondyl/o
vertebrae, vertebral column, backbone
spinal column
vertebral column. has 26 vertebrae
compression fracture
vertebral crush fracture, occurs when bone is pressed together on itself
viruses
very small infectious agents that live only by invading other cells
venography
viewing of specific veins after injecting dye
clon-
violent action
-scopy
visual exam
-scopy
visual examination
arthroscopy
visual examination of the internal structure of a joint
atrophy
weakness or wearing away
osteoarthritis (OA)
wear and tear arthritis, most commonly associated with aging. Degenerative disease. associated with bone hypertrophy
relaxation
when a muscle returns to its original form
viable
when the fetus is capable of living outside the uterus
afterbirth
when the placenta is expelled after the delivery of a newborn
seminiferous tubules
where sperm is formed
temporomandibular joint (TMJ)
where the mandible connects to the skull
origin
where the muscle begins. located nearest the midline of the body or on a less movable part of the skeleton
synovial joint
where two bones articulate to permit a variety of motions
leuk/o-
white
semen
whitish fluid containing sperm that is ejaculated through the urethra at the peak of male sexual excitement
total hip replacement (THR)
whole hip is replaced. Total hip arthroplasty
total knee replacement
whole knee is replaced
Stent
wire mesh tube supporting arterial wall
intramuscular
within the muscle
Intra-
within, inside
an-
without
primigravida
woman during her first pregnancy
primipara
woman who has borne one viable child
multiparous
woman who has given birth two or more times
nulligravida
woman who has never been pregnant
nullipara
woman who has never borne a viable child
axil
word root meaning armpit
mast
word root meaning breast
cervic
word root meaning neck
antagonistic
working in opposition to each other
exercise physiologist
works under the supervision of a physician to develop, implement, and coordinate exercise programs and administer medical tests to promote physical fitness
parathyroid hormone
works with the hormone calcitonin that is secreted by the thyroid gland
trauma
wound or injury
intact skin
wraps around the body in a physical barrier to prevent invading organisms from entering the body
carpals
wrist bones
torticollis
wryneck, is a stiff neck due to spasmodic contraction
reproductive system
— primary function of male system is to produce sperm and deliver them into the female body to create new life — male organs include: penis, testicles, prostate, urethra — primary function of female system is the creation and support of new life — female organs include: ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina
infundibulum
funnel-shaped opening into the fallopian tube near the ovary
olecranon process
funny bone. elbow point
Pandemic
An outbreak of a disease occurring over a large geographic area, possibly worldwide
Thromb/o
Clot
Noun endings
-a -e -um -us -y
Suffixes for "Pertaining to"
-ac -al -an -ar -ary -ous -tic
Suffixes for "Abnormal Condition"
-ago -esis -ia -iasis -ion -ism -osis
Suffixes for "Pertaining to"
-eal -ical -ial -ic -ine -ior -ory
ribs
12 pairs. AKA costals. the first 7 are true, next 3 are false, last two are floating ribs
normal sperm count
20-120 million or more sperm per milliliter of semen
venae cavae
2 largest veins, return blood to heart
ventricle
2 lower chambers of heart
atria
2 upper chambers of heart
Rotation
4.100
Flexion
4.91
Extension
4.92
Abduction
4.93
Adduction
4.94
Pronation
4.95
Supination
4.96
Dorsiflexion
4.97
Plantar Flexion
4.98
Circumduction
4.99
skull
8 bones form the cranium, 14 bones form the face, 6 bones form the middle ear
plasma
91% water, 9% protein contains nutrients, hormones, waste product; FIBRINOGEN: CLOTTING PROTEINS IN PLASMA
Anaplasia
A change in the structure of cells and in their orientation to each other. A characteristic of tumor formations in cancer
Genetic Mutation
A change of the sequence of a DNA molecule which can be caused by exposure to radiation or environmental pollution
Somatic Cell Mutation
A change within the cells of the body which affect the individual but *cannot* be transmitted to the next generation
Gametic Cell Mutation
A change within the genes in a gamete that *can* be transmitted by a parent to his or her children
Adenoma
A benign tumor that arises in, or resembles, glandular tissue
Premature Birth
A birth that occurs earlier than 37 weeks of development which can cause serious health problems because the baby's body systems have not had time to form completely
thrombus
A blood clot attached to the interior wall of an artery or vein.
megaloblastic anemia
A blood disorder characterized by anemia in which the red blood cells are larger than normal.
labor & delivery
AKA childbirth three stages: 1. dilation 2. delivery of baby 3. expulsion of the afterbirth
ovum (plural: ova)
AKA egg - female gamete {ov/o}
impotence
AKA erectile dysfunction - inability of the male to achieve or maintain a penile erection
glans penis
AKA head of penis - sensitive region located at the tip of the penis
dislocation
AKA luxation, the total displacement of a bone from its joint
menstruation
AKA menses - normal periodic discharge of endometrial lining and unfertilized egg from uterus {men/o}
uterine fibroid
AKA myoma - benign tumor composed of muscle and fibrous tissue that occurs uterine wall
low sperm count
AKA oligospermia - sperm count below 20 million/ml
testicular pain
AKA orchalgia pain in one or both testicles
papanicolaou test
AKA pap smear - exfoliative biopsy for the detection of conditions that can be early indicators of cervical cancer
foreskin
AKA prepuce - retractable double-layered fold of skin and mucous membrane that covers and protects the glans penis
testicles
AKA testes - two small, egg-shaped glands that produce sperm and testosterone {orchid/o, test/i}
uterus
AKA the womb - pear-shaped organ with muscular walls and a mucous membrane lining filled with a rich supply of blood vessels — consists of 3 main parts: fundus, corpus, cervix — consists of 3 membranous tissue layers: perimetrium, myometrium, endometrium {hyster/o, metr/i, metr/o}
trichomoniasis
AKA trich - infection caused by the protozoan parasite Trichomonas vaginalis
genitourinary system
AKA urogenital system - organ system of the reproductive organs and the urinary system
vasovasostomy
AKA vasectomy reversal - procedure performed as an attempt to restore fertility to a vasectomized male
vaginal candidiasis
AKA yeast infection - vaginal infection caused by the yeast-like fungus
Atrioventricle Node
AV node, transmits electrical impulses to bundle of Hiss, located floor of right atrium near interatrial septum
Dysplasia
Abnormal development or growth in cells, tissues, or organs
Cardiomegaly
Abnormal enlargement of the heart that is frequently associated with heart failure as the heart enlarges in an effort ti compensate for its decreasing pumping ability
varicose veins
Abnormally swollen veins that usually occur in the superficial veins of the legs.
Epigastric
Above the stomach
Adipose (Tissue)
Also known as *fat*, this tissue provides protective padding, insulation, and support
Food-borne (and water-borne) Transmission
Also known as *fecal-oral transmission*, this is caused by eating or drinking contaminated food or water that has not been properly treated to remove contamination or kill pathogens that are present
Adult Stem Cell(s)
Also known as *somatic cells*, these cells are undifferentiated and found among differentiated cells in a tissue or organ. The primary role of these cells is to maintain and repair the tissue in which they are found
Developmental Disorder
Also known as a *birth defect*, this disorder can result in an anomaly or malformation such as the absence of a limb or the presence of an extra toe
Communicable Disease
Also known as a *contagious disease*, this is any condition that is transmitted from one person to another either by direct or indirect contact with contaminated objects
Sex Cell(s)
Also known as a *gamete*, is the only type of cell which does not contain 46 chromosomes but instead contains 23 single chromosomes
Genetic Disorder
Also known as a *hereditary disorder*, is a pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene
Congenital Disorder
An abnormal condition that exists at the time of birth
tachycardia
An abnormally rapid resting heart rate.
bradycardia
An abnormally slow resting heart rate.
cardiac arrest
An event in which the heart abruptly stops beating or develops an arrhythmia that prevents it from pumping blood effectively.
Infectious Disease
An illness caused by living pathogenic organisms such as bacteria and viruses
Idiopathic Disorder
An illness without known cause
valvulitis
An inflammation of a heart valve.
endocarditis
An inflammation of the inner lining of the heart.
Hypochondriac
Below the ribs
Hypogastric
Below the stomach
Capill/o
Capillaries
Pulmonary veins
Carry the oxygenated blood from the lungs into the left atrium of the heart
pernicious anemia
Caused by a lack of the protein intrinsic factor (IF) that helps the body absorb vitamin B12 from the gastrointestinal tract.
Blood types
Classifications according to the presence or absence of certain antigens. (A, AB, B and O)
ventricular fibrillation
Consists of rapid, irregular, and useless contractions of the ventricles.
Graft Versus Host Disease
Condition that occurs following bone marrow transplant in which the immune cells in the transplanted marrow produce antibodies against the host's tissues
Birth Injuries
Congenital disorders that were not present before the events surrounding the time of birth
Deoxyribonucleic Acid
DNA
Erythrocytes
DNA is found in the nucleus of all types of cells except ________________, because they do not have a nucleus
coronary thrombosis
Damage to the heart muscle caused by a thrombus blocking a coronary artery.
hypo-
Deficient, decreased
Rh factor
Defines the presence or absence of the Rh antigen on red blood cells
automated external defibrillator
Designed for use by nonprofessionals in emergency situations when defibrillation is requirednecessary, externally shocks the heart to restore a normal cardiac rhythm.
Peripheral Vascular disease
Disorder of blood vessels that are located on the outside of the heart and brain
Chromosome
Each _______________ contains about 100,000 genes
tachy-
Fast
adip/o
Fat (word root)
XX
Female chromosome pair
Plasm
Formative material of cells
Eosinophils
Formed in red blood marrow then migrate to tissues throughout the body
Basophils
Formed in red bone marrow, Least common type of WBC
Neutrophils
Formed in red bone marrow, Most common type of WBC
Monocytes
Formed in red bone marrow, lymph nodes, and in the spleen. Aid in defense against infectious organisms
Lymphocytes
Formed in red bone marrow, lymph nodes, and in the spleen. They identify foreign substances in the body and produce antibodies that specifically target them.
atherosclerosis
Hardening and narrowing of the arteries caused by a buildup of cholesterol plaque on the interior walls of the arteries.causes insufficient supply of o2, may cause angina, myocardial infarction or death. Most common type of heart disease
Differentiated
Having a specialized function or structure
Cardi/o
Heart
Left atrium
LA, recieves O2 rich blood from lungs from 4 pulmonary veins, blood flows out of la through mitral valve into lv
Aorta
Largest vessel in the body
Dorsal (Cavity)
Located along the back of the body and head, contains organs of the nervous system that coordinate body functions
Retroperitoneal
Located behind the peritoneum
DNA
Located on the pairs of chromosomes in the nucleus of each cell
Lumbar
Lower back between the ribs and the pelvis
Inferior
Lowermost, below, or toward the feet (body direction)
magnetic resonance imaging
MRI used for imaging soft tissue
Abdominal (Region)
Made up of invisible quadrants, this region helps to better describe where organs and pain are located
Thorax (Region)
Made up of nine parts, this region helps to better describe where organs and pain are located
Undifferentiated
Not having a specialized function or structure
atrial fibrillation
Occurs when the normal rhythmic contractions of the atria are replaced by rapid, irregular twitching of the muscular heart wall.
septicemia
Often associated with severe infections caused by the presence of bacteria in the blood.
Holter monitor
Portable electrocardiograph that is worn by an ambulatory patient to continuously monitor the heart rates and rhythms over a 24/hr period
Functional Disorder
Produces symptoms for which no physiological or anatomical cause can be identified, such as a panic attack
right atrium
RA, receives O2 poor blood from all tissue but the lungs through the superior and inferior venae cavae, blood flows through ra to rv
right ventricle
RV pumps O2 poor blood through pulmonary semilunar valve into pulmonary artery, to lungs,
Pulse
Rhythmic pressure against the walls of an artery caused by contraction of the heart
Erythr/o
Red
Inguinal
Referring to the groin
Indirect Contact Transmission
Refers to situations in which a susceptible person is infected by contact with a contaminated surface
Visceral
Relating to the internal organs
Distal
Situated farthest from the midline or beginning of a body structure (body direction)
Posterior
Situated in the back (body direction)
Anterior
Situated in the front (body direction)
Proximal
Situated nearest the midline or beginning of a body structure (body direction)
brady-
Slow
anticoagulant
Slows coagulation and prevents new clots from forming.
Anatomic Position
Standing straight, palms facing forward
hist/o
Tissue (word root)
hemostasis
To stop or control bleeding.
Cephalic
Toward the head (body direction)
Caudal
Toward the lower part of the body (body direction)
Ventricles
Two lower chambers of the heart
Double Helix
Two staircase shapes twisted together
Artia
Two upper chambers of the heart
Embryonic Stem Cell(s)
Undifferentiated cells that are unlike any specific adult cell, but have the ability to form *any* adult cell. Found in cord blood and the placenta at birth
Stem Cell(s)
Unspecialized cells that are able to renew themselves for long periods of time by cell division
Superior
Uppermost, above, or toward the head (body direction)
myoma
a benign tumor made up of muscle tissue
Phleb/o
Veins
insulinoma
a benign tumor of the pancreas that causes hypoglycemia by secreting additional insulin
prolactinoma
a benign tumor of the pituitary gland, which causes the pituitary gland to produce too much of the lactogenic hormone known as prolactin
sentinel node biopsy
a biopsy of the first lymph node to come into contact with cancer cells as they leave the organ of origination
Recessive
When this type of gene is inherited from *both* parents, the offspring *will* have that condition or characteristic
Dominant
When this type of gene is inherited from *either* parent, the offspring *will* inherit that genetic condition or characteristic
Recessive
When this type of gene is inherited from only one parent, and a normal gene is inherited from the other, the offspring will *not* have that condition or characteristic
human immunodeficiency virus
a blood borne infection in which the virus damages or kills the T cells of the immune system, causing it to progressively fail
hemoglobin A1c testing
a blood test that measures the average blood glucose level over the previous 3 to four months
western blot test
a blood test that produces more accurate results than ELISA test, used to confirm the diagnosis when ELISA results are positive
ELISA
a blood test used to screen for the presence of HIV antibodies
Leuk/o
White
radiograph
X-ray
lymphatic circulatory system
___ and the blood circulatory system work closely together
lymphangioma
a benign tumor formed by an abnormal collection of lymphatic vessels due to a congenital malformation of the lymphatic system
nasopharyngeal tonsils
aka adenoids
antimycotic
aka antifungal agent, destroys or inhibits the growth of fungi
autoimmune disease
aka autoimmune disorder, any of a large group of disease characterized by a condition in which the immune system produces antibodies against its own tissues, mistaking healthy cells, tissues, or organs for antigens
shingles
aka herpes zoster, an acute viral infection characterized by painful skin eruptions that follow the underlying route of an inflamed nerve
intercellular, tissue fluid
aka interstitial fluid
cellular response
aka localized allergic response, includes redness, itching, and burning where the skin has come into contact with an allergen
immune serum
aka synthetic immunoglobulins, used as a post-exposure preventative measure against certain viruses, including rabies and some types of hepatitis. the goal of this treatment is to prevent the disease from developing by providing temporary immunity.
anaphylaxis
aka systemic reaction, a severe response to an allergen
antispasmodic
anticholinergic, suppresses smooth muscle contractions
mycosis
any abnormal condition or disease caused by a fungus
pyoderma
any acute, inflammatory, pus-forming bacterial skin infection such as impetigo
gastrosis
any disease of the stomach
lymphadenopathy
any disease process affecting a lymph node or nodes
gonadotropin
any hormone that stimulates the gonads
pelvic inflammatory disease
any inflammation of female reproductive organs not associated with surgery or pregnancy
cyan/o-
blue
cyanosis
blue discoloration of the skin caused by a lack of adequate oxygen in the blood
anteflexion
body of the uterus is bent forward
oss/e, oss/i, ost/o, oste/o
bone
osteomyelitis
bone and bone marrow inflammation
percutaneous vertebroplasty
bone cement is injected to stabilize compression fractures within the spinal column
rickets
bone growth deficiency due to lack of Vitamin D
myel/o
bone marrow spinal cord
osteopath
bone specialist
osteophytes
bone spurs
vertebrae
bony units in the spine
norepinephrine
both a hormone and a neurohormone is released as a hormone by the adrenal medulla and as a neurohormone by the sympathetic nervous system
stage 0
cancer cells are found only in one location
stage 1
cancer cells have moved beyond the duct but have not yet reached the lymph nodes
stage 2
cancer has increased in size, and/or has reached the axillary lymph nodes
stage 4
cancer has spread to other organs, most commonly the brain, lungs, liver, or bones
stage 3
cancer has spread to the cervical lymph nodes and/or the tissues surrounding the breast, such as the chest wall or skin
myeloma
cancer in the bone marrow
secondary bone cancer
cancer that spreads to bone from elsewhere in the body
infiltrating lobular carcinoma
cancer that starts in the milk glands, breaks through the wall of the gland, and invades the fatty tissue of the breast
cryosurgery
cancerous cells are frozen and destroyed using a substance such as liquid nitrogen
soft-tissue sarcoma
cancers of the muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood, and lymphatic vessels, or other supporting tissue, including the synovial tissues
breast cancer
carcinoma that develops form the cells of the breast and can spread to adjacent lymph nodes and other body sites
myocardial muscle
cardiac muscle. striated, but looks like smooth muscle.
fibrinogen prothrombin
clotting proteins found in plasma
talipes
club foot
compartment syndrome
compression of nerves and blood vessels due to swelling within the compartment
premenstrual dysphoric disorder
condition associated with severe emotional & physical problems that are closely linked to the menstrual cycle
polycystic ovary syndrome
condition caused by hormonal imbalance in which ovaries are enlarged by presence of cysts formed by follicles which were not fully developed
endometriosis
condition in which patches of endometrial tissue escape the uterus and become attached to other structures in the pelvic cavity
premature ejaculation
condition in which the male reaches climax too soon, usually before, or shortly after, penetration of the female
premature menopause
condition in which the ovaries cease functioning before age 40 due to disease, hormonal disorder, or surgical removal
spina bifibida
congenital defect that occurs during pregnancy where the spinal canal fails to close completely around the spinal cord to protect it
heart block
congenital or acquired arrhythmia, electrical signal unable to reach ventricles
ankles
connects the lower leg with the foot
fibrous joints
consist of inflexible layers of dense connective tissue that hold bones tightly together. They do not allow any movement
parathyroid gland
each of which us the size of a grain of rice, are embedded in the posterior surface of the thyroid gland
ot/o
ear
fimbriae
fringed, finger-like extensions of the infundibulum
embryo
from implantation through the 8th week of pregnancy, the developing child is known as ___________
fetus
from the 9th week of pregnancy, to the time of birth, the developing child in utero is known as the ___________________
occipitofrontalis
frontalis, forehead muscle
adhesive capsulitis
frozen shoulder caused by adhesion's forming in the synovial capsule making it thicker and tighter
myc/o
fungus
pulmonary semilunar valve
half-moon shaped, b/w right ventricle and pulmonary artery
vermiform appendix
hangs from the lower portion of the cecum, the first section of the large intestine
-sclerosis
hardening (think concrete)
ganglion cyst
harmless, fluid filled swelling that occurs most commonly on the outer surface of the wrist
hemolytic
having the function of destroying worn-out erythrocytes and releasing their hemoglobin for reuse
virile
having the properties of an adult male
-ceps
head
hyperkinesia
hyperactivity, abnormally increased muscle function or activity
melanocyte-stimulating hormone
increases the production of melanin in melanocytes, thereby causing darkening of skin pigmentation
extension
increasing the angle between two bones or the straightening out of a limb
sepsis
infection in the bloodstream
sexually transmitted diseases
infections that affect both males and females (abbrev: STDs)
candidiasis
infections that occur on the skin or mucous membrane in warm, moist areas and are caused by pathogenic yeast
-itis
inflammation
polymyositis
inflammation and weakness in many muscles
mandible
jaw bone
arthr/o
joint
thyroid gland
lies on either side of the larynx, just below the thyroid cartilage
prostate gland
lies under the bladder and surrounds the end of the urethra in the region where the vas deferens enters the urethra {prostat/o} (chapter 9)
cruciate ligaments
ligaments supporting the knee that facilitate movement
hemiparesis
light paralysis or weakness affecting one side of the body
ethmoid bone
light, spongy bone located at the roof and sides of the nose
claudication
limping
synovial membrane
lines the capsule and secretes synovial fluid
amniotic fluid
liquid that protects the fetus and makes possible its floating movements
lacrimal bones
make up the inner angle of the orbit
coitus
male ejaculates approximately 100 million sperm into the female's vagina
sperm
male gametes {sperm/o, spermat/o, semin/i}
penis
male sex organ that transports sperm into the female vagina {pen/i, phall/i}
vasectomy
male sterilization procedure in which a small portion of the vas deferens is surgically removed
craniostenosis
malformation of the skull due to premature closure of the cranial sutures
primary bone caner
malignant cancer originating in the bone
breast reduction
mammoplasty performed to decrease and reshape excessively large, heavy breasts
breast augmentation
mammoplasty performed to increase breast size
mastopexy
mammoplasty to affix sagging breasts in a more elevated position
electrocardiography
non invasive recording of the electrical activity of myocardium
rhin/o
nose
sign
objective evidence of disease, doctor sees it
rheumatism
obsolete term for arthritis
acquired immunity
obtained by having a contagious disease
stress fracture
overuse injury that result in small cracks in the bone
Iliotibial band syndrome
overuse injury. its caused by the band rubbing against bone, often near the knee
-dynia
pain
shin splint
pain caused by the tibialis anterior muscle tearing away from the tibia
dysmenorrhea
pain caused by uterine cramps during a menstrual period
mastalgia
pain in the breast
gastralgia
pain in the stomach or stomachache
cost/o
rib
thoracic cavity
rib cage
costochondroitis
rib cartilage inflammation
dextr/o
right side
bacilli
rod-shaped spore-forming bacteria
pituitary adenoma
slow growing benign tumors of the pituitary gland
bacteriostatic agent
slows or stops the growth of bacteria
micr/o
small
endometrial biopsy
small amount of the tissue from the lining the uterus is removed for microscopic examination
arterioles
small arteries that carry blood to the capillaries
villi
small fingerlike projections that line the small intestine
enter/o-
small intestine
fibula
smaller of the two bones in the lower leg
Capillaries
smallest blood vessles, deliver o2 and nutrients to cell tissue
thrombocytes
smallest formed elements, important role in clotting blood; platelets
venules
smallest veins, join to form larger veins
-ology
study of
otorhinolaryngology
study of the ears, nose, and throat
symptom
subjective evidence of disease, patient feels it
allergens
substances that produce allergic reactions
prosthesis
substitute for a diseased or missing body part
digital subtraction angiography
subtracting of soft tissue and bone from images with computer assistance
spasm
sudden involuntary contraction
coronary arteries
supply oxygen rich blood
pectoral girdle
supports the arms. AKA the shoulder girdle
-ostomy
surgical creation of an artificial opening to the body surface
osteotomy
surgical cutting of bone
telemetry
unit provides continuous cardiac monitoring for patients with heart problems not requiring intensive care
hypomenorrhea
unusually small amount of menstrual flow during a shortened regular menstrual period
humerus
upper arm bone
maxillary bones
upper jaw
nasal bones
upper part of the bridge of the nose
manubrium
upper portion of the sternum
radioactive iodine uptake test
uses radioactive iodine administered orally to measure thyroid function
laser surgery
uses targeted beams of light to destroy cancer cells
digestive system
uses the acids and enzymes produced by the stomach to destroy invaders that are swallowed or consumed with food
total hysterectomy
uterus & cervix are removed
hyster/o, metr/i, metr/o
uterus {3 roots}
human papilloma virus
vaccine is available to prevent this disease, which should be given at ages 11-12 before sexual activity (abbrev: HPV)
colp/o, vagin/o
vagina {2 roots}
