Medical terminology nervous system chapter 14

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meninges

The brain is enclosed by three membranes

Sympathetic trunk

The chain of about 23 ganglia runs from the base of the head to the coccyx which is the sympathetic turnk

Corpora quadrigemina

The four small masses of gray cells in the midbrain

All-or-none principal

The transmission of an impulse by a nerve fiber is based on this

Cerebral cortex

This surface is composed of gray and unmyelinated cell bodies

TENS

Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation

Nerve

a collection of nerve fibers, outside the central nervous system

The root in cerebrospinal means:

a thorn, spine.

ACh

acetylcholine

ADL

activities of daily living

ASPD

advanced sleep phase disorder

A loss or lack of voluntary motion is called ________.

akinesia

AD

alzheimer disease

A condition in which there is a loss of memory is called:

amnesia

ALS

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

This type of drug can be used for palliative relief from such major symptoms as bradykinesia.

anti parkinsons drug

The medical term for the loss of the ability to eat is:

aphagia

A loss of the ability to speak is termed:

aphasia

A loss of the ability to use objects properly is called:

apraxia

A condition of lack of coordination of muscle movements is:

ataxia

conus medullaris

between the 12th thoracic vertebra and L1 where the spinal cord becomes conically tapered

myel/o

bone marrow, spinal cord

encephal/o

brain

Sympathetic division

branches from the ventral roots of the 12 thoracic and the first 3 lumbar spinal nerves form the first part of the sympathetic division

The dorsal rami of the spinal nerves:

carry motor and sensory fibers to the muscles and skin of the back.

dorsal rami

carryies motor and sensory fibers to the muscles and skin of the back and serve an area from the back of the head to the coccyx

Motor neurons

cause contractions in muscles and secretions from glands and organs

cyt/o

cell

cm

centimeter

CNS

central nervous system

The medical term for a headache is:

cephalgia

CP

cerebral palsy

CSF

cerebrospinal fluid

CVA

cerebrovascular accident

cerebr/o

cerebrum

The major structures of the brain are the

cerebrum, cerebellum, diencephalon, and the brain stem which is composed of the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata

Neurotransmitters

chemical agents released during synapse

CTE

chronic traumatic encephalopathy

dorsal/sensory root

composed of afferent fibers carrying ipmulses to the cord and the ventral root

white matter

composed of myelinated nerve fibers.

CT

computed tomography

Efferent

conducting away from the CNS to muscles, organs, and glands AKA motor

Afferent

conducting to the CNS AKA sensory

trochlear nerve

conducts motor impulses to contrl the superior oblique muscle of the eyeball

abducens nerve

conducts motor impulses to the lateral rectus muscle of the eyeball

Spinal cord

conducts sensory impulses to the brain and motor impulses from the brain to body parts; also serves as a reflex center for impulses entering and leaving the spinal cord without involvement of the brain

medulla oblongata

connects the pons and the rest of the brains to the spinal cord

white matter

consists of nerve tracts and fibers providing sensory input to the brain and conducting motor impulses from the brain to spinal neurons

Gray matter

consists of unsheathed cell bodies and true dendrites

parietal obe

contains centers for sensory input from all parts of the body and is known as the somesthetic area and the site for the interpretation of language

ventral root

contains motor fibers carrying efferent impulses to muscles and organs

The sympathetic and the parasympathetic division...

conteract each other's activity to keep the body in a state of homeostasis

Temporal lobe

contians centers for hearing, smell, and language input

DBS

deep brain stimulation

DSPS

delayed sleep phase syndrome

________ resemble the branches of a tree, are short, or unsheathed, and transmit impulses to the cell body.

dendrite

Olfactory nerve

detects and provides the sense of smell

disk/o

disk

dur/o

dura, hard

Gyrus or convolution

each bulge of the cerebrum

The process of using ultrasound to determine the presence of a centrally located mass in the brain is called:

echoencephalography

Unilateral seizures can be characterized by:

electrical discharge confined predominantly to one of the two hemispheres of the brain.

electr/o

electricity

EEF

electroencephalogram

Motor neurons transmit impulses toward the brain.

false

The largest mass of nervous tissue is found in the medulla oblongata.

false

In the term anesthesiologist, the combining form means:

feeling

esthesi/o

feeling

fibr/o

fiber

Sulcus

furrow

GCS

glasgow coma scale

pallid/o

globus pallidus

fli/o

glue

poli/o

gray

cephal/o

head

HDS

herniated disk syndrome

HNP

herniated nucleus pulposus

An increased amount of cerebrospinal fluid within the brain is termed:

hydrocephalus.

ICP

intracranial pressure

Thalamus

is the larger of the two divisions of the diencephalon and is actually two large masses of gray cell bodies joined by a third or intermediate mass. Serves as a relay center for all sensory impulses being transmitted to the sensory areas of the cortex

occipital lobe

is the primary interpretive processing area for vision

Cauda equina

known as the horses tail is the terminal portion of the spinal cord that form s the nerve fibers that are to conduct sensory ipmulses to the brain, to conduct

Surgical excision of a vertebral posterior arch is called a/an ________.

laminectomy

cerebell/o

little brain

lob/o

lobe

Midbrain

located below the cerebrum and above the pond.

Inferior colliculi

lower-involved with the sense of hearing

LP

lumbar puncture

MRI

magnetic resonance imaging

Diencephalon

means second portion of the brain and refers to the thalamus and hypothalamus

mining/o

membrane, meninges

mining/i

membrane, mininges

MHI

mild head injury

MTBI

mild traumatic brain injury

mL

milliliter

ment/o

mind

A transient ischemic attack (TIA) is sometimes referred to as a:

ministroke

MHT

minor head trauma

MS

multiple sclerosis

________ is a chronic disease of the central nervous system marked by damage to the myelin sheath.

multiple sclerosis

my/o

muscle

The sheaths wrapped around nerve fibers of the peripheral nervous system can be:

myelinated or unmyelinated.

Neur/o

nerve

Neurons

nerve cells Structural and functional units of the nervous system act as specialized conductors of impulses that enable the body to interact with its internal and external environments

A malignant tumor composed of cells resembling neuroblasts and occurring mostly in infants and children is ________.

neuroblastoma

Neuro

neurology

NREM

no rapid eye movement (sleep)

narc/o

numbness, sleep, stupor

papill/o

papilla

The medical term for swelling of the optic disk is:

papilledema

A medical word that means paralysis of both legs and lower body is:

paraplegia

A disease that is characterized by progressive degeneration of nerve cells that control movement is called:

parkinson disease

PD

parkinson disease

Trigeminal nerve

provides sensory input from the face, nose, mouth, forehead, and top of the head; motor fibers to the muscles of the jaw

optic nerve

provides vision

REM

rapid eye movement (sleep)

central nervous system

receives impulses from throughout the body, processes the information, and resonds with an appropriate action Brain and spinal cord

Stimulation of a sensory nerve occurs at a:

receptor

________ depress the central nervous system by interfering with the transmission of nerve impulses.

sedatives

lepsy

seizure

Nerve cells that transmit impulses to the CNS are called:

sensory

ventral rami

serving a much larger area carry both motor and sensory fibers to the muscles and organs of the body including the arms legs uamds and feet

later/o

side

carni/o

skull

cran/i

skull

hypn/o

sleep

somn/o

sleep

Arachinoid vili

small projections of the arachnoid membrane that penetrate the tough outer membrane, the dura matter

A cerebrovascular accident may be called all of the following except:

sundowning

Which lobe contains centers for auditory and language input?

temporal

Filum terminale

terminal thread of fibrous tissue extends from the conus medullaris to the second sacral vertebra

Frontal lobe

the brains major motor area and the site for personality and speech

Brainstem

the lower part of the brain, adjoining and structurally continuous with the spinal cord

infundibulum

the pituitary gland is attached to the hypothalamus by a narrow stalk

Cerebellum

the second largest part of the brain. It occupies a space in the back of the skull, inferior to the cerebrum and dorsal to the pons and medulla oblongata

The cortex has been divided into lobes as a means of identifying locations...

these lobes corresond to the overlying bones of the skull and are the frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipiptal lobes

motor neurons can be described as being efferent processes because...

they transmit impulses away from the neural cell body to the muscles or organs to be innervated.

lamin/o

thin plate

spin/o

thorn, spine

TIA

transient ischemic attack

dendr/o

tree

In myelinated fibers the inner myelin sheath is a thick, fatty substance.

true

The neurons are the structural and functional units of the nervous system.

true

The transmission of an impulse by a nerve fiber is based on the all-or-none principle.

true

superior colliculi

upper-with visual reflexes such as the tracking movements of the eyes

Nerve fibers, nerves, and tracts

used to describe neuronal processes conducting impulses from one location to another

The ________ cranial nerve controls voice production, slowing of heartbeat, and acceleration of peristalsis.

vagus

vag/o

vagus, wandering

The ________ of the spinal nerves carry motor and sensory fibers to the muscles and organs of the body, including the extremities.

ventral rami

ventricul/o

ventricle

spondyl/o

vertebra

Parasympathetic division

very long fibers branching from cranial nerves 3, 7, 9, and 10, along with long fibers of sacral nerves 2,3, and 4 form the first stage of parasympathetic division

WHO

world health organization

Autonomic nervous system

(ANS) controls the involuntary bodily functions such as sweating, secretions of glands, arterial blood pressure, smooth muscle tissue, and the heart

coccygeal spinal nerves

1 pair

thoracic spinal nerves

12 pairs

Cranial nerves

12 pairs-provide sensory input and motor control or a combination of these

There are ________ pairs of cranial nerves and ________ pairs of spinal nerves.

12, 31

Spinal nerves

31 pairs-Carry impulses to the spinal cord and to muscles, organs and glands

spinal nerves

31 paris distributed along the length of the spinal cord and emerging from the vertebral canal on e ither side through the intervertebral foramina

lumbar spinal nerves

5 pairs

sacral spinal nerves

5 pairs

Cerebrum

7/8 of the brains total weight. contains nerve centers that evaluate and control all sensory and motor activity, including sensory perception, emotions, consciousness, memory, and voluntary movements

cervical spinal nerves

8 pairs

Pons

A broad band of white matter located anterior to the cerebellum and between the midbrain and the medulla oblongata

Nerve fiber

A single elongated process, the axon of a neuron

The progressive degeneration of brain tissue and the most common form of dementia is called:

Alzheimer disease

Aricept, Exelon, Razadyne, and Namenda can help control behavioral symptoms of:

Alzheimers disease

________ inhibit ascending pain pathways in the central nervous system.

Analgesics

ANS

Autonomic nervous system

The system that controls involuntary bodily functions such as sweating and arterial blood pressure is known as the ________.

Autonomic nervous system

Central nervous system

CNS receives impulses throughout the body, processes the information, and responds with an appropriate action

Cerebrospinal fluid

CSF what the the brain and spinal cord are surrounded by

Interneurons

Called central or associative neurons and are located entirely within the central nervous system. They function to mediate impulses between sensory and motor neurons

Oculomotor nerve

Conducts motor impulses to four of the six external muscles of the eye and to the muscle that raises the eyelid

Autonomic nervous system (sympathetic division and parasympathetic division

Control involuntary bodily functions such as sweating secretion of glands, arterial blood pressure, smooth muscle tissue, and the heart. Also stimulates the adrenal gland to release epinephrine (adrenaline), the hormone that causes the familiar adrenaline rush or the "fight-or-flight" response

Sensory neurons

Differ in structure from motor neurons because they do not have true dendrites

An instrument used to record the electrical activity of the brain is called a/an ________.

Electroencephalogram

________ are chemical substances that act as natural analgesics.

Endorphins

Sensory neurons also have true dendrites.

False

Brain

Governs sensory perception, emotions, consciousness, memory, and voluntary movements

Tracts

Groups of nerve fibers within the central nervous system

Spinal cord

Has an H-shaped gray area of cell bodies encircled by an outer region of white matter

Paralysis that affects one side of the body is called:

Hemiplagia

________ inhibit the spread of seizure activity in the motor cortex.

Iminostilbenes

Sympathetic ganglia

Just outside the spinal cord, axons of these nerve cells leave the spinal nerves and enter almost immediately into masses of nerve cell bodies, the sympathetic ganglia, which form a chain that runs next to the vertebral column.

Hypothalamus

Lies beneath the thalamus and is a principal regulator of automonic nervous activity that is associated with behavior and emotional expression. It also produces neurosecretions for the control of water balance, sugar and fat metabolism , regulation of body temperature, and other metabolic activities

Peripheral nervous system

Links the central nervous system with other parts of the body Cranial nerves and spinal nerves

An infection of the membranes that surround the brain is termed:

Meningitis

Axons and dendrites

Motor neurons consist of a cucleated cell body with protoplasmic processes extending away from it in several directions AKA axons and dendrites

Neurilemma

Myelinated fibers have an inner sheath of myelin, a thick, fatty substance, and an outer sheath, or neurilemma, composed of schwann cells.

________ is a chronic condition in which there are recurrent attacks of uncontrollable drowsiness and sleep.

Narcolepsy

Sheaths

Nerve fibers of peripheral nervous system are wrapped by protective membranes are called sheaths

The nervous system has two principal tissue types

Neurons and their supporting tissue, collectively called neuroglia

Neuoglia

Neurons supporting tissues. act as supporting tissues

Peripheral processes

Neurons that trasmit sensory information to the cell bodies of these neurons-sheathed and resemble axons

________ are chemical substances that carry electrical impulses across a synapse between two neurons.

Neurotransmitters

Peripheral nervous system

PNS the network of nerves branching throughout the body from the brian and spinal cord

PNS

Peripheral nervous system

Inflammation of the gray matter of the spinal cord is ________.

Poliomyelitis

PET

Positron emission tomography

Edema of the brain and increased intracranial pressure that occurs in children and is related to aspirin intake is a condition called:

Reye syndrome.

Synaptic cleft

Space where the synapse happens

Synapse

Specialized knoblike branch ending, with the help of certain chemical agents, across a space separating plate attached to a muscle


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