Medical terminology nervous system chapter 14
meninges
The brain is enclosed by three membranes
Sympathetic trunk
The chain of about 23 ganglia runs from the base of the head to the coccyx which is the sympathetic turnk
Corpora quadrigemina
The four small masses of gray cells in the midbrain
All-or-none principal
The transmission of an impulse by a nerve fiber is based on this
Cerebral cortex
This surface is composed of gray and unmyelinated cell bodies
TENS
Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation
Nerve
a collection of nerve fibers, outside the central nervous system
The root in cerebrospinal means:
a thorn, spine.
ACh
acetylcholine
ADL
activities of daily living
ASPD
advanced sleep phase disorder
A loss or lack of voluntary motion is called ________.
akinesia
AD
alzheimer disease
A condition in which there is a loss of memory is called:
amnesia
ALS
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
This type of drug can be used for palliative relief from such major symptoms as bradykinesia.
anti parkinsons drug
The medical term for the loss of the ability to eat is:
aphagia
A loss of the ability to speak is termed:
aphasia
A loss of the ability to use objects properly is called:
apraxia
A condition of lack of coordination of muscle movements is:
ataxia
conus medullaris
between the 12th thoracic vertebra and L1 where the spinal cord becomes conically tapered
myel/o
bone marrow, spinal cord
encephal/o
brain
Sympathetic division
branches from the ventral roots of the 12 thoracic and the first 3 lumbar spinal nerves form the first part of the sympathetic division
The dorsal rami of the spinal nerves:
carry motor and sensory fibers to the muscles and skin of the back.
dorsal rami
carryies motor and sensory fibers to the muscles and skin of the back and serve an area from the back of the head to the coccyx
Motor neurons
cause contractions in muscles and secretions from glands and organs
cyt/o
cell
cm
centimeter
CNS
central nervous system
The medical term for a headache is:
cephalgia
CP
cerebral palsy
CSF
cerebrospinal fluid
CVA
cerebrovascular accident
cerebr/o
cerebrum
The major structures of the brain are the
cerebrum, cerebellum, diencephalon, and the brain stem which is composed of the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata
Neurotransmitters
chemical agents released during synapse
CTE
chronic traumatic encephalopathy
dorsal/sensory root
composed of afferent fibers carrying ipmulses to the cord and the ventral root
white matter
composed of myelinated nerve fibers.
CT
computed tomography
Efferent
conducting away from the CNS to muscles, organs, and glands AKA motor
Afferent
conducting to the CNS AKA sensory
trochlear nerve
conducts motor impulses to contrl the superior oblique muscle of the eyeball
abducens nerve
conducts motor impulses to the lateral rectus muscle of the eyeball
Spinal cord
conducts sensory impulses to the brain and motor impulses from the brain to body parts; also serves as a reflex center for impulses entering and leaving the spinal cord without involvement of the brain
medulla oblongata
connects the pons and the rest of the brains to the spinal cord
white matter
consists of nerve tracts and fibers providing sensory input to the brain and conducting motor impulses from the brain to spinal neurons
Gray matter
consists of unsheathed cell bodies and true dendrites
parietal obe
contains centers for sensory input from all parts of the body and is known as the somesthetic area and the site for the interpretation of language
ventral root
contains motor fibers carrying efferent impulses to muscles and organs
The sympathetic and the parasympathetic division...
conteract each other's activity to keep the body in a state of homeostasis
Temporal lobe
contians centers for hearing, smell, and language input
DBS
deep brain stimulation
DSPS
delayed sleep phase syndrome
________ resemble the branches of a tree, are short, or unsheathed, and transmit impulses to the cell body.
dendrite
Olfactory nerve
detects and provides the sense of smell
disk/o
disk
dur/o
dura, hard
Gyrus or convolution
each bulge of the cerebrum
The process of using ultrasound to determine the presence of a centrally located mass in the brain is called:
echoencephalography
Unilateral seizures can be characterized by:
electrical discharge confined predominantly to one of the two hemispheres of the brain.
electr/o
electricity
EEF
electroencephalogram
Motor neurons transmit impulses toward the brain.
false
The largest mass of nervous tissue is found in the medulla oblongata.
false
In the term anesthesiologist, the combining form means:
feeling
esthesi/o
feeling
fibr/o
fiber
Sulcus
furrow
GCS
glasgow coma scale
pallid/o
globus pallidus
fli/o
glue
poli/o
gray
cephal/o
head
HDS
herniated disk syndrome
HNP
herniated nucleus pulposus
An increased amount of cerebrospinal fluid within the brain is termed:
hydrocephalus.
ICP
intracranial pressure
Thalamus
is the larger of the two divisions of the diencephalon and is actually two large masses of gray cell bodies joined by a third or intermediate mass. Serves as a relay center for all sensory impulses being transmitted to the sensory areas of the cortex
occipital lobe
is the primary interpretive processing area for vision
Cauda equina
known as the horses tail is the terminal portion of the spinal cord that form s the nerve fibers that are to conduct sensory ipmulses to the brain, to conduct
Surgical excision of a vertebral posterior arch is called a/an ________.
laminectomy
cerebell/o
little brain
lob/o
lobe
Midbrain
located below the cerebrum and above the pond.
Inferior colliculi
lower-involved with the sense of hearing
LP
lumbar puncture
MRI
magnetic resonance imaging
Diencephalon
means second portion of the brain and refers to the thalamus and hypothalamus
mining/o
membrane, meninges
mining/i
membrane, mininges
MHI
mild head injury
MTBI
mild traumatic brain injury
mL
milliliter
ment/o
mind
A transient ischemic attack (TIA) is sometimes referred to as a:
ministroke
MHT
minor head trauma
MS
multiple sclerosis
________ is a chronic disease of the central nervous system marked by damage to the myelin sheath.
multiple sclerosis
my/o
muscle
The sheaths wrapped around nerve fibers of the peripheral nervous system can be:
myelinated or unmyelinated.
Neur/o
nerve
Neurons
nerve cells Structural and functional units of the nervous system act as specialized conductors of impulses that enable the body to interact with its internal and external environments
A malignant tumor composed of cells resembling neuroblasts and occurring mostly in infants and children is ________.
neuroblastoma
Neuro
neurology
NREM
no rapid eye movement (sleep)
narc/o
numbness, sleep, stupor
papill/o
papilla
The medical term for swelling of the optic disk is:
papilledema
A medical word that means paralysis of both legs and lower body is:
paraplegia
A disease that is characterized by progressive degeneration of nerve cells that control movement is called:
parkinson disease
PD
parkinson disease
Trigeminal nerve
provides sensory input from the face, nose, mouth, forehead, and top of the head; motor fibers to the muscles of the jaw
optic nerve
provides vision
REM
rapid eye movement (sleep)
central nervous system
receives impulses from throughout the body, processes the information, and resonds with an appropriate action Brain and spinal cord
Stimulation of a sensory nerve occurs at a:
receptor
________ depress the central nervous system by interfering with the transmission of nerve impulses.
sedatives
lepsy
seizure
Nerve cells that transmit impulses to the CNS are called:
sensory
ventral rami
serving a much larger area carry both motor and sensory fibers to the muscles and organs of the body including the arms legs uamds and feet
later/o
side
carni/o
skull
cran/i
skull
hypn/o
sleep
somn/o
sleep
Arachinoid vili
small projections of the arachnoid membrane that penetrate the tough outer membrane, the dura matter
A cerebrovascular accident may be called all of the following except:
sundowning
Which lobe contains centers for auditory and language input?
temporal
Filum terminale
terminal thread of fibrous tissue extends from the conus medullaris to the second sacral vertebra
Frontal lobe
the brains major motor area and the site for personality and speech
Brainstem
the lower part of the brain, adjoining and structurally continuous with the spinal cord
infundibulum
the pituitary gland is attached to the hypothalamus by a narrow stalk
Cerebellum
the second largest part of the brain. It occupies a space in the back of the skull, inferior to the cerebrum and dorsal to the pons and medulla oblongata
The cortex has been divided into lobes as a means of identifying locations...
these lobes corresond to the overlying bones of the skull and are the frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipiptal lobes
motor neurons can be described as being efferent processes because...
they transmit impulses away from the neural cell body to the muscles or organs to be innervated.
lamin/o
thin plate
spin/o
thorn, spine
TIA
transient ischemic attack
dendr/o
tree
In myelinated fibers the inner myelin sheath is a thick, fatty substance.
true
The neurons are the structural and functional units of the nervous system.
true
The transmission of an impulse by a nerve fiber is based on the all-or-none principle.
true
superior colliculi
upper-with visual reflexes such as the tracking movements of the eyes
Nerve fibers, nerves, and tracts
used to describe neuronal processes conducting impulses from one location to another
The ________ cranial nerve controls voice production, slowing of heartbeat, and acceleration of peristalsis.
vagus
vag/o
vagus, wandering
The ________ of the spinal nerves carry motor and sensory fibers to the muscles and organs of the body, including the extremities.
ventral rami
ventricul/o
ventricle
spondyl/o
vertebra
Parasympathetic division
very long fibers branching from cranial nerves 3, 7, 9, and 10, along with long fibers of sacral nerves 2,3, and 4 form the first stage of parasympathetic division
WHO
world health organization
Autonomic nervous system
(ANS) controls the involuntary bodily functions such as sweating, secretions of glands, arterial blood pressure, smooth muscle tissue, and the heart
coccygeal spinal nerves
1 pair
thoracic spinal nerves
12 pairs
Cranial nerves
12 pairs-provide sensory input and motor control or a combination of these
There are ________ pairs of cranial nerves and ________ pairs of spinal nerves.
12, 31
Spinal nerves
31 pairs-Carry impulses to the spinal cord and to muscles, organs and glands
spinal nerves
31 paris distributed along the length of the spinal cord and emerging from the vertebral canal on e ither side through the intervertebral foramina
lumbar spinal nerves
5 pairs
sacral spinal nerves
5 pairs
Cerebrum
7/8 of the brains total weight. contains nerve centers that evaluate and control all sensory and motor activity, including sensory perception, emotions, consciousness, memory, and voluntary movements
cervical spinal nerves
8 pairs
Pons
A broad band of white matter located anterior to the cerebellum and between the midbrain and the medulla oblongata
Nerve fiber
A single elongated process, the axon of a neuron
The progressive degeneration of brain tissue and the most common form of dementia is called:
Alzheimer disease
Aricept, Exelon, Razadyne, and Namenda can help control behavioral symptoms of:
Alzheimers disease
________ inhibit ascending pain pathways in the central nervous system.
Analgesics
ANS
Autonomic nervous system
The system that controls involuntary bodily functions such as sweating and arterial blood pressure is known as the ________.
Autonomic nervous system
Central nervous system
CNS receives impulses throughout the body, processes the information, and responds with an appropriate action
Cerebrospinal fluid
CSF what the the brain and spinal cord are surrounded by
Interneurons
Called central or associative neurons and are located entirely within the central nervous system. They function to mediate impulses between sensory and motor neurons
Oculomotor nerve
Conducts motor impulses to four of the six external muscles of the eye and to the muscle that raises the eyelid
Autonomic nervous system (sympathetic division and parasympathetic division
Control involuntary bodily functions such as sweating secretion of glands, arterial blood pressure, smooth muscle tissue, and the heart. Also stimulates the adrenal gland to release epinephrine (adrenaline), the hormone that causes the familiar adrenaline rush or the "fight-or-flight" response
Sensory neurons
Differ in structure from motor neurons because they do not have true dendrites
An instrument used to record the electrical activity of the brain is called a/an ________.
Electroencephalogram
________ are chemical substances that act as natural analgesics.
Endorphins
Sensory neurons also have true dendrites.
False
Brain
Governs sensory perception, emotions, consciousness, memory, and voluntary movements
Tracts
Groups of nerve fibers within the central nervous system
Spinal cord
Has an H-shaped gray area of cell bodies encircled by an outer region of white matter
Paralysis that affects one side of the body is called:
Hemiplagia
________ inhibit the spread of seizure activity in the motor cortex.
Iminostilbenes
Sympathetic ganglia
Just outside the spinal cord, axons of these nerve cells leave the spinal nerves and enter almost immediately into masses of nerve cell bodies, the sympathetic ganglia, which form a chain that runs next to the vertebral column.
Hypothalamus
Lies beneath the thalamus and is a principal regulator of automonic nervous activity that is associated with behavior and emotional expression. It also produces neurosecretions for the control of water balance, sugar and fat metabolism , regulation of body temperature, and other metabolic activities
Peripheral nervous system
Links the central nervous system with other parts of the body Cranial nerves and spinal nerves
An infection of the membranes that surround the brain is termed:
Meningitis
Axons and dendrites
Motor neurons consist of a cucleated cell body with protoplasmic processes extending away from it in several directions AKA axons and dendrites
Neurilemma
Myelinated fibers have an inner sheath of myelin, a thick, fatty substance, and an outer sheath, or neurilemma, composed of schwann cells.
________ is a chronic condition in which there are recurrent attacks of uncontrollable drowsiness and sleep.
Narcolepsy
Sheaths
Nerve fibers of peripheral nervous system are wrapped by protective membranes are called sheaths
The nervous system has two principal tissue types
Neurons and their supporting tissue, collectively called neuroglia
Neuoglia
Neurons supporting tissues. act as supporting tissues
Peripheral processes
Neurons that trasmit sensory information to the cell bodies of these neurons-sheathed and resemble axons
________ are chemical substances that carry electrical impulses across a synapse between two neurons.
Neurotransmitters
Peripheral nervous system
PNS the network of nerves branching throughout the body from the brian and spinal cord
PNS
Peripheral nervous system
Inflammation of the gray matter of the spinal cord is ________.
Poliomyelitis
PET
Positron emission tomography
Edema of the brain and increased intracranial pressure that occurs in children and is related to aspirin intake is a condition called:
Reye syndrome.
Synaptic cleft
Space where the synapse happens
Synapse
Specialized knoblike branch ending, with the help of certain chemical agents, across a space separating plate attached to a muscle