Medieval

Erasmus

A posthumous edition of this man's writing was compiled by Beatus Rhenanus, who appended a life of him. He wrote an anonymous satire in which Pope Julius II attempts to storm Heaven with those killed in his wars, Julius Excluded. He discusses church abuses in his Colloquia, but considered his greatest work the compilation of a critical Greek New Testament, the basis of the Textus Recepticus. He is best known, though, for a satire in which the title figure is born in the "pagan Eden," the Fortunate Isles, and nursed by Drunkenness and Ignorance as the daughter of Youth and Plutus, a work written to amuse this man's friend Thomas More. FTP, identify this Dutch humanist and author of In Praise of Folly.

Melanchthon

According to one story, Leonard Hutter was so enraged by an authoritative appeal to this man's ideas, that he trampled on this man's portrait. He championed the concept of the sensus literalis rather than the doctrine of the four senses championed by the Scholastics. His lectures to visiting Hungarians on Sundays and Feast days were the origin of his namesake "Homilies." He opposed the ideas of Karlstadt and argued for a spiritual sense of duty or righteous conscience. He helped edit The Letters of Obscure Men, a satire against his granduncle Johann Reuchlin's ecclesiastical enemies. Known by the epithet, Praeceptor Germaniae, his work Common Topics in Theology was an extensive formulation of Protestant doctrine. In 1530 he attempted to reconcile all Christian belief in a statement presented to Emperor Charles V. For 10 points, identify this reformer and author of the Augsburg Confession.

Abelard

Against the satisfaction theory of St. Anselm's Cur Deus Homo?, this man claimed that the role of the Christ's death was to exemplify perfect love. In his commentary on the Epistle to the Romans, this man claimed that the only punishment faced by unbaptized infants is separation from God, prefiguring the idea of limbo. His contention that reason has a role to play in interpreting faith angered "anti-dialecticians" such as Bernard of Clairvaux, who had nineteen of this philosopher's propositions condemned at the Council of Siens. This founder of the Oratory of the Paraclete assembled citations from opposing patristic authorities on 158 questions in one book. This man's Historia Calamitatum documented an affair that caused Fulbert to have him castrated. For 10 points, name this Scholastic philosopher who wrote Sic et Non and had an affair with Héloïse d'Argenteuil

Aquinas

Alisdair MacIntyre wrote that this man's rule of "double effect" could frame morality without utilitarianism or Kant's duty-based reasoning. This man wrote that sovereign authority, a cause avenging some wrong, and an aim to advance the good were three criteria for just war. This man, who used the objection-reply-response format for his largest work, was taught by Albertus Magnus. He made arguments called the Five Ways in an unfinished synthesis of Aristotelian philosophy with theology. For 10 points, name this Scholastic medieval thinker who included proofs of God's existence in his Summa Theologica.

Avicenna

Among the internal senses, this philosopher listed the faculty of estimation, or wahm, which perceives the inner meanings of things rather than their form. He argued that existence is a super-added attribute to essence, and is thus an accident. He imagined a man who had no sensory input but retained self-awareness to argue that the capacity for thought does not depend on the senses. Al-Ghazali summarized this man's philosophy in The Intentions of the Philosophers before refuting his Aristotelianism in The Incoherence of the Philosophers. This creator of the Floating Man thought experiment summarized Galen's teachings into five volumes in his Canon of Medicine. For 10 points, name this early Islamic philosopher from Persia who wrote The Book of Healing.

Aquinas

As part of this man's disagreement with Siger of Brabant, this thinker wrote "On the Unicity of Intellect", a tract criticizing Averroes (AV-err-OH-ess). Despite not being Jewish, he wrote a critique of Christian heresies titled Contra Gentiles (jen-TEEL-ace), or Against the Gentiles (this time, pronounced as in English). The Second Vatican Council called this man the "Perpetual Philosopher." This student of Albertus Magnus divided his major work into sections on Ethics, Christ, and Theology. For 10 points, name this Scholastic medieval theologian, the author of Summa Theologica.

P Lombard

Bonaventure spent two years lecturing on the Four Books of Sentences written by this 12th century bishop of Paris.

Augustine

Book 3 of one of this man's works states "To Carthage I came" and describes his studies there, and he blames pagans for the world's problems in another. This man describes how he followed Manichaeism for nine years in one work, and Book 9 of that work mentions the death of this man's mother Monica. This author of City of God was baptized by Saint Ambrose of Milan. For 10 points, name this fifth century Roman saint who described his youthful sins and later conversion in his Confessions.

Erasmus

Etienne Dolet wrote a response to this thinker's attack on the Ciceronian style, while various rearrangements of the sentence "Your letter pleased me greatly" feature in his Copia. This student of Alexander Hegius and follower of Rodolphus Agricola created a version of the Greek New Testament called the Textus Receptus, and he also wrote the (*) Handbook of a Christian Knight. Another work by him is an oration delivered by the titular child of Plutus who was suckled by Drunkeness and Ignorance and is followed by Sloth and Self-Love; that work was written during this thinker's stay with his friend Thomas More. For 10 points, name this Dutch humanist who wrote In Praise of Folly.

Abelard

He argued that sin lies in intentions, not actions, in Know Thyself, and also wrote Dialogue Between a Philosopher, a Jew, and a Christian. He disagreed with Roscelin of Compiegne and Guillaume de Champeaux by saying that language is incapable of demonstrating the truth of physical objects. He went to study under Anselm of Laon but hated it, despite the fact that both are today considered major writers of Scholasticism. His autobiography, History of My Troubles, (*) describes his famous love affair, which produced a son named Astrolabe, while his best-known work as a logician is Sic et non. FTP name this medieval French philosopher castrated for his love affair with Heloise.

Abelard

He studied philosophy under William of Champeaux and theology under Anselm of Laon, though he later came into conflict with both of his teachers. He described his ethical beliefs in Know Yourself, and was condemned for his nominalist doctrines at the Council of Soissons. He wrote an autobiographical work entitled Historia calamitatum. Though his book of biblical contradictions entitled Sic et Non was widely used to teach logic and dialectic, he is most famous for his love affair and ensuing castration. For 10 points, name this early scholastic and lover of Heloise.

Aquinas

He took issue with word-for-word translations in Contra Errores Graecorum and distinguished between the titular people's knowledge of God and what can be known by taking Christian beliefs into account in Summa Contra Gentiles. This man's most famous work asserts that all knowledge is abstract and that perfect happiness can only come from contemplating God. That work also includes a section in which he uses Aristotle's four causes to advance five arguments for the existence of God, who is called the "first mover" and "first efficient cause." For 10 points, name this philosopher who wrote the Summa Theologica.

Augustine

He wrote that visible signs or sacraments were the only means to provide religious unity in his Retractions. He also wrote a book which asserts that Scripture must be interpreted reflecting charity and love, advocates memorizing Scripture, and discusses the role of allegory in On Christian Doctrine. After Rome was sacked, he described the relationship between the title entity, the church, and potentially malevolent pagan forces in The City of God. A Manichaean convert influenced by Saint Ambrose, for 10 points, identify this author of Confessions.

Bruno

He wrote the line "O blest stupidity, pious devotion / Able alone to set good souls in motion" in his poem "Sonnet in Praise of the Ass," which was included in a work dedicated to the Bishop of Casmarciano. In addition to writing the essay "A General Account of Bonding" and The Cabala of Pegasus, he wrote a work containing dialogues between Cicada and Tansillo that was dedicated to Philip Sidney. He developed his metaphysics in works like Cause, Principle and Unity, while he wrote several notable works on mnemonics, including The Shadow of Ideas and The Incantation of Circe. In his work Ash Wednesday Supper, he put forth his idea that the universe is infinite and that God is in each person, which led to a confusion of pantheism with Copernican cosmology. For 10 points, name this Italian philosopher who was burned as a heretic in 1600, casting a shadow over the career of Galileo.

Bonaventure

In a major book, this philosopher divided six "wings" into the footprints, image, and actuality of God. This author of the regulatory "Constitutions of Narbonne" wrote a biography of the man who originally saw a six-winged angel at Mount Alverna. This formulator of an aitiological argument used the proposition that knowledge of truth leads to knowledge of divine light to put forth his "illuminationist" case for the existence of God. He was able to mediate the dispute between the Spirituals and the Relaxati after defending his order from attacks by William of Saint-Amour and becoming minister-general of the Franciscans. For 10 points, name this thirteenth-century author of the Breviloquum and The Journey of the Mind to God.

Augustine

In old age this philosopher reviewed his writings and pointed out what he no longer agreed with in a work titled Reconsiderations. In one work, he describes the superiority of the soul over the body. This author of The Measure of the Soul wrote that Christianity had not led to the fall of (*) Rome in another work. This philosopher relates how his sinful friends lead him to steal some pears in a work in which he also converts from Manichaeism to the Christianity of his mother Monica. City of God is a work by, for 10 points, what early Christian philosopher and theologian who wrote Confessions, a saint from Hippo?

R Bacon

In one work, this man enumerated the four causes of human ignorance - unworthy authority, the influence of habit, popular prejudice, and false conceit of our own wisdom, which he claimed was most harmful to pursuit of truth. He was imprisoned on orders of Jerome of Ascoli, the general of the Franciscans, and upon his release he authored his final work, a Compendium of Theological Studies. He circumvented restrictions on publishing by corresponding with Guy de Foulques, who later became Pope Clement IV. John Erskine commemorated his 700th birthday in a play entitled A Pageant of the 13th Century. This man, who wrote "he who knows not mathematics cannot know any other sciences," collected his thought in an Opus Major, Opus Minor, and Opus Tertium. FTP, name this philosopher called "Doctor Mirabilis," who championed the idea of experimental science.

T More

In one work, this man urges "be a teacher" to a man to whom he gives a silver cup, and who expresses admiration for Machiavelli. When asked to sign a certain document "for fellowship", this man asks if his addressee will in return join him in hell "for fellowship" when he is damned there. A speech by this man declares that he would give the Devil the benefit of law. This man is condemned by Richard (*) Rich's perjury in a play in which his manservant, his executioner, and the foreman of the jury that sentences him are played by a character called The Common Man. In a work by this man, unappealing objects like chamber pots are made of gold in order to foster dislike for gold. That work by this man tells of Raphael Hythloday's travels to the title idyllic island, whose name means "no land". For 10 points, name this protagonist of Robert Bolt's A Man for All Seasons, the real-life author of Utopia.

Averroes

In one work, this thinker concludes that if people like doctors and lawyers are capable of extrapolation, then religious thinkers are "surely able to do even better in that regard." That writing has been recently translated together with an Epistle Dedicatory and labeled as this man's Decisive Treatise. His other important ideas include the concept of an acquired intellect, which requires communication with active intellect, and his propagation of the idea of the "double truth." He composed some Generalities and Particularities on medical subjects, and wrote a work in response to al-Ghazali, The Incoherence of the Incoherence. FTP, identify this medieval Islamic philosopher who wrote commentaries on Aristotle.

Aquinas

In response to Siger of Brabant, this man penned "On the Unicity of Intellect," in which he criticized Averroës, whom he called "the Commentator" in another work. In a work written to Pope Urban IV, this man put himself in opposition to the Eastern Church in Contra Errores Graecorum. This scholar described his idea of the "beatific vision" in one work, in which he also divides the spirit into two parts: rational and irrational, in opposition to Plato. This author of Summa Contra Gentiles used the "argument of degree" and "argument of the first mover" in his quinque viae to prove the existence of God. For 10 points, name this medieval Italian theologian, writer of Summa Theologica.

Augustine

John Cassian's attempts to reconcile this man's thought with a heresy was disputed by a disciple, Prosper of Aquitaine. A treatise on this man was popularized by the tracts Frequent Communion and Moral Theology of the Jesuits, written by Antoine Arnauld. That work grouped him with St. Paul as a "chief of sinners" and called for church doctrine to reflect the teachings of this man, prompting Innocent X's Cum occasione and (*) Pascal's Provincial Letters. This subject of Cornelius Jansen's magnum opus authored a tract linking revelation to Platonic signs and classical rhetoric and feuded with a thinker condemned along with Nestorius at First Ephesus; that man, Pelagius, claimed that this author of On Christian Doctrine was so obsessed with original sin because he was still a secret Manichean. Ambrose baptized, for 10 points, what author of The City of God and Confessions, a famous bishop of Hippo?

Avicenna

Late in this man's life, he attempted to found an Oriental philosophy called al-hikmat al-mashriqiyah. He described a mystic's spiritual journey in his Book of Directives and Remarks, and he put forth a theory on the permanence of substantial forms. He believed that humans and animals shared an estimation, or internal sense, and after being criticized for his lack of authority on Arabic philology, this man wrote The Arabic Language. He wrote the first work in the Persian language dealing with Aristotelian philosophy, and he disagreed with Averroes on the form of bodiliness. For 10 points, name this Persian philosopher, the author of The Book of Healing and The Canon of Medicine.

Melanchthon

Matthias Flacius rebelled against this man's declaration that certain practices were adiaphorous , or neutral, and his biblical exegesis emphasized the sensus literalis over the "Four Senses" of the Scholastics. Caspar Peucer and Erasmus Reinhold were members of a Circle named for this man which was patronized by Albert, Duke of Prussia. He edited his granduncle's satire of his political enemies, known as The Letters of Obscure men, and also authored the Loci Communes. This Praeceptor Germanae issued a composition, based on a friend's earlier Schwabat and Marburg articles, outlining a list of what a certain new faith believes in. FTP, name this man, friend and Theological ally of Martin Luther, who wrote the Augsburg Confession.

Pico della Mirandola

Neoplatonism was an influence on some Italian Renaissance humanists, including this friend of Marsilio Ficino who wrote the "Oration on the Dignity of Man" to introduce 900 theses called the Conclusions.

Aquinas

Nineteenth century followers of this thinker included Gaetano Sanseverino and Giovanni Maria Cornoldi. The Papal Encyclical "Aeterni Patris" praised his philosophy, but his theories of active and passive intellect angered William of Ockham. This author of On the Principles of Nature also wrote "against the Averroists" in There Being Only One Intellect, but is more famous for writing "I answer that" after each question he posed. FTP, name this Dominican who proposed five arguments for the existence of God in Summa Theologica.

Augustine

One book by this thinker asserts that men delude themselves into thinking they are good when they are full of disordered desires. This man argued that immoral behavior was punishment from God and original sin resulted from Adam and Eve's pride and foolishness in his Against the Pelagians . This man denounced (*) Rome and Platonism in a work that claims the sinful society of men obscures the true kingdom of God, and his work served as the basis for Aquinas' formulation of just war. Another work by this author outlines his personal conversion from neo-Platonism and Manichaeism to Christianity. For 10 points, name this author of City of God and Confessions, a Doctor of the Church from Hippo.

Augustine

One of this man's works quotes the Aeneid to prove that gods can be conquered. That work begins with ten books attacking paganism and adopts Varro's conception of theology. He wrote a religious imitation of Cicero's Orator called De doctrina christiana. He spent most of his last twenty years attacking Pelagianism. One of his works contrasts the title entity, which contains virtuous men and angels, with a similar one "of Man." In one work, he describes how he rejected Manichaeism and how he was read neo-Platonist works by St. Ambrose of Milan. For 10 points, name this bishop from Hippo who wrote the City of God and the autobiographical Confessions.

Maimonides

One of this thinker's works claims that one should help poor people out of sadness rather than pity in a section that outlines this mans' eight levels of giving, or Tzedakah. This man wrote that laws may take fourteen forms, or shorash, in The Book of Commandments. Another work by him examines the merkavah vision and criticizes the methods, but not the conclusions of the kalam scholars. This man developed a list of 13 essential aspects of his faith in his commentary on the halakah. Another book by this author of the Mishneh Torah was written for Joseph ben Judah and attempts to clarify the relationship between medieval philosophy and Jewish beliefs. For 10 points, name this Spanish thinker who wrote Guide for the Perplexed.

Maimonides

One of this thinker's works presents the Parable of Palace to illustrate those who have come close to certainty in spiritual matters. Another of his works outlines thirteen principles, including the incorporeality of God and the coming of the Messiah. The former work analyzes Ezekiel's vision of a chariot, or merkavah, to show that Jewish philosophy is partly metaphysical. He rejects the Aristotelian and kalam views of creation in that work, which argues that God can only be talked about in statements about what God is not. For 10 points, name this author of Commentary on the Mishnah and Guide for the Perplexed, a Jewish philosopher from medieval Spain.

Bonaventure

One text by this man begins with a quote from the Epistle of James, extracts four gifts in the form of "lights" from it, and then examines the six "illuminations" that come from it. He associated those illuminations with the days of creation, followed on the seventh day by the "illumination of glory." This man conceived of most creatures as "shadows" or "vestiges," but rational beings as "images" or "likenesses" of God. This author of On Retracing the Arts to Theology referred to his teacher Alexander of Hales as his master. He used an Aristotelian-scientific approach to draw Augustinian conclusions like the "aitiological argument" in his commentary on the Sentences. He died at the Second Council of Lyons, where he was eulogized. In his most famous work, he allegorized an angelic vision of Saint Francis as a path to God. For 10 points, name this Seraphic Doctor who wrote the Journey of the Mind to God.

Aquinas

One work by this author of a Commentary on the Sentences of Peter Lombard divides truths into those that can be understood by the human mind and those that are too much for the intellect to understand. Another of his works includes five arguments for the existence of god and attempts a reconciliation of Aristotelian principles with a life of faith. This patron saint of schools is also known as Doctor Angelicus. For 10 points, name this theologian author of Contra errores graecorum, Summa contra Gentiles, and Summa Theologica.

Scotus

One work once attributed to this philosopher pairs the title concepts with modi intelligendi and modi essendi, or modes of understanding and modes of being, positing a triadic relationship between word, concept, and being. Because of this misattribution, C.S. Peirce attributes the project of grammatica speculativa or "pure grammar" to this philosopher, and Heidegger's habilitation dissertation is mistakenly titled after this philosopher's theory of categories and meaning. It turns out that he didn't write De modis significandi by Thomas of Erfurt, but he did introduce the concept of a non-qualitative property responsible for individuation, a haecceity. He argued against the notion that certainty depends upon an uncreated exemplar, the divine illumination of Henry of Ghent, and he wrote commentaries on Porphyry's Isagoge and Aristotle's Categories. For 10 points, identify this scholastic philosopher who wrote the Ordinatio and who was nicknamed Doctor Subtilis.

Nicholas of Cusa

Pico della Mirandola influenced this German philosopher, who claimed God must be understood through a coincidentia oppositorum between rational and supernatural understanding in On Learned Ignorance.

Anselm

Plantinga defended this man by saying that some qualities, such as knowledge, have "intrinsic maxima" while others, such as number of palm trees, do not. This man likened the weakness of human understanding to "inaccessible light" and based several claims on a figure from Psalms who speaks in his heart, the Fool. This thinker adapted Augustine for his motto "faith seeking understanding" and was criticized by Gaunilo's "lost island" argument. He wrote in 1078 that it is more perfect to (*) exist in reality than merely in the mind, so the most perfect being must really exist. For 10 points, name this Archbishop of Canterbury whose Proslogion proposed the ontological argument for God's existence.

Maimonides

Red Rosner has recently translated this thinker's medical texts into English. This man's most notable treatise was the subject of a sharp critique by Gerso called The Wars of the Lord. That work by this thinker features a third volume that heavily examines the merkavah, or the throne of God vision that Ezekiel saw. His other treatises include the Mishneh Torah and a Commentary on the Mishnah. He was heavily influenced by the kalam philosophy of Saadia Gaon, which inspired his religious treatise that cleared up the doubts of Rabbi Joseph ben Judah. For 10 points, name this Jewish Rabbi and author of The Guide for the Perplexed.

Alexander of Hales

Substantial form accounts for soul's immortality

Averroes

The "Colliget", or "Book of Generalities", was this man's most notable work on medicine. This man argued that the active and passive intellects were separate from the individual soul and advocated the concept of "double truth". Boetius of Dacia applied this man's ideas to argue that the Resurrection the Dead was impossible, and along with Siger of Brabant founded a medieval Christian heresy named for this man. This man's most notable work begins by defending ways to prove the eternity of the world, a feat deemed impossible by his Asharite opponents. For ten points, name this rival of Al-Ghazali and author of "Incoherence of the Incoherence", a rationalist philosopher of Muslim Spain.

P Lombard

The Sentences were subdivided, arranged and popularized by Alexander of Hales, but they're still known as a work of this man, who quite reasonably got the nickname Magister Sententiarum.

Boethius

The major work of logic by this author defines the title entities as "parts of an argument that give the speaker and his audience confidence" and juxtaposes Cicero's and Themistius's treatment of the same subjects. This thinker's most famous work contains a discussion on the paradox surrounding how the good have power, while the bad are powerless. This author of De Topicis Differentiis argued that understanding God's foreknowledge is impossible in a treatise that includes a section wherein a woman reminds the author that he too, was once fortunate. This author's major work was rendered into English by Geoffrey Chaucer and was written after he was accused of necromancy by Theodoric. For 10 points, identify this medieval thinker who wrote about the "wheel of fortune" in The Consolation of Philosophy.

Nachmanides

This Rabbi founded a synagogue on Ha-Yehudim street in the old city of Jerusalem that bears his name. His alleged burial site is a point of contention in the area of Wadi Joz, which became the subject of multiple Israeli Supreme Court cases on the general status of so-called "holy sites." He discussed the work of a contemporary in a letter addressed to the Jews of Aragon, and his belief regarding an immutable aspect of the soul led him to champion yibum, or levirate marriage. That opinion is included in his Torat ha-adam, and his final work was a commentary on the five books of Moses that draws heavily from the Aggadah, thus differentiating it from the commentary of Rashi, with whom his commentary often engages. He is best known, however, for an event in which a disciple of James I made him defend the validity of his religion. For 10 points, name this Spanish medieval Rabbi who won a disputation against the Apostate Pablo Christiani in 1263, and who is not to be confused with the similarly named author of the Guide for the Perplexed.

Aquinas

This author dubbed Averroes "The Commentator," and he authored the tracts "On Kingship" and "On Being and Essence" in addition to a work against Averroes, On There Being only One Intellect. One of this author's works contrasts two types of truths, those accessible to human intellect, and those like the sacraments for which reason does not stand. He claimed that there must exist an "unmoved mover" in his magnum opus. For 10 points, name this "Doctor Angelicus," the author of Summa Contra Gentiles who outlined five proofs of God's existence in his unfinished masterpiece, Summa Theologica.

Erasmus

This author was so disgusted upon seeing Pope Julius II commanding an army that he wrote a satirical dialogue about that Pope being kept outside the gates of heaven after death, Julius Exclusus. In his day, he achieved popularity for his collection of proverbs, Adagia, and for his instruction on simplifying Catholicism, The (*) Handbook of the Christian Knight. The personified daughter of Wealth and Youth narrates another of his satires, which advocates for Christian humanism. For 10 points, name this Dutch author of The Praise of Folly.

Augustine

This figure claimed that God was the inspiration for all human knowledge in his book On the Trinity. This man fought against a group of heretics who condemned sexual immorality but claimed sexual urges were natural and God-given. One book by this man asserts that we must reject pacifism in the face of grave harm and introduces a "just war" as an appropriate response. That book by this man contrasts the worldly society of (*) pagans with the title place. This strident anti-Pelagian was commanded by a child's voice to "take and read", which led him to fully embrace the teachings of Ambrose of Milan. This author of City of God described how his mother, Monica, urged him to abandon Manichaeism in an autobiography that details his conversion to Christianity. For 10 points, name this North African Church Doctor who wrote Confessions.

Augustine

This historical figure was the addressee of a letter known as the Libellus Responsionum, which answered a series of questions that he had posed, and reached him after he'd been sent to meet with Aetherius. In his highest post, he was succeeded by his followers Laurence and Mellitus. He convened a conference at Austin's Oak, and then another at Flintshire, where he unsuccessfully attempted to standardize the date of Easter. His work was preceded by that of the Frankish bishop Liudhard, who restored St. Martin's Church where this man preached. He was supported by Queen Bertha, who may have convinced her husband to convert. This figure had been sent by Gregory I to the court of Aethelbert of Kent. FTP, name this missionary who converted the Anglo-Saxons to Christianity, the first Archbishop of England, who shares his name with another saint from Hippo.

Avicenna

This man argued that because no science can prove the existence of its own subject, God cannot be the subject of metaphysics. He's not Descartes, but he posited a scenario of a man created at a single moment falling through the air who is unable to sense anything but is still aware of his existence in order to prove the soul has an incorporeal substance. This man who is not Aristotle argued in his work (*) Metaphysics or Of Divine Things that God is the only thing for which essence and existence are the same. He claimed to have read Aristotle's Metaphysics forty times without comprehending it, only reaching any understanding after reading a commentary by al-Farabi. This man and his followers were attacked by al-Ghazali in The Incoherence of the Philosophers. For 10 points, name this Muslim philosopher and author of The Book of Healing.

Augustine

This man asserted that the only object men should enjoy is the Trinity in a work that examines the different types of ambiguous signs that can prevent the full understanding of Scripture. Another work by this man claims that good angels wish that sacrificial power be directed to God alone in a work that contests the scapegoating of a certain group for a certain military action. This figure describes a pivotal experience stealing from a (*) pear orchard in a work heavily influenced by Ambrose of Milan; that work sees this man relate how a child's voice instructed him to read the Bible and reject Manichaeism in favor of the Christianity of his mother Monica. For 10 points, name this Church Doctor and Bishop of Hippo who wrote City of God and Confessions.

Scotus

This man attacked the theory that human knowledge is based on "exemplars" in his reply to Henry of Ghent. This man argued that not even God could break the first three Ten Commandments, and he defined natural law as that which is both self-evident and actually true. This man's concepts of intuitive cognition and intellectual cognition allow humans to know that particular things actually exist. To explain his views on individuality, he coined a term that literally means "thisness", haecceity. This man's works include "Questions on Porphyry's Isagoge" and a book of "little logical works" known as the Parva Logicalia. The need for a being that is first in efficient causality, final causality, and pre-eminence forms the basis of his "triple primacy" proof of God. His most notable work was the Opus Oxoniense, also called the Ordinatio, which was a commentary on Peter Lombard's Sentences, and he is known as an early proponent of the Immaculate Conception. For ten points, name this theologian and scholastic philosopher from Scotland.

Erasmus

This man authored Matt Weiner's favorite children's story, entitled On Civility in Children. One work by this man contains 195 illustrated variations of the sentence "your letter pleased me greatly" and advocates the "abundant style" of writing and speech. He wrote a guide for future Holy Roman Emperor Charles V entitled Education of a Christian Prince, and in addition to his Copia, this man criticized the accumulation of wealth by the church in his Sileni Alcibiadis. The title character of another work goes to heaven with an angel named "Genius", but St. Peter denies him entry due to his numerous sins. He's more famous for a work that was illustrated by Hans Holbein the Younger, in which the title character represents this figure's own inner voice and constantly chastises him. For 10 points, name this author of Julius Exclusus and In Praise of Folly, a Dutch Humanist.

Anselm

This man based one of his arguments on the premise that a horse is better than wood and wood is better than a horse. He committed one of his works to parchment after the wax tablets they were written on were repeatedly destroyed. This man's motto was "faith seeking understanding," and the monk Gaunilo in the treatise "Reply on Behalf of the Fool" attacked one of this man's tenets with the Lost Island argument. His most famous argument attempted to define "that which nothing greater than can be conceived." He used this argument, which was advanced in the Monologion and Proslogion, in an attempt to prove the existence of God. For 10 points, name this Archbishop of Canterbury famed for his ontological argument.

Al Ghazali

This man claimed that when blind belief "ceases it is shattered like a glass whose fragments can not be again reunited except by being cast again into the furnace and refashioned." He argued against corporeal resurrection by comparing it to the transformation of iron into a garment. He used a fourfold structure of three maqam, one of which is split into two maslak, to present an occasionalist defense of the possibility of miracles in the seventeenth section of one work; that occasionalist position was tribute to his teacher al-Juwaynii, an Asharite. His most famous work draws on the positions of John Philoponous for its first section, which refutes doctrines of "pre-eternity" and "post-eternity" in the works of al-Farabi and Avicenna. For 10 points, name this author of Revival of the Religious Sciences and Deliverance from Error, a Sufi who also wrote The Incoherence of the Philosophers.

Augustine

This man debates the student Evodius in his dialogue On Free Choice of the Will, and refuted Pelagius by asking that monk to behold human genitals. He claimed that Lucretia's suicide was not justified since the mental virtue of chastity is untouched by rape and retold an interchange between Alexander the Great and a pirate in one work; in another, he is told "Take it and read" years after going on a mystic experience with his mom Monica, stealing pears from a garden, and witnessing sinful orgies in Carthage. That work retells his rejection of Neoplatonism and Manichaeism. For 10 points, name this author of City of God and Confessions, a 5th-century Catholic theologian from Hippo.

Abelard

This man described a conversation about ethics between three people who came to him in a dream in The Dialogue of a Philosopher with a Jew and a Christian. This man also wrote a treatise on Ethics that was subtitled "know yourself". Alberic of Paris showed inconsistencies in this man's principles of topical inference, while this man's attack on the Petrobrusian heresy is one of only two accounts of it. His writings include Theologia Scholarium and a rational account of the Trinity in his Theologia Summi Boni and he rejected the realism of his teachers Roscelin and William of Champeaux. He more famously argued that considering the contradictions of church fathers led truth, something he accomplished by addressing 158 questions with the titular responses. Works like Sic et Non got him condemned by the Council of Soissons and hated by Bernard of Clairvaux. FTP, identify this scholastic, father of Astrolabe, who told the History of My Calamities, which included getting his junk chopped off for banging that piece of ass Heloise.

Abelard

This man discussed the image of the lion wounded by Heracles as a "res ficta" in commentaries on Porphyry, who was also the subject of his Glosulae. He postulated inferentia or entailment as central to his Dialectica, and Innocent III supported his definition of limbo. This author of a poem for his son Astrolabe collected (*) 158 questions in his most famous work, which answered each with a quote from various church fathers and contrasting commentary. This thinker's History of My Calamities recounts how he incited Fulbert's anger and got gastrated. For 10 points, name this Scholastic philosopher who wrote Sic et Non, famed for his love affair with Heloise.

Abelard

This man discussed the meaning of the word aliquid as applied to the body of Christ, which he explained has no meaning when referring to Christ-as-God, but meaning when referring to Christ-as-man. He further wrote about his views on Neo-Platonism in his work Some Gloseses on Porphyry. This man prublished his autobiography, which resembles Augustine's Confessions, as Historia Calamitatum. This man updated St. Augustine's Doctrine of Original Sin by applying his own Doctrine of Limbo, which was promulgated by Innocent III. This man's most famous work juxtaposed several quotations from various fathers of the Church as a method of applying doctrinal interpretation. For 10 points, identify this French Scholastic, the author of Sic et Non who had a famous love affair with a woman named Heloise.

Aquinas

This man equated matter with potency and distinguished between essential and accidental existence in "On the Principles of Nature." In response to Siger of Brabant's support of Averroes, he also wrote "On There Being Only One Intellect." His best known work was completed by Reginald of Piperno, because he had died on his way to the Second Council of Lyons. That work, which referred to Peter Lombard as the Master, consists of a series objections followed by refutations beginning "I answer that." For 10 points, Summa contra Gentiles was the work of what scholastic student of Albertus Magnus, best known for Summa Theologica?

Anselm

This man extended feudal norms of recompense based on status to create the "satisfaction theory" of divine redemption. His rationalism can be seen in his early Monologium, and he expanded his ideas in the (*) Proslogium. His major work was challenged by the Book on Behalf of the Fool by Guanilo of Marmoutier, who disputed the logic of this man's idea that a perfect being would be imperfect if it did not exist. For 10 points, name this founder of Scholasticism and formulator of the ontological argument.

T More

This man ordered Richard Bayfield's burning at the stake, and also persecuted John Frith. This man led a campaign against collaborators of William Tyndale while in his highest post, in which he was replaced by Thomas Audley after his failure to attend a certain wedding and his refusal to sign the Act of Supremacy. This man translated the first Pico della Mirandola biography into English, and established a friendship with Erasmus during Erasmus's visit to his country. For 10 points, name this patron saint of politicians and Lord Chancellor to Henry VIII, who got his head chopped off in 1535 and wrote Utopia.

Albertus Magnus

This man was nicknamed "boots" for his habit of refusing to ride a horse despite the fact that he held high office. This man's follower, Dietricht of Freiberg, wrote a treatise on rainbows, and this man's student Hugh of Stasbourg wrote "Compendium of True Theology". This man's more notable student Ulrich of Strasbourg wrote a commentary on meteors, as well as a treatise titled "Of the Highest Good". On behalf of Pope Urban IV, this one-time Bishop of Ratisbon preached the Eighth Crusade in Austria and Bavaria. He rejected the concept of "double truth" put forth by Siger de Brabant and other Averroists and distinguished "adept intellect" from "assimilated intellect". He argued that forms exist due to a "summoning of the good" and that all things which exist are good because God is good and wrote the treatises On Vegetables and On Minerals, as well as numerous works on alchemy and astrology, and he is credited with discovering arsenic. For ten points, name this German scholastic and teacher of Thomas Aquinas whose nickname means "the great".

Aquinas

This man wrote a commentary on Peter Lombard's Sentences, and wrote about the difference between "the believer" and "the philosopher" in another work. He wrote On the Eternity of the World and On There Being Only One Intellect Against the Averroists. In another work he adopted the argument of God as the "first mover." His Quinque viae appear in his most famous work, in which he prefaced each point with the phrase "I answer that." This Dominican author of Summa Contra Gentiles attempted to reconcile Christian thought with Aristotle's philosophy. For 10 points, name this theologian who gave five proofs for the existence of God in his Summa Theologica.

Al Ghazali

This man wrote a treatise on the verse "God is the light of the heavens and the Earth" titled A Niche for Lights, in which he discussed Sura 24. This man used pre-Islamic history as a source of advice for rulers in The Counseling Kings. This man's views were defended by the Turkic scholar Khwajah Zada, as well as by Ibn al-Nafis in Theologus Autodidactus. This occasionalist argued that the scientific method works because God's will is rational and leads to consistent results that can be predicted, though he also argued that God's will can also cause unpredictable miracles. This Asharite's notable religious works include The Alchemy of Happiness and Deliverance from Error, and he is sometimes credited with "closing the gate of ijtihad". For ten points, name this Persian scholar who criticized Aristotelianism in The Incoherence of the Philosophers, the rival of Averroes.

Abelard

This man wrote that verbs possess a vis copulativa that distinguishes them from nouns in his Dialectica. He commentated on logica vetus in his Logica Ingredientibus. In the prologue to another work, this philosopher wrote that church students "should not rashly pass judgement" on "the writings of the saints" before providing patristic citations for 158 yes-or-no questions. In his autobiographical Historia Calamitatum, this Frenchman described his castration due to a secret marriage to an Argenteuil nun with whom he often swapped letters. For 10 points, name this writer of Sic et Non, an early Scholastic who had an affair with Heloise.

Scotus

This man's Tractatus de primo principio discussed what reason can prove about God, and he claimed that universal concepts are based on a common nature among individuals. This man formulated the defense of the doctrine of Immaculate Conception, and he wrote A Treatise on God as First Principle. This man wrote several commentaries on the Sentences of Peter Lombard known as the Ordinatio, and he was nicknamed the Subtle Doctor. For 10 points name this philosopher of the Middle Ages, whose name was later used to describe dim-witted students.

Al Ghazali

This man's ideas were reflected in his student's parable The Lion and the Diver. This man used a parable of a water clock to outline the role of judgment, decree, and predestination in his cosmology. One book written by this man was divided into four parts, with the last outlining paths to salvation; that work was republished as The Alchemy of Happiness. One work by this man is arranged into a series of 20 justifications, the 17th of which discusses the idea that God (*) rearranges atoms in order to assign accidents to bodies. In one work, this man stated that demonstrations, or burhan, cannot contradict revelation. This proponent of "secondary causality" was criticized for putting God a step above the prime mover in a line-by-line refutation by Averroes. For 10 points, name this philosopher who critiqued the Aristotelian tradition of Arabic philosophy in his Incoherence of the Philosophers.

Aquinas

This man's major work contains a treatise discussing eternal law, natural law, and human law in its "First Part of the Second Part." This man dismissed his writing as mere "straw" and refused to finish it after a mystical experience. This student of Albertus Magnus replied to lists of objections and frequently cited Aristotle merely as "The Philosopher" in a tome that updated Augustine's definition of just war and attempted to justify all of Catholic faith using reason. For 10 points, name this thirteenth-century Doctor of the Church who wrote Summa Theologica.

Augustine

This man's namesake hypothesis concerns the chronological ordering of the Gospels of the New Testament. He wrote a text dealing with rhetoric and its religious uses in On Christian Doctrine, and argued against Donatism. He distinguished the difference between the "visible" and "invisible" churches, and he was inspired by the Visigoths' sack of Rome to write one of his works. In his most famous work, he described his experience as an adherent of Manichaeism. For 10 points, name this man who wrote The City of God and Confessions, a bishop from Hippo.

Augustine

This man's sins included fathering a son, Adeodatus, on a concubine. This figure converted from Manichaeism to Christianity at the hands of St. Ambrose of Milan. A moralizing influence in this man's life was his mother, Monica. In one work, this man used the Sack of Rome to demonstrate man's damnation by Original Sin. For 10 points, name this saint from Hippo who wrote the Confessions and the City of God.

P Lombard

This other thinker addressed a form of predestination, claiming that the existence of humans cannot merit grace and that the presence of God and the way events play out are each a causa sine qua non to the other.

Albertus Magnus

This philosopher answered Porphyry's question of whether the species into which living things are categorized in are mere constructions of the mind or not with a three-fold distinctionIdentify this medieval philosopher who refuted Averroes' psychological theories in his De unitate intellectus contra Averroistas, and argued that the good is both the final cause of the order of forms, and the First Cause.

Aquinas

This philosopher believed that the soul existed in both the spiritual and material worlds, and he advocated resurrection in his form of dualism. This man described proper authority, reasonable cause, and right intention as the three reasons to start a "just war," and he divided law into eternal, divine, natural, and human types. This man discussed the "unmoved mover" in his Quinque viae, which are his five proofs for the existence of God. For 10 points, name this Scholastic philosopher and the author of Summa Theologica.

William of Ockham

This philosopher claimed that the statement "a chimera is an animal composed of a goat and an ox" is impossible because of the implication that such a hybrid is possible. He argued that seven out of the ten categories of Aristotle were devoid of any entities. This author discussed logical problems in the Quodlibets, which he wrote after he called John XXII a heretic for rejecting the doctrine of Apostolic Poverty. This author approved only one book of his commentary on Lombard's Sentences, which he wrote while at Oxford. He wrote the Summa of Logic and postulated that nothing should be assumed or multiplied more than necessary, the only necessary thing being God in his case since he was a Franciscan friar. For 10 points, name this Scholastic postulator of a namesake "razor."

Maimonides

This philosopher controversially listed the eternity of God, the incorporeal nature of God, and the existence of resurrection among his thirteen articles of faith in one work. This philosopher also wrote a fourteen-volume work systematically compiling Jewish law and a work which rejects the kalam theory of creation and argues that God can only be described with negative terms. For 10 points, name this Jewish philosopher of Commentary on the Mishnah, Mishneh Torah, and Guide for the Perplexed.

Averroes

This philosopher describes memory as the result of successive abstractions from the "rinds" of a perceived object. A school of thought based on this man's ideas was attacked in On the Unity of Intellect by Thomas Aquinas. Siger of Brabant was a proponent of the "monopsychist" school based on this man's thought, which advocated "double truth." This man's most famous work begins with four proofs of the pre-existence of the world. This philosopher wrote Middle and Long Commentaries on Plato's Republic and many of Aristotle's treatises, for which he was dubbed "The Commentator." He responded to al-Ghazali's The Incoherence of the Philosophers in his The Incoherence of the Incoherence. For 10 points, name this Islamic philosopher from Cordoba.

William of Ockham

This philosopher proposed that each virtue has five grades of perfection. Before Jerry Fodor was even born, this man wrote that spoken "connotative terms" and "absolute terms" are subordinated under a wordless mental language. This man's view that no property rights existed in the Garden of Eden led to reciprocal accusations of heresy with the Pope. He wrote that eight of Aristotle's ten categories can be defined in terms of just two: substance and quality. This man's Summa of Logic argued that universals are only in the mind. In his commentaries on Lombard's Sentences, this nominalist stated "Entities should not be multiplied without necessity." For 10 points, name this English friar and Scholastic who names a principle favoring simpler explanations, his namesake "razor."

Aquinas

This philosopher refuted the errors of the Greek Orthodox Church in a treatise written to Pope Urban IV. This philosopher argued that the demonstrated truths of science do not contradict the revealed truths of the Christian faith in an apologetic work targeted at non-Christians, and in his most famous work, he included rightful intent, sovereign authority, and the motive of peace as features of a "just war." That work of his includes first cause and contingency among his quinque viae, five arguments in support of the existence of God. For 10 points, name this author of Summa Contra Gentiles, a scholastic philosopher who also wrote Summa Theologica, and formulated the concept of the aeviternal.

Albertus Magnus

This philosopher summarized Aristotelian arguments in "Book of Causes and Precession of the Universe." This author of a three-volume commentary on Lombard's Sentences was a teacher of Thomas Aquinas.

Aquinas

This philosopher's conception of beauty involved three qualities, termed integritas, consonantia, and claritas. This philosopher rejected plurality of substantial forms on the grounds that it fails to account for human unity, and he denied that Socrates's soul was equivalent to Socrates. He argued that any object that exists outside the mind must have both an essence and an actus essendi through which the essence is instantiated. He argued that good actions with harmful, foreseen effects may be permissible if the bad effect is minimized and not intended, his doctrine of double effect. This student of Albertus Magnus claimed that an essentially ordered infinite causal series is impossible in one of his five arguments for the existence of God. For 10 points, name this Scholastic philosopher who proposed the quinque viae in Summa Theologiae.

Scotus

This thinker argued that the "form of the body" and the "animating form" are separate and argued against universal hylomorphism. At times both for and against intellectual intuitive cognition in his abstractive versus intuitive cognition theory and he argued against Henry of Ghent's version of Divine Illumination. He believed that a thing must be per se notae ex terminis in order to be natural law, in which he did an analysis of the Ten Commandments. He made a commentary on Porphyry's Isagoge, while his Expositio and Parva logicalia are both in part on the works of Aristotle. His belief that a circle of causes is impossible and that accidental chains of causality require an ordered series play a part in his argument for an efficient cause, which along with a first in final causality and pre-eminence leads to his triple primacy proof of the existence of God. For ten points identify this philosopher whose work Pius IX used in the Ineffabilis Deuson immaculate conception, and who commented on Lombard's Sentences in Ordinatio.

Augustine

This thinker argued that the phrase "in the beginning" indicates not a temporal beginning, but the origin to which we return. He discussed different methods of interpreting signs when reading scripture in On Christian Doctrine. In one work, he recounts a vision in Ostia that he experienced with his mother, Monica. He used the sack of Rome as an example of the defeat of an earthly construct "of man" that is in conflict with the title divine domain. In one work, the voice of a child telling him to "take up and read" the Bible catalyzes his conversion from Manichaeism to Christianity. For 10 points, name this Church Father who wrote the City of God and Confessions.

Aquinas

This thinker calls man a "microcosmos" in a work directed to the King of Cyprus, and cites Aristotle's Politics in suggesting that merchants encourage interactions with foreigners, which are dangerous to civic customs in On Kingship. Martin de Azpilcueta of the Salamanca School utilizes this figure's articulation of the just price theory to formulate a cost-of-production theory of value. In a short opusculum to Pope Urban IV, this theologian outlines the teachings of the Latin Church in ostensible opposition to the Eastern Church in Against the Errors of the Greeks. It is apocryphal that a branch fell on his head while traveling on his way to the Second Council of Lyon leading to his death, and in this theologian's best known work, he articulated the Quinque viae or five arguments for the existence of God. A student of Albert Magnus, for 10 points, name this Catholic theologian who wrote Summa Contra Gentiles and Summa Theologica.

Maimonides

This thinker defended his belief in the world-to-come in his Treatise on Resurrection. In another work this man used the example of a winged elephant to demonstrate how belief in a corporeal god is tantamount to idolatry. This thinker propounded thirteen principles of faith and, though he is not Muslim, this man's most famous work is written in Arabic. In that work, this man attempts to reconcile Aristotelian philosophy with Judaism. For 10 points, name this Jewish philosopher who wrote commentaries on the Mishnah in addition to his Guide for the Perplexed.

Aquinas

This thinker differentiated the Greek word "hypostasis" from the Latin word "personae" to show how two languages can convey the same meaning. He also refuted the claim made by Averroes, whom he called "The Commentator," that people share an intellect. One of this man's works was legendarily inspired by Raymond of Penafort, while another work by this author of (*) Summa contra Gentiles lays out the principles of just war and includes "degree," "contingency," and "the unmoved mover" among his five arguments for the existence of God. For ten points, name this 13th-century theologian who wrote Summa Theologica.

Aquinas

This thinker divided the passions into "irascible" and "concupiscible" categories. This author of Contra Errores Graecorum wrote one of his works to convert non-Christians by philosophical argument. Another work by this author of the Summa Contra Gentiles contains five arguments for the existence of God and unites Christian theology with an (*) Aristotelian worldview. For 10 points, name this Italian theologian who wrote the Summa Theologiae.

Maimonides

This thinker invented the idea that it is better to acquit a thousand guilty persons than put a single innocent one to death. Influenced by neo-Platonists, he believed that it was only possible to describe God through what he was not, his so called negative theology. In this thinker's most famous work, he deals with the 613 laws of Moses, called the mitzvot, and argues against the anthropomorphism of God. That work was written in letter form to Rabbi Joseph Ben Judah. For 10 points, name this man who wrote commentaries on the Mishnah and The Guide for the Perplexed, a medieval Jewish philosopher.

Aquinas

This thinker made a distinction between actions and underlying motives which he called exterior and interior acts. He separated out eternal, divine, natural, and human forms of law, of which eternal law consists of the mind of God. He remarked that all his work seemed like "straw," refusing to write for the last four years of his life. His typical formula was saying "On the contrary" and "I respond that…" after giving several objections to a problematic question. One section of his major work lays out the criteria for "just war." For 10 points, name this student of Albertus Magnus, a Dominican friar who created the Summa theologica.

Aquinas

This thinker used the example of a detached human hand to illustrate how the soul can live on after death without existing as a separate substance inside the human body, thus rejecting the argument of the plurality of forms. John Haldane is one of the leaders of an "analytical" school of thought dedicated to this thinker, the study of whose work was espoused by Leo XIII's bull Aeterni Patris. One of his works may have been written at the behest of Raymond of Peñafort and is split into a discussion of human truths and divine truths. He referred to Averroes as "The Commentator" and Aristotle as "The Philosopher" in a work in which he reproduced the arguments of the first cause and the unmoved mover as two of his "five ways" for showing the existence of god. For 10 points, name this Dominican scholastic philosopher, the author of Summa Theologica.

Bruno

This thinker was the subject of an important monograph by Frances Yates, who argued that his books, such as The Expulsion of the Triumphant Beast, were influenced by Hermetic Tradition. Name this philosopher who was executed for espousing a belief in the infinitude of the universe.

P Lombard

This twelfth-century bishop of Paris was the first writer to enrich our lives by using the phrase "extreme unction." He wrote a widely commented-upon theological compilation in four books.

Ibn Gabirol

United Jewish and Greek philosophy

Melanchthon

When this man was studying at Pforzheim, he was a student of Georg Simler and Johann Reuchlin and he wrote the preface to Reuchlin's Letters of Famous Men. He was attacked by Cordatus of Niemeck for his views on good works and later argued with Stancari and Andreas Osiander on the doctrine of justification, which had been the subject of this man's doctoral dissertation and his Commentary on the Epistle of Paul to the Romans. At the Kassel Conference, this author of Adiaphora met Martin Bucer, who thought this man had similar views to Zwingli. This husband of Katharina Krapp also wrote the Loci Communes as a professor at the University of Wittenberg. This man's most famous work was presented to a 1530 diet and outlined the views of his movement. For ten points, name this early Lutheran reformer who authored the Augsburg Confession.

Erasmus

While analyzing literary tropes, this writer gave 195 variations on the phrase "your letter pleased me greatly" in his textbook Copia. In another work by this thinker, St. Peter tells a pope to "build yourself a new paradise" after that pope tries to break into heaven with the key of his treasury. That work was Julius Excluded from Heaven, and was followed by the Novum Instrumentum Omne, the first published Greek New Testament. This philosopher is most famous for a work whose title figure was born in the "pagan Eden" and nursed by Inebriation and Ignorance. For 10 points, name this Dutch humanist, the author of In Praise of Folly.

Erigena

pantheistic Christianity; advocated trinity of the One, Logos, and the World Soul like Plotinus

Abelard

proposed conceptualism (compromise of realism and nominalism); had tragic love affair with Heloise

Anselm

proposed logical realism

Roscelin

proposed nominalism (only concrete objects exist, universals are intangible); declared a heretic for saying there are three separate beings in the Trinity