MEMORY questions and answers

Compare and contrast implicit and explicit memory.

Both are types of long-term memory. Explicit memories are memories we consciously try to remember and recall. Explicit memory is also called declarative memory and is subdivided into episodic memory (life events) and semantic memory (words, ideas, and concepts). Implicit memories are memories that are not part of our consciousness; they are memories formed from behaviors. Implicit memory is also called non-declarative memory and includes procedural memory as well as things learned through classical conditioning.

For each of the following cases, determine if you would need implicit or explicit memory.Speaking your native language:

Implicit

Compare and contrast the two processes we use to encode information.

Information is encoded through automatic or effortful processing. Automatic processing refers to all information that enters long-term memory without conscious effort. This includes things such as time, space, and frequency—for example, your ability to remember what you ate for breakfast today or the fact that you remember that you ran into your best friend in the supermarket twice this week. Effortful processing refers to encoding information through conscious attention and effort. Material that you study for a test requires effortful processing.

Do learning styles help you learn more effectively?

No, learning styles do not help you learn more effectively

True or False: Ebbinghaus found that memory for information drops off rapidly and then levels off at about 20% of what you learned after 30 days. He called this the forgetting curve and his research demonstrated that 80% of what you learn is lost in the first 30 days after learning.

T

If co-witnesses of a crime are permitted to talk to each other, they are prone to contaminate each other's memories. This is an example of

The misinformation effect.

________ is another name for short-term memory.

Working memory

Doug cannot find his keys, but cannot remember where. This is an example of

absentmindedness

Jane writes a song to help her remember all of her terms for anatomy class. She is utilizing ________ encoding.

accoustic

When rats had their ________ removed, they no longer experienced their fear memory.

amygdala

The type of memory processing that is done without conscious awareness is known as

automatic

When questioning a victim about the perpetrator of a crime, the police should

be intentionally vague and provide opportunities for the victim to offer information.

Cillian can remember a great deal of numbers because he groups them all in sets of 3 and thinks of them as batting averages. He is using the technique of ________.

chunking

The formulation of new memories is sometimes called ________, and the process of bringing up old memories is called ________.

construction and retruction

Item 5 The fact that Elon can remember more words on his German test while taking the exam inside his classroom (instead of the testing center) can be explained by the

encoding specificity detail

The three functions of memory are ________.

encoding, storage, retrieval

This physical trace of memory is known as the ________.

engram

The storage capacity of long-term memory is ________.

essential limitless

Episodic memories and semantic memories are both examples of ________ memory.

explicit

An exceptionally clear recollection of an important event is a (an) ________.

flashbulb memory

Memory aids that help us organize information for encoding are called

mnemonic devices.

ek's email log-in forced him to create a new password, but now when he logs on, he only remembers his old password. This is an example of ________ interference.

proactive

Which type of memory is tested on a multiple choice test?

recognition

A multiple choice quiz question will test ________ while an open-ended question will test ________.

recognitionl recall

Demarcus suffered a concussion in his first lacrosse match, causing him to forget everything that happened prior to the match. He has ________ amnesia.

retrograde

Bryson remembers nothing before his concussion happened, meaning he has ________ amnesia. If he were unable to learn new things, he would have ________ amnesia.

retrograde; anterograde

Thinking about the meaning of a word and categorizing it into the context of other words you already know is an example of ________ encoding.

semantic

Memory of brief events, like the smell of french fries you pass on the way to the corner store, are stored in ________ memory.

sensory

If co-witnesses of a crime are permitted to talk to each other, they are prone to contaminate each other's memories. This is an example of

the misinformation effect.

When H.M. had his hippocampus removed, he was

unable to form new semantic memories.

According to the Atkinson-Shiffrin model, name and describe the three stages of memory.

According to the Atkinson-Shiffrin model, memory is processed in three stages. The first is sensory memory; this is very brief: 1-2 seconds. Anything not attended to is ignored. The stimuli we pay attention to then move into our short-term memory. Short-term memory can hold approximately 7 bits of information for around 20 seconds. Information here is either forgotten, or it is encoded into long-term memory through the process of rehearsal. Long-term memory is the permanent storage of information—its capacity is basically unlimited.

What might happen to your memory system if you sustained damage to your hippocampus?

Because your hippocampus seems to be more of a processing area for your explicit memories, injury to this area could leave you unable to process new declarative (explicit) memories; however, even with this loss, you would be able to create implicit memories (procedural memory, motor learning and classical conditioning).

Compare and contrast the two types of amnesia.

There are two types of amnesia: retrograde and anterograde. Both involve the loss of long-term memory that occurs as the result of disease, physical trauma, or psychological trauma. With anterograde amnesia, you cannot remember new information; however, you can remember information and events that happened prior to your injury. Retrograde amnesia is the exact opposite: you experience loss of memory for events that occurred before the trauma.